Guryaha jirka ah hydrogen. Guryaha iyo isticmaalka hydrogen

Hydrogen H - element kiimikada, mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu badan ee aannu caalamka. mass of hydrogen sida element ah ee ka kooban ee arrinta waa 75% ka mid ah content guud ee atamka ah nooc kale. Waxa uu galo la xidhiidha ugu muhiim ah oo muhiim u ah caalamka - biyaha. feature A ee kala duwan ee hydrogen sidoo kale waa xaqiiqo ah in uu yahay element ugu horeysay ee horyaalka xilli xilli xubno kiimikada D. I. Mendeleeva.

Discovery iyo cilmi-baarista

Xusuuso hore ee hydrogen in qoraalladii taariikhda Paracelsus dib ugu qarnigii lix. Laakiin ay go'doon ka dar gaaska cilmi hawada iyo guryaha ololi kara ayaa la dhigay in ka saynisyahano qarnigii toddoba iyo Lemaire. Hydrogen si fiican bartay farmashiyaha English iyo cilmiga jirka Henry Cavendish, oo siman caddeeyeen in mass ee hydrogen ugu hooseeya marka la barbardhigo gaasas kale. In marxaladaha ugu dambeeya ee horumarinta sayniska, saynisyahano badan oo isaga la shaqeeyay, sida Lavoisier, kuwaas oo loo bixiyey "biyo ahbaa."

Feature on PSKHE xaaladda

Cunsurka, furitaanka miiska wareegsan D. I. Mendeleeva - waa hydrogen. guryaha jirka iyo kiimikada ee la eb ku muujiyaan duality gaar ah sababtoo ah hydrogen isku mar ka tirsan tahay koox ee ugu horeysay, koox hoosaadka ugu weyn, haddii ay u dhaqmo sida bir ah iyo siinaysaa electron hal-socodka ah ee reaction kiimikada iyo toddobaadna - in ay dhacdo qolof valence gabi ahaanba ka buuxsantay, i.e. soo dhaweynta Qurub diidmo ah, taas oo calaamad u ah sida la mid ah halogeen ah.

Features of dhismeedka elektarooniga ah ee element ah

The sifooyinka la eb hydrogen ka mid ah walxaha qalafsan taas oo lagu daro, iyo xoolahaaga oo fudud N ₂ ugu horayn waxa uu go'aamiyo qaabeynta electronic ah hydrogen. walxaha waxay leedahay electron la Z = (-1), kaas oo isku bedbedeli doono in ay kastana falagiisuu dhex agagaarka xuduntii ku jirto mid ka mid proton la mass unit ah iyo lacag fiican (+1). Its 1s qaabeynta electronic duubay sida ^1, taas oo muujinaysaa joogitaanka walxaha xun iniinahoodu ku dhex jiraan, waayo, kii hore oo kaliya ee hydrogen s-orbitals.

Marka go'doomin ama electron recoil oo la eb ee element uu leeyahay hantida in mideeya la Biraha waxbarashada helay. Muhiimad ra'iyi hydrogen - waa walxaha hoose wanaagsan. Sidaa darteed, electron ah wax garad hydrogen si fudud loo yaqaan proton ah.

guryaha jirka

Marka tilmaamay guryaha jirka ah hydrogen kooban, waa midab, gaas ku Tolosnaada L la a mass qaraabo qaaradda of 2, 14.5 jeer xumbo hawada, heerkulka liquefaction ee -252,8 degrees Centigrade.

In tijaabo ah, waxaad si fudud u arki kartaa in H ₂ fudud yahay. Waxaa ku filan si ay u buuxiyaan saddexdii kubadaha walxaha kala duwan - hydrogen, carbon dioxide, caadi ahaan hawada - iyo isla markaana gacanta sii daayo. Ugu dhaqsaha badan in gaadho dhulka, oo waxaa ka buuxa CO ₂ ka dib markii dhibcood Suurka dar hawada ka kooban H ₂ iyo sara kaco oo dhan si ay saqafka.

miisaanka yar oo size of hydrogen Qurub qiil awooddiisa ah inuu dhex gasho iyada oo qalab kala duwan. On tusaale ahaan ka mid ah kubada la mid ah in this fududahay in la sameeyo labo maalmood ka dib markii uu laftiisa deflates sida fudud gaaska iyada oo caag ah idlaan doonaan. Sidoo kale, hydrogen gaari karaan in qaab-dhismeedka Biraha gaar ah (palladium ama platina), iyo marka heerkulku uu la sara kiciyaa si uumi ka.

hydrogen Property ku Tolosnaada loo isticmaalo shaybaarka ay habka go'doon Leexin biyaha. guryaha jirka ah hydrogen (miiska lagu muujiyey hoos ku qoran ku soo koobin ee aasaasiga ah) qeexaya ay baaxadda codsiga iyo hababka diyaarinta.

Halabuurka The isotopic

Sida xubno badan oo kale oo ka mid ah nidaamka wareegsan xubno kiimikada, hydrogen ayaa isotopes dhowr dabiiciga ah, i.e. atamka tiro isku mid ah protons in xuduntii, laakiin tirada kala duwan ee neutrons - qurubyada la mass eber iyo unit lacag. Tusaalooyinka atamka isagoo hantida la mid ah - ogsijiin, carbon, chlorine, bromine iyo sida, oo ay ku jiraan shucaaca.

guryaha jirka ah hydrogen ¹ H, ugu baahsan oo ka mid ah wakiilo ka kooxdan ay si weyn uga duwan kuwii ka mid ah sifooyinka of weheliyana ay. Gaar ahaan, qaababka kala duwan ee walxaha taas oo ay ka tirsan yihiin. Sidaas darteed, waxaa jira oo biyo ah oo joogto ah iyo deuterated kooban ee ay ka kooban halkii la eb hydrogen la mid ah oo kaliya deuterium proton ² H - isotope la laba Qurub hoose: togan iyo uncharged. isotope Tani waa laba jeer ka culus yahay caadiga ah hydrogen, taasoo uu sharaxayaa farqiga aasaasiga ah ee guryaha xeryahooda oo ay sameeyaan. dabiiciga ah ee deuterium laga helay 3200 jeer ka yar u badan hydrogen. Wakiilka Saddexaad - tritium, ³ H, ee asaasiga ah waxay leedahay laba proton iyo mid neutron.

Hababka diyaarinta iyo la takooro

Laboratory iyo hababka warshadaha ee soo saara hydrogen waa kuwo kala duwan. Sayidka, tiro yar oo gaas la soo saaray ugu horrayn by dareen diidmo ku lug leh macdanta, iyo wax soo saarka ballaaran ee sii kordhaysa iyadoo la isticmaalayo Avv organic.

Kuwa soo socda falgalka kiimikada waxaa loo isticmaalaa in shaybaarka:

1. Xasaasiyada biraha dhulka alkali iyo cawaaqib xumadoodu waxay biyo si ay u sameeyaan alkali iyo gaaska la doonayo.
2. electrolysis ee xal elektrolytka aqueous at anode la sii daayay H ₂ ↑, iyo cathode ah - oxygen.
3. hydrides kala daatay ee biraha alkali biyo, alkali iyo alaabta yihiin, siday u kala horreeyaan, H gaaska ₂ ↑ ah.
4. Ficil milo acid la Biraha si ay u sameeyaan cusbada iyo H ₂ ↑.
5. tallaabada of alkali on Silicon, aluminium iyo zinc sidoo kale kordhinayaan in la sii daayo hydrogen ee isku midka ah si ay u sameeyaan cusbada adag.

In lacagta gaaska warshadaha helay by farsamooyinka sida:

1. kala daatay kaamerada of methane ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen qaar kaaliya si loo walxaha hoose ay dastuurka (350 degrees gaadho qiimaha dhimaya sida heerkulka) - hydrogen H ₂ iyo carbon C. ↑
2. Gudbinta ee uumiga biyaha iyada oo loo marayo coke ee 1000 ° C si ay u sameeyaan carbon dioxide CO ₂ iyo H ₂ ↑ (habka ugu badan).
3. Badalidda gaaska methane on Hannaan nickel at heerkulka ilaa 800 digrii ah.
4. Hydrogen waa byproduct ah inta lagu guda jiro electrolysis ee xal aqueous of chloride potassium ama sodium.

isdhexgalka Chemical: qodobada guud

guryaha jirka ah hydrogen inta badan sharaxaan geedi socodka dhaqanka in jawaab la Xarunta gaar ah. Valency ah hydrogen waa 1, tan iyo markii ay ku taalaa miiska wareegsan ee kooxda koowaad, iyo muujinayaa xaalad qayilo kala duwan. In xeryahooda oo dhan, marka laga reebo hydrides, SD hydrogen = (1+) ee u taagoo of nooca habdhiska, CN _2, CN ₃ - (1).

Britain A of gaaska hydrogen, aasaaseen bixinta labada ciyaaryahan electron guud, oo ka kooban laba atamka iyo ismay energetically, sababtan ku hoos jira xaalad caadi ah oo dheeraad ah inert in falcelinta iyo gala ee xaaladaha caadiga ah isbedel. Iyadoo ku xiran heerka uu qayilo ah hydrogen sida walxaha kale, waxay labada uma shaqayn karo sidii oxidant iyo reductant ah.

Muqaadaraadka oo fal si ay u sameeyaan hydrogen iyo

dhexgalka aasaaska si ay u sameeyaan walxaha adag (inta badan marka heerkulku kacsantahay):

1. The dhulka biraha alkali iyo cawaaqib xumadoodu waxay + H = hydride.
2. Halogeen + H ₂ = hydrogen halide.
3. Baaruud + = hydrogen tayadda.
4. Ogsijiin + _H2O = biyo.
5. Carbon + H = methane.
6. Nitrogen + H ₂ = ammonia.

Dhexgalka walxaha kakan:

1. Diyaarinta gaaska ereygu ka carbon monoxide iyo hydrogen.
2. Recovery of biraha ka oxides ay la H _2.
3. robab hydrogen ee Consort aliphatic roodhida.

bond hydrogen

guryaha jirka ah hydrogen waa sida in ay u ogolaadaan, isagoo xidhiidh la leh element ah electronegative, si ay u sameeyaan nooc gaar ah ee la xidhiidha la eb isku mid ah u taagoo ku xiga isagoo laba laba electron unshared (tus, oxygen, nitrogen iyo fluorine). Tusaalaha ugu cad ee in waxa aad ku arki wanaagsan at this ifafaale - waa biyo. Waxaa la odhan karaa bonds hydrogen tolayaa ay ka nugul yihiin covalent ama Madbacada qaranka, laakiin ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in badan oo iyaga ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin saameyn weyn ku sifooyinka walxaha. Dhab ahaantii, bond hydrogen - waa xidhiidhka ka electrostatic, in xidhana taagoo biyo dimers iyo polymers, caddaynaya ay dhibic karaya sare.

Hydrogen in sideeda oo xeryahooda macdanta

Halabuurka ee acids imanba ka mid ah proton - eb waxbarashada sida hydrogen. Maandooriyaha hadhay acid taas oo uu leeyahay degree ah lagu qayilo ka badan (-1) ka weyn ayaa la sheegay xarunta polybasic. Xilligan aynu joogno waxaa jira dhowr atamka hydrogen, taas oo ka dhigaysa dissociation ku multistage in xal aqueous. Mid kasta oo ka hadhay proton acid xiga sooco ka sii adag tahay. Si tiradeeda content hydrogen ee deegaanka waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa ay aysidhka.

Hydrogen ku jira kooxaha hydroxyl iyo saldhigyadii. Waxay ku xiran yihiin in ay la eb hydrogen of ogsijiin ah, taasoo keentay in heerka uu qayilo of alkali ka hadhay had iyo jeer loo siman yahay (-1). On content ee kooxaha hydroxyl jawi qeexay ay basicity.

Isticmaalka dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha

Dhululubada la walax, iyo sidoo kale haamaha la gaasas kale la galeen sida oxygen, waxay leeyihiin muuqaalka gaar ah. Waxay rinji midabka a xaajiin-cagaaran cas "hydrogen" Ereyada dhalaalaya. Gaas ayaa lagu mudaa biibiilaha at cadaadis ah oo ku saabsan 150 atmospheres. guryaha jirka ah hydrogen, in istareexsan gaarka ah ee gobolka wadar ahaan gaseous iyo waxa loo isticmaalaa iyaga oo buuxinaya la isku dar ah ee buufinta helium, dhawaaqaysa buufinta, iwm

Hydrogen, guryaha jireed iyo kiimikada oo dadka bartay in ay isticmaalaan sanado badan ka hor, xilligan ku lug warshadaha badan. Its mass ugu weyn ee u dhaco si wax soo saarka ee ammonia. Sidoo kale hydrogen ku lug leh wax soo saarka ee Biraha (hafnium, germanium, gallium, Silicon, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, iyo kuwa kale) ee oxides ah, hadalkii falcelinta sida wakiilka ah yaraynta iyo cusbo ah hydrocyanic acid, khamriga methyl, iyo shidaalka dareere ah ayaa sidoo kale isku dardaro. warshadaha cuntada u adeegsanayaa si loogu badalo saliidda dhirta galay dufanka adag.

kiimikaad qeexay iyo isticmaalka hydrogen in geedi socodka kala duwan hydrogenation iyo hydrogenation oo dufan ah, dhuxusha, Consort, saliidaha iyo saliidda shidaalka culus. Iyada oo isaga soo saaraan GEMS, incandescent, ku qaataan oo ildheer oo alxanka alaabta birta sarkhaansan olol oxygen-hydrogen ah.