Falcelinta halsano glucose. Noocyada, qiimaha iyo wax soo saarka halsano

Halsano of glucose - mid ka mid ah dareen diidmo ugu weyn by taas oo ay suurto gal tahay diyaarinta cabitaanka khamriga. Waxaa la samayn karaa siyaabo kala duwan, kuwaasoo mid walba uu alaabta shakhsiga loo sameeyay. Marxaladani waxay ka ciyaartaa door muhiim ah meelo badan oo nolosheena, tan iyo cunto karinta iyo diyaarinta khamri iyo vodka iyo soo afjaridda by reactions ee jidhkeenna.

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Geedi socodka halsano of glucose iyo sokor kale loo isticmaali ah dad badan oo qadiimi ah. Waxay cuni jireen ah podbrodivshuyu cunto yar. cunto Tani waxa ay ahayd ammaan sababta oo ah waxa ku jira khamriga, ka mid ah oo ay ku dhinteen dad badan oo bakteeriyada waxyeello. In qadiimiga Masar oo Baabuloon, dadka hore u ogaa sida loo ferment cabitaan badan sonkorta iyo caanaha. Marka dadku in qarnigii 18aad uu ahaa awoodaan in ay si fiican u fahmaan habka this, noocyada iyo fursadaha horumar ay, aad buu u badiyey warshadaha oo tayo leh sida kvaso-, yaynana kolna iyo khamri-vodka.

nooc oo halsano

Qaab daran oo ku filan, laakiin habka way ka duwan tahay. Oo duwan noocyada kala duwan ee wax soo saarka dhamaadka halsano glucose. Sidaas darteed, waxaa jira melkesyrebakterier, khamriga, qaarna, acetone, butyric iyo dadka kale yar. Aan ka hadalno wax yar oo ku saabsan nooc kasta si gooni gooni ah. ferment jėrto glucose - habka muhiim u ah diyaarinta ah waxyaabaha sida yogurt, labeenta, yogurt, jiis. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa ilaalinta ee khudaarta iyo qabata shaqo muhiim ah jirkeena, in shuruudaha la'aanta oxygen, glucose waa diinta wax soo saarka ugu dambeeya - jėrto, kaas oo keena xanuun muruqyada waqtiga jimicsiga iyo wax yar ka dib.

halsano Qamriga ka duwan in khamriga ethyl sameeyay sida wax soo saarka final. Waxaa yimaado iyadoo la kaashanayo micro-organisms - khamiirka. Oo door muhiim ah ka karinta, sababtoo ah ee intaa dheer in wax soo saarka ugu weyn ee lagu jiro halsano khamriga of glucose sii daayay carbon dioxide (kani kuu sharraxaayo cajiinka fluffiness khamiirka).

halsano acid qaarna qaadataa meel, sida waa ay fududahay in u maleynayaa in, si ay u sameeyaan qaarna. Waxay qaadataa meel sarkhaansan yihiin noocyada qaar ka mid ah fangaska iyo waa qayb ka mid ah wareegga Krebs ah, oo bixiya Neefta ee unugyada jirkeena.

halsano acetone-butanol-ethanol waa mid aad la mid ah in ee butyric acid. Sidaas darteed, waxaa la aasaasay butyric acid, butyl iyo ethyl alcohols, acetone iyo carbon dioxide. Marka halsano butyric waxaa la aasaasay horyaalka kaliya u dhigma acid iyo carbon dioxide.

Hadda waxaan ka fiirsan doonaa dhamaan noocyada faahfaahin, iyo bilaw aasaasiga ah - halsano khamriga of glucose. Waxaa looga hadli doonaa si faahfaahsan oo dhan falcelinta iyo Gudigga ay dhacdo.

halsano khamriga

yar oo dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan halsano glucose ah, sheeg oo isla'eg: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO _2. Waxa aad ka reaction this u ogaan karaa? Waxaan leenahay laba alaabta: khamriga ethyl iyo carbon dioxide. Sababo la soo dhaafay aan ku aragno cajiinka khamiir vzbuhanie. Laakiin sabab u horeysay waxay fursad si aad u hesho dhadhanka ah la ilaawi karin oo khamri ah, iyo khamriga, wax soo saarka. Laakiin dhab ahaantii tani tahay oo kaliya isla'egta la fududeeyay. halsano glucose waa complete falcelinta waa ka sii adag tahay, sidaa darteed aynu ha na baaro this yar qoto dheer.

Waxaa jira geedi socod sida glycolysis sida. Suugaan, magaca macnihiisu yahay "qaybsama oo sonkor ah". Waxay dhacdaa ee jirka, iyo dhinaca-soo saarka waa pyruvic acid, iyo ugu weyn - acid adenozinotrifosfornaya (ATP), kaas oo la sameeyay inta lagu guda jiro dareen-celin ka xarunta kale. Waxaan dhihi karnaa in ATP waa side tamarta ee jirka, iyo in xaqiiqda glycolysis waa in jidhkeenna siiyaan tamar.

Annagu ma og walaacsan in nidaamka this. Dhab ahaantii, halsano ah aad uula mid tahay glycolysis, sida marxalada koowaad waxay gabi ahaanba isku mid yihiin. xataa Waxaad dhihi kartaa in halsano khamriga cadaanyo glucose waa in la sii wado glycolysis. Waxa asaasay inta lagu guda jiro pyruvate ee la soo dhaafay (ra'iyi pyruvic acid) waa diinta acetaldehyde (CH ₃ -C (O) H) la sii daayo by-saarka carbon dioxide. Intaas ka dib, wax soo saarka keentay waa la dhimay NADH coenzymes ku jira bakteeriyada. Natiijooyinka Recovery in formation of ethanol.

Sayidka, falcelinta halsano glucose si ethanol u egtahay sidan oo kale:

1) C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ 2 = C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4 ⁺ H

2) C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ = CH ₃ -COH + CO ₂

3) CH ₃ -COH ⁺ NADH + H + = C ₂ H ₅ OH ⁺ nad +

NADH waa Hannaan falcelinta, iyo nad ra'iyi ⁺ door muhiim ah ku jira marxaladaha hore ee glycolysis, iyo sameynta dhamaadka halsano khamriga, waxaa ku soo laabtay geedi socodka.

Aynu u guurto on in ay kala duwan ee soo socda ee reactions nooca imtixaanka.

halsano jėrto of glucose

From noocan oo kale ah khamriga waa kala duwan in ay jirto ma aha sarkhaansan khamiirka, iyo iyadoo la kaashanayo bakteeriyada melkesyrebakterier. Sidaa darteed, waxaan leenahay a alaabta aad u kala duwan. halsano jėrto sidoo kale dhacda in murqaha our at xamuulka sare iyo oksajiin la'aan.

Waxaa jira laba nooc oo ah habkan. First - halsano homofermentative. Haddii aad weligaa maqlay Horgalaha "homo" ah, aad u badan tahay in la ogaado waxa ay ka dhigan tahay. halsano Homofermentative - geeddi-socodka ah ee ku lug leh hal enzyme ah. In talaabada ugu horeysa ee glycolysis iyo sameeyay acid piroviogradnaya. Markaas, pyruvate ka dhalanaya (in xal acid this jiri karaan oo kaliya ee foomka of udhigo) waxaa la hoos geliyey hydrogenation isticmaalaya NADH ⁺ H iyo lactate. Dhimista ee alaabta waa jėrto, taas oo ka dhigan 90% oo ka mid ah waxyaabaha ka dhalanaya inta lagu guda jiro dareen-celinta. Xarunta Tani, si kastaba ha ahaatee, sidoo kale la abuuri karaa sida laba isomers kala duwan: D iyo L. Noocyadaas ku kala duwan yihiin in ay yihiin images muraayad of kasta oo kale oo, sidaas darteed, waxay leeyihiin saameyn kala duwan on our shaqeeyo. Wixii isomer la abuuri doonaa ilaa xad ka weyn, go'aaminaya qaabka dehydrogenase lactate.

Aynu u guurto on in nooca labaad ee halsano melkesyrebakterier - heterofermentative. Marxaladani waxay ku lug leedahay dhowr ensaymes, iyo tagaa on waddada ka sii adag. Taas darteed, inta lagu guda jiro dareen soo saarta alaabta dheeraad ah oo kala duwan: ka sokow jėrto, waxaannu halkaas ka heli kartaa acid acetic iyo khamriga ethyl.

Halkan waxaan ku baaro halsano ah melkesyrebakterier. Tani waa habka by kaas oo aynu ku raaxaysan karaan dhadhanka jiis, yogurt, caano dhanaan iyo yogurt. Si Loo soo kobo iyo qori falcelinta halsano melkesyrebakterier of glucose qaab guud: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₆ O _3. Dabcan, tani waa jaantuska la fududeeyay halsano habka homofermentative ah, sidii nidaamka geedi socodka heterofermentative noqon doonaa mid aad u adag. Farmasi ay weli waxbarasho halsano ah melkesyrebakterier of glucose iyo loo ogaado habab ay dhamaystiran, sidaas darteed waxaan weli si ay u tagaan.

halsano sitraydh

Xasaasiyada noocan ah halsano dhacdaa, sida in aalkolada, hoos tallaabada of cadaadis fangaska qaarkood. farsamo oo dhamaystiran reaction this waxaa si buuxda ma ay garan, oo aan isku hallayn karno kaliya on simplifications qaar ka mid ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee waxaa jira male ah in wareega hore ee geedi socodka waa glycolysis. Markaas pyruvic acid waa diinta markeeda galay acid iyo qaarna qeybaha kala duwan. Wacan tahay sida farsamo acids kale ururtay in falcelinta - alaabta ee lagu qayilo dhamaystirnayn oo glucose.

Marxaladani waxay dhacdaa sarkhaansan oxygen, iyo guud ahaan waxaa loo qori karaa by isla'egta soo socda: 2C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 3o ₂ = 2C ₆ H ₈ O ₇ + 4H ₂ O. Ka hor nooca halsano furay this, dadka soo bixiyay acid qaarna kaliya tuujin midhaha dhiganta geedka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in acid liin this aan ka badnayn 15%, si kastaba ha ahaatee, habkan cadeeyay inuu yahay shaqayn karto, oo ka dib markii furitaanka of falcelinta bilaabay in ay helaan oo dhan habka halsano acid.

butyric halsano acid

Aynu u guurto on in nooca soo socda. Noocan ah halsano dhacdaa hoos tallaabo bakteeriyada acid butyric. Waxay yihiin baahsan, iyo geeddi-socodka in ay keeni, kaalin muhiim ah ka wareegyada bayoloji muhiim ah. Kuwan bakteeriyada iyo kala daatay ee noolaha ku dhintay. Butyric acid, kaas oo la sameeyay inta lagu guda jiro dareen, ay urta soo jiidata ka qaraabta sidaana.

Noocan ah halsano loo isticmaalo warshadaha. Sida laga yaabo in aad u maleynayaa, iyagu waa butyric acid. esters Its hubkaas ayaa loo isticmaalaa in perfumery oo ay leeyihiin urta wacan, in la barbardhigo, waxa uu ugu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mar walba ma halsano ah butyric acid waa faa'iido. Waxay keeni kartaa waxyeello ku khudaarta, cuntada qasacadaysan, caano iyo waxyaabaha kale. Laakiin tani dhici kartaa oo keliya haddii sheyga yimid bakteeriyada acid butyric.

Ina keena aynu baaro hab ay halsano acid butyric of glucose. Ficil waxa ay u muuqataa sida: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → CH ₃ CH ₂ CH ₂ COOH + 2CO ₂ ↑ + 2 saac _2. Sidaas darteed, waxaa sidoo kale tamar dhalinta, kaas oo bixiya hawlaha nolosha ee bakteeriyada acid butyric ah.

halsano acetone-butanol-ethanol

Noocani waa nooc aad u la mid ah in ee butyric acid. Wareegaan sidan glucose ma aha oo kaliya awoodo, laakiin sidoo kale glycerol, iyo pyruvic acid. Hawlgalkani waxa loo qaybin karaa laba marxaladood: marka hore (oo mararka qaarkood waxa la yidhaahdaa waa acid) waa in xaqiiqda halsano ah acid butyric. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka lagu daro saliidda, weli iyo acetic acid taagan. Sidaas waxaan u hesho wax soo saarka ka soo halsano of glucose, kaas oo u tagaan marxaladda labaad (atsetonobutilovuyu). Maxaa yeelay, habkan oo dhan ka dhici sidoo kale sarkhaansan yihiin bakteeriyada, ka dibna acidification ee dhexdhexaad ah (kordhay fiirsashada of acids) waa qoondeynta ah bakteeriyada ensaymes gaar ah. Waxay u abaari reaction diinta ee alaabta halsano glucose in n-butanol (khamriga butyl) iyo acetone. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa la aasaasay laga yaabaa in qaar ka mid ah ethanol.

Noocyada kale ee halsano

Waxa intaa dheer in shantii nooc oo habkan, waxaa jira dhowr ka badan. Tusaale ahaan, waa halsano acetic. Waxa kale oo uu ka socdo hoos tallaabo bakteeriyada badan. Noocan ah halsano loo isticmaali karaa ujeeddooyin waxtar leh marka pickling. Wuxuu ka hortagaa cuntada ka bakteeriya waxyeelo leh oo wareer ah. More kala saaro xumadoodu ama halsano methane. Si ka duwan noocyada hore, noocan ah halsano loo samayn karaa in inta badan ee xeryahooda organic. Sidaas darteed, tiro badan oo dareen diidmo adag, walxaha organic giirte galay methane, hydrogen iyo carbon dioxide.

Doorka noolaha

Halsano - habka ugu qadiimiga ah ee helitaanka tamarta by noolaha. Qaar ka mid ah walxaha organic la soo saaray, mar la helo tamarta, iyo kuwa kale oo baabbi'in walxahan waxay sidoo kale ka heli tamarta. Iyada oo ku saleysan in, nolosheena oo dhan. Oo mid kasta oo inaga mid ah halsano ka mid ah qaab ama mid kale waxay dhacdaa. Sida aan kor ku sheegay, halsano ah melkesyrebakterier acid dhacdaa muruqyada inta lagu guda jiro jimicsi xooggan.

Maxaa kale si loo hubiyo?

Haddii aad xiisaynayso in Kiimikada noole ee this habka aad u xiiso badan, waa in aynu ka bilaabi ka buugaagta dugsiga ee kimisteriga iyo biology. In buugaagta badan college waxaa lagu tilmaamay sida wax faahfaahin intaas ka dib iyaga reading waxaad awoodi doontaa inaad si ay u noqdaan khabiir ah aagga this noqon doontaa.

gunaanad

Halkan waxaan ku soo gaadhnay gabagabadii. Waxaan kala dhantaashay cayn kasta oo halsano glucose iyo mabaadi'da guud ee geedi socodka, kuwaas oo, kaas oo ka ciyaaraan door aad u muhiim ah in hawlaha of noolaha, iyo sidoo kale in our warshadaha. Waxaa macquul ah in mustaqbalka aan furi doonaa ah noocyada yar oo dheeraad ah oo ka mid ah geeddi-socodka this qadiimiga ah oo ay bartaan sida loo isticmaalo lacagta Naftooda, sida ay ku sameeyeen horeba ina ogeysiiyey.