Dib u habaynta siyaasadda Ruush Empress Catherine I. The sano ee dowladda, gudaha iyo dibadda

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in saynisyahano badan oo khatar ah ku murmi doorka fursad taariikhda, waxa aan la dafiri karin in Catherine aan kor uguma carshiga Ruush inta badan by shil. Xeerarka waa dheer - in yar ka badan laba sano. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xataa sida muddo gaaban oo boqornimadii, iyadu ku hadhay taariikhda Empress ugu horeysay.

Of washerwomen in Empress

March Skavronskaya, kaas oo ugu dhakhsaha badan noqon doonaa mid lagu yaqaan in ay dunida sida Empress Catherine 1, waxa uu ku dhashay on soohdinta reer Lithuania maanta, in dalalka Livonia, in 1684. macluumaad sax ah oo ku saabsan iyada carruurnimada halkaas. Guud ahaan, Catherine mustaqbalka 1, kuwaas oo Biography waa halkii qiyaasi karin iyo marmarka qaarkood ay iska hor imanayaan, sida uu sheegay mid ka mid ah version, waxa uu ku dhashay galay qoyska soo ridayeen a. waalidkeed ugu dhakhsaha badan u dhintay cudurka, iyo gabar la soo diray gurigii wadaad ee sida gabadh. Sida laga soo xigtay version kale, Marta noolaa laba iyo toban sannadood iyada eedadii, ka dibna u muuqday in qoyska of wadaad maxaliga ah, taas oo ahayd in adeegga oo ay bartaan akhriska iyo daabac. Qubarada ayaa weli ku dooday ku saabsan halka mustaqbalka Ekaterina 1 waxa uu ku dhashay.

Biography

Oo asalka ah ee Empress ugu horeysay ee Russian, iyo taariikhda iyo meesha dhalashada ay weli ma aasaasay by taariikhyahan Ruush. More ama in ka yar si cad taariikheeya dhisay version, caddaynaya in ay ahayd gabadhii soo ridayeen a Baltic Samuila Skavronskogo. In the Catholic iimaanka baabtiisay gabar xitaa waalidiinta, iyada la siiyo magaca Martin. Sida ay sheegayaan wararka qaar ka mid ah, iyada waxaa sara hostel Marienburgskom, iyada oo ay kormeerayaan of Pastor Gluck.

Future Catherine marna waxaan ahaa arday fiican. Laakiin sheegi weyday inay la soo noqnoqoshada yaab kala duwan Cavaliers. Waxaa jira macluumaad xitaa in Marta uuraysatay by mudane gaar ah, waxay dhashay gabadh. Pastor maareeyey inuu guursado, laakiin ninkaa u taliya, oo ahaa dragoon ah Swedish, ugu dhakhsaha badan la waayay oo aan raad ah intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Northern ah.

Ka dib markii qabashada Marienburg Ruush March, noqday "hadhaagii dagaalka", halka sayidaddeedii ku sarkaalka non-wakiishay, iyo ka dib, bishii August 1702 ugu horreeyey, waxay ahayd in kolonyo ka mid ah Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev. Wuxuu arkay iyada, qaaday in uu naag dhexdeeda - washerwoman ah, ka dib wareejinta A. Menshikov. Tani waa meesha way qabsatay isha Peter I.

Biographers qoyska boqortooyada Ruush ayaa weli yaabban boqorkii waxa ay qabsan kari waayeen. Ka dib oo dhan, quruxda Martha ahaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ugu dhakhsaha badan u noqday mid ka mid ah Xun uu.

1 Butros iyo Catherine 1

In 1704th ee March, xeerkii Orthodox, waxaan la baabtiisay magaca of Catherine I. By waqtiga waxay ahayd uur leedahay. Future Empress baabtiisay Tsarevich Alexei. Kan kara inuu si fudud ula qabsan lahaa cayn kasta oo xaalado, Catherine marnaba laga badiyay joogitaanka ee maskaxda uu. Waxay bartay dabeecad iyo caadooyinka Peter wanaagsan, wuxuu noqday lagama maarmaan ah in farxad isaga, oo buurta. In March 1705 labaad waxay lahaayeen laba wiil. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Catherine mustaqbalka aan weli sii waday in ay ku nool yihiin guriga Menshikov ee St. Petersburg. In 1705th Empress mustaqbalka waxaa loo keenay gurigii boqorka walaashiis Natalia Alekseevna galay. Halkan bilaabo washerwoman waxna qorin si ay u bartaan akhriska iyo qorista. Sida ay sheegayaan wararka qaar ka mid ah, inta lagu jiro xilliga this mustaqbalka Catherine waxaan xirashada xiriir dhow la filan Menshikov.

Tartiib tartiib, xiriirka aad la leedahay boqorka u noqday mid aad u dhow. Tani waa caddaynta ku ay waraaqaha ku 1708. Peter lahaa Xun badan. xataa iyaga wuu kala hadlay Catherine, laakiin waxay yeeleen wixii uu ku caayo ma yeeleen, isku dayayaan in ay la qabsadaan si boqorka ee hawada iyo kor saaray iyadoo baxda cadhada uu qayb ka mid ah uu noqdo. Waxay ahayd had iyo jeer u dhow intii uu qalal, suuxdin, la wadaago oo dhammuba dhibaatooyinka nolosha xerada iyo aamusnaan lagu bedalayo xaaskiisa dhabta ah ee bannaan ee. Oo intii ka qaybgalka tooska ah ee xalka ah arrimo badan oo ku saabsan siyaasadda Catherine mustaqbalka waxaan isku dayay, laakiin, boqorku wuxuu lahaa saamayn weyn.

Laga soo bilaabo 1709-th, waxaa meel kasta oo ay la socdaan Peter, oo ay ku jiraan dhammaan safarada. Inta lagu jiro xilli Prut ee 1711, markii ciidamada Ruush ah ayaa la hareereeyey, ninkeeda ma aha oo kaliya mustaqbalka, laakiin sidoo kale ciidanka waxaa la badbaadiyey, siinta vizier ee Turkish dahabka oo dhan si ay u soo sasabaya inuu saxiixo heshiis xabbad joojin ah.

guurka

On uu ku soo laabtay magaalada Muqdisho, labaatanaad oo February 1712, Butros iyo Catherine 1 1 guursaday. Horeba dhashay markii ay gabadheeda Anna, kuwaas oo markii dambe u noqday naagtii ku Duke of Holsten, iyo Elizabeth - Empress mustaqbalka, at da'da saddex iyo shan sannadood, at aroos rasmi meeshii allabariga ka socda Mudanayaal. Arooskii qaaday meel ku dhow si qarsoodi ah ku cibaadaysiga yar, taas oo ay u Prince Menshikov lahaayeen.

Tan iyo waqti in aan ka helay Catherine yard. Waxay bilaabeen in ay aqbalaan safiirada shisheeye iyo la kulmo ciqaab badan oo Yurub ah. Sida naagtii boqorka reformer, Ekaterina Velikaya - Empress Ruush 1aad - on xoogga Iimaan iyo dulqaadasho waa ineysan si ay ninkeeda. In muddo ah ka soo 1704 st si 1723rd ay dhashay kow iyo toban carruur ah Peter, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax badan oo ka mid ah ayaa ku dhintay iyo yaraantaadii. Sidaas uurka noqnoqda iyadii ma looga hortago ka socda ninkeeda in safaro badan oo uu: waxaa laga yaabaa inay ku nool yihiin teendho iyo hurdo oo sariir ku adag tahay, ma ka gunuunaceen yara.

Merit

In 1713, Peter aan, kuwaas oo amaanay hab dhaqanka sharaf leh oo uu naagtiisa waqtiga failure xilli Ruush Prut, aasaasay Order ee St. Catherine. Waxa uu si shaqsi ah ku riday calaamadaha on ninkeeda in November 1714-kii. Waxaa markii hore loo yaqaan Order ee Xoreynta oo la loogu tala galay oo kaliya in ay Catherine. On mudnaanta naagtii inta lagu guda jiro xilli Prut ee dhicisoobay, Peter Waxaan xusuustay bayaankii of dabaaldega ee naagtiisii 1723rd November. Ajaanibta la fiiro gaar ah waa in wax walba oo ka socda maxkamadda Ruush, si wadajir ah xusay Jacayl uu boqorku ka doonayay Empress ah. Iyo inta lagu guda jiro xilli reer Faaris ee 1722 Catherine xitaa iyada madaxiisiina wuu xiiray, oo waxay bilaabeen inay xirtaan Grenadier cap. Waxay iyada parade ninkeeda Ciidamada qaatay, si toos ah ka tago dagaalka.

maalin iyo labaatan saddexaad ee December 1721 guddiga ka mid ah Golaha Guurtida iyo Synod ee Empress Ruush ah Catherine qirtay. Gaar ahaan loogu talagalay iyada dabaaldega ee May 1724 marka hore la wakiishay by taajkii, oo ay quruxda dhaafay taajka boqorka. At madaxa afada ee Peter dabeecadda Emperor ee qudhiisu dhigay.

sawirka

Opinions waxa gudaha ah waxay ahayd Catherine, is burinaya. Haddii aad diiradda saaraan iyada nin ee deegaanka, aragtida oo dhan wanaagsan, laakiin naagtii, waxaa loola dhaqmo eexda, rumeysan yahay iyada gaaban, qaro weyn oo madow. Indeed, muuqaalka kore ee Empress ah ma aysan samayn wax badan oo aragti ah. Oo isna wuxuu lahaa oo kaliya in la eego oo la joogo in ay aragto iyada oo asal ahaan hooseeyo. dharka ay soo xirtay ahaa style ah beryihii hore ee, si buuxda u Fiido leh sequins lacag ah. Waxa uu had iyo jeer ahaa aag ahayd oo hore waxaa lagu qurxiyey daabac dhagaxyo qaali ah laga sameeyey sawir asalka ah ee foomka of gorgor laba-madax. On Boqorad ayaa si joogto ah u dhegaysanayay Amarka, dersin walxood oo yar iyo qardhaasaha. Sida ay ku socdeen, oo xoolahan oo dhan this buuqday.

safka

Mid ka mid ah wiilashooda - Peter, kuwaas oo, ka dib markii ka gaabin ee dhaxlaya gooyo ee ugu weynaa ee Evdokia Lopukhina tixgeliyo 1718 prestolonasledovatelem a rasmiga ah, ee dhintay 1719-m. Sidaas daraaddeed boqorkii ahaa reformer keliya naag si ay u arkaan in uu mustaqbalka. Laakiin dayrta ee 1724 Empress ugu horeysay, Peter tuhunsan yahay khiyaamo qaran la camera-arday Mons. Oo wuxuu ugu dambeeya, dabadeedna way aamuseen si ay naagtiisii u la xiriiraan: ma hadlaan, iyo helitaanka, waxa uu waa ka mamnuuc. Xaraaradda dadka kale dharbaaxo daran oo u galay boqorkii, isagoo cadhaysan ayuu jeexjeexay doonistiisa ah oo carshiga si ay naagtiisii u maray.

Oo mar on codsiga toos ah gabadhiisa Elizabeth, Peter isku raacay in qadada la Catherine - qof dumar ah kuwaas oo ahaa saaxiibkiis sooci karo iyo kaaliyaha for a full labaatan sannadood. Waxaa dhacay bil ka hor dhimashadii gooyo. Bishii Janaayo 1725 labaad uu xanuunsaday. Catherine had iyo jeer ahaa sariirta ee Boqortooyada a sakaraadaysay. In habeenkii ka soo 28 th in 29 th Peter dhintay ka soo gaartay oo uu naagtiisa.

Ascent carshiga

Sida laga soo xigtay dhimashada xaaska, ma waqti ay ku sheegi doonistiisa la soo dhaafay, go'aanka su'aasha ah ee isku xigta noqday ku hawlan "Rabbi Sare" - xubnaha Senate, Synod ah, iyo Guud, kuwaas oo horey u ahaayeen ee madaxtooyada oo ka mid ah toddoba iyo labaatanaad ee January. iyaga ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen laba dhinac. Mid ka mid ah, oo ka kooban joogtid on top aad u xoogga dawladda ee ku dul aristocracy ah, oo uu hoggaaminayo European-aqoon Prince Dmitry Golitsyn. In dadaal lagu doonayo in la xaddido -Raaxaysta- ah, tan dambe ayaa dalbaday in la dhiso on carshigii Peter I - awow yar Petra Velikogo. Waa inaan sheegaa in musharaxnimada oo ka mid ah ilmaha dhex jiray oo dhan fasal laandheere Ruush, kuwaas oo doonayay in la helo qof amiirkii farcankaaga ayaan darro kuwaas oo soo celin kara mudnaanta hore aad loo jecel yahay.

guul

Xisbiga labaad ee ahayd dhinaca Catherine. kala waxa uu ahaa lama huraan. Iyada oo taageero ka saaxiibkiis muddo dheer Menshikov iyo Buturlina Yaguzhinskii oo ku tiirsan Guard, ayay kor uguma carshiga sida Catherine 1, inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada taas oo loogu talagalay Russia waxba gaarka ah aan la calaamadeeyay. Waxay ahaayeen muddo kooban ah. By heshiis la Menshikov, Catherine ma faragelin ugu hayso arrimaha gobolka, weliba, kii siddeedaadna in February 1726 ayay gacanta ugu horeysay ee Russian ah ee gacmaha Council jira Sare.

Politics dalka

dhaqdhaqaaqa State Catherine waxaa aan ku koobnayn waraaqaha inta badan kaliya saxiixa. Inkasta oo waa in la sheegay in Empress ee uu xiiseynayo inay axwaalkii raxan Ruushka. Anigoo ku hadlaya magaca dalka dhab xeerarka Golaha ku jira - jirka ah abuuray wax yar ka hor iyada u dabbaaldegaan, in carshiga. Waxay ka koobnayd Menshikov, G. Golovkin, FM Apraksin, D. Golitsyn, P. iyo A. Osterman Tolstoy.
Catherine 1 boqornimadiisa bilaabay xaqiiqada ah in canshuurta lagu dhimay, oo saamaxay maxaabiis badan oo loo musaafuriyay. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u sabab u tahay qiimaha kor iyo cabsi carada dadka ku dhex jira. Qaar ka mid ah dib u habaynta Catherine baabiiyo mid ka mid ah jir, qaaday Peter 1. Tusaale ahaan, si weyn u dhimay doorka Senate la baabiiyo iyo maamulka deegaanka, kaas oo la bedelay si ay xoogga taliyaha, Guddiga a, taas oo ka mid ah Jeneraaladii iyo flagships. Sida ay content ee dib u habaynta this, Catherine 1, waxay lahaayeen in ay is ogow of horumar ah ee ciidamada Ruushka.

xiriirka caalamiga ah

Oo haddii ay gudaha Politika Ekateriny 1 ka waqtiba waqtiga Butros iilata, arrimaha caalamiga ah oo dhammu waxay tageen on si la mid ah sida Russia ay taageerto sheegashada of Duke Charles Frederick, Wiil aad soddog u ahaa Empress iyo aabbeheed Peter 3, si Slesvig. Denmark iyo Austria ayaa sii xumeeyey xidhiidhka iyada oo leh. In 1726, dalka ku xiga si ay Midowga Vienna. Intaa waxaa dheer, Russia uu noqonayaa in Courland saamayn gaar ah oo isku dayay in ay u diraan si ay u Menshikov sida taliye u Duchy ah, laakiin dadka maxalliga ah ay iska caabiyeen. Isla mar ahaantaana Catherine 1 siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ayaa u mira dhalin. Russia, isagoo heshiisyo gaaray ka Faaris, iyo reer Turkey ee Caucasus, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan in ay hantiyaan gobolka Shirvan.

image siyaasadeed

Laga soo bilaabo bilowga ugu horreeya ee iyada boqortooyada Catherine 1 siyaasadda gudaha waxaa loogu talagalay in qof walba ay u muujiyaan in carshiga waa in gacmaha ammaan ah iyo in dalka ayaa jidka ag reformer weyn doortay. The Golaha jira Sare si joogto ah u galeen halgan qadhaadh waayo, xoog. Laakiinse dadkii jeclaa Empress ah. Markaasaa waxaa taas ay jirto xaqiiqda ah in gudaha Politika Ekateriny 1 aan la calaamadeeyay by kasta oo faa'iidooyin gaar ah dadka caadiga ah.

Its hore waxaa si joogto ah isugu dad leh codsiyada kala duwan. Waxay iyagii kaxeeyey, siinta sadaqad, iyo dad badan oo xitaa noqday hooyo diin. Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada xaaskiisa labaad ee Petra Velikogo oo ahaa urur oo ka mid ah Academy of Sciences. Intaa waxaa dheer, ee qolofka Empress on duulaan Kamchatka ee Bering.

Ruush Empress ugu horeeyay ee ku dhintay May 1727. Uu la magacaabay dhallinta Peter 2 - awoowe, iyo Ninkaas a - Menshikov. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halgan qadhaadh awoodda sii. Ka dib boqornimadii Catherine 1, taariikhyahanadu ku tidhaahdaa, waxaa la siiyey kor u qaada muddo dheer Ruush Kacdoonkii madaxtooyada.