Dhiiqo Gas, oo formula codsanaya

gaaska baxsanaya hoose ee berkadood - dhiiqo gaaska cadar (magaca generic badan - methane). Laga soo bilaabo barta sayniska foomamka waxaa view, hydrogenous ama methyl. Inteeda badan ka kooban methane (CH _4). Waxa kale oo laga yaabaa in la joogo, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, phosphine iyo carbon dioxide.

Tilmaamo Key

Halabuurka Standard, formula kiimikada dhiiqo gaaska - Waxaas oo dhan waxay si cad u muujinaysaa in ay iska xeryahooda carbon fudud. Qiyaastii element this waxa ay u qaybsamaan qaybaha haray. gaaska Marsh dhacdaa si dabiici ah ee gobolka oo lacag la'aan ah sida isku dar ah la carbon dioxide ama nitrogen. Waxay dhacdaa ay sabab u tahay kala daatay ee walxaha organic. Sida caadiga ah, waxaa ku xayiran oo hoos biyaha iyo u diiday in ay helaan dhirta hawada.

miinooyinka dhuxusha - meel kale sameeyay gaaska dhiiqo guban kara. Wuxuu ururayaa, Dhagaxyada ka dib markii daatay ee ku harta organic. Tan waxaa loo fududeeyey hulalka badan. gaasas noocan oo kale ah waxaa lagu jiido marka kadis ah oo sababo godka.

goobaha waxbarashada

Inkastoo ay magaca si cadaalad dirayaan, gaaska dhiiqo (ama halkii, methane) waxay u taagan tahay soo baxay tan iyo dildilaaca dhulka beeraha saliidda dhow. The xaaladaha ugu horeysay sida ayaa la soo sheegay in Maraykanka of America, on the bangiyada of River kadib Ciidan ah, iyo sidoo kale in Russia ee gobolka Caspian ah. In Baku, sababtan awgeed, muddo dheer waxaa jiray halyeeyga ah oo ku saabsan nalalka dahsoon ee Baku. ifafaale dabiiciga ah ayaa la qaso carbon dioxide, nitrogen iyo saliid uumi gaaska dhiiqo.

Iyadoo horumarinta warshadaha iyo technology macdanta, dadka bartay in ay dib u sii daayo methane. The warshad ugu horeysay sida muuqatay in Pennsylvania. gaaska Marsh waxa lagu gartaa in si joogto ah la sameeyay, waxaa lagu ogaan karaa in qoyan ama balli. Inta badan, waayo, taasu waa ul taabto wax iska sahlan in daaalo ka. Intaas ka dib, goobooyin gaaska sabeyn in ay dusha biyaha.

Aasaaska dhiiqo gaaska

Formation of qayb ka ugu weyn ee gaasta dabiiciga ah bakteeriyada (methane) caawimaad. Sababtoo ah iyaga ka mid ah, wuxuu bilaabaa halsano ah ee fiber dhirta, qayb muuqaalka kore ee methane. The methane ugu saafi ah la rumeysan yahay inuu caan ku marno dhoobada Absheron iyo Peninsula Kerch ah.

Intaa waxaa dheer, waxa ay soo baxdo waa inay cusbo kayd, ilo iyo fumaroles - godad iyo dildilaaca, kuwaas oo ku yaal cagta ee marno. Methane joogo mindhicirka aadanaha. waxyaabaha ay ka mid katimaada xoolaha qaar ka mid ah. Mid ka mid ah cadaymaha ugu horeeyay ee qoran oo ku saabsan arrintaan la oran karo waa shuqullada qoraa oo qaraami ah Pliny sheegaye xeryahooda guban gaseous.

explosiveness

Inta badan gaaska dhiiqo waxaa lagu gartaa guryaha burbur isaga u gaar ah. Marka dabku waa in isku dar ah oo leh hawada, waxa sababa qarax. Sababta tani waa sifooyinka methane. Qaraxa ayaa xeryahooda gaaska iyo wixii la mid dhiiqo ayaa muddo dheer dadka ka argagaxay, si ay u sharxaan waxa ka dhacaya Baxiira. Sababaha cillad-cad noqday oo keliya ka dib markii baaritaan cilmiyeed of this ifafaale.

Marsh gaaska, methane iyo xarunta kale ee qarxa keentay in dadka Been Davy Siraaj. Waxa loo adeegsaday labada biyagaleenka ahuba iyo in miinooyinka dhuxusha ee. In laambad this waxyaabaha sari oo laga saaray Roobka gaar ah iyada oo loo marayo taas oo saarayso suurogalka suuroggalaan of isku dar ah gaaska guban kara.

History of daahfurka

kaalin weyn in ay daraasadda of dhiiqo gaaska (methane), bandhigay saynisyahan Talyaaniga Alessandro kooxda Fluminense bisha. In 1776, uu soo bandhigay in walaxda waa ka hydrogen kala duwan, tan waxay u baahan tahay ogsijiin laba jeer ka badan for sari. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waxa ay kooxda Fluminense bisha go'aamisay in dhiiqo gaaska - il of carbonic acid.

methane Talyaani laga helay soohdinta reer Switzerland iyo Italy, soo socota si ay Lake Maggiore. waxyoonay ee cilmiga ahaa maqaal ee cilmiga American iyo siyaasi Benjamin Franklin oo ku saabsan arrin ka mid ah "air-shidaal". Fluminense bisha hore helay methane ururinta gaaska qoyan timaada.

cilmi Continued

cilmi kale arrin dabiici ah oo muhiim ah waxay ahaayeen farmashiyaha Faransiis Klod Bertolle iyo farmashiyaha British Uilyam Genri. ee la soo dhaafay ayaa ka mid ah 1805 go'aamiyey Halabuurka ee gaaska dhiiqo iyo waxa la kala saaro ethylene ee (loogu yeero maslorodnogo gaaska a).

walax qarxa halxidhkii qarsoon ee ay ka kooban aasaasiga ah - methane. Waxaa lagu qeexaa sida gaaska hydrocarbon iftiinka (sida soo horjeeda shidaalka culus ee gaaska ethylene). Muddo ayaa degay muddo kale - methyl hydrogenous. Henry sii waday in ay ka barato Dzhon Dalton iyo Jens Jakob Berzelius.

In 1813, farmashiyaha Ingiriisi iyo geologist Gemfri Devi falanqeeyay firedamp iyo gabagabeeyey in walaxda - isku dar ah ee methane, carbon dioxide iyo nitrogen. Sidaa daraadeed waxaa la cadeeyay in isku dar ah guban kara la sii daayay in miinooyinka, aqoonsiga ey isku midka ah ee biyagaleenka.

Saamaynta ay ku leeyihiin deegaanka

Dabeecad methane gaaska dhiiqo dhacdaa sababtoo ah falgalka kiimikada gaar ah. Ka hore waa muxaadaro qalalan ee arrinta organic (sida Peat ama qori). KIIMIKADA methane saafi ah loo diyaariyey by biyo tsinkmetila daatay (sidaas saaray xabagta zinc). Maanta, walax this jiidata deegaanka badan sababta oo ah ku lug dhismaha saamayn lagu koriyo ah. Tan waxa u sabab raasamaal ee methane in jawiga. gaaska Marsh nuuga shucaaca kaamerada ee gobolka infrared spectral. By dhimaya this waa labaad oo kaliya in ay carbon dioxide saafi ah. Dadka deegaanka u qiimeeyaan dowrka methane in saamaynta koriyo habaysan ee ku saabsan 30%.

Guryaha, halabuurka, kiimikada formula gaaska dhiiqo hadda la bartay in daraasad ah saamaynta ay ku jawiga of dhulkeenna. The tirooyinka caadiga ah, soo saaray ay dabiicadda, isagu kuma uu jirin khatar ah sida Jidka saamayn lagu koriyo ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhibaatada been in xaqiiqda ah in xaddi weyn oo methane hawada iyada oo qalad ah ee dadka naftooda. Analoogga dhiiqo gaaska laga soo saaro ee warshadaha oo kala duwan. Tani waxa loogu yeero methane abiotic. Mid ka mid ah in dhacdaa biyagaleenka ahuba ah, tixgeliyo biogenic - oo la timi iyada oo sababtu tahay isbadal ah ee arrinta organic.

methanogenesis

Biosynthesis of methane (oo halkan ka dhacdo ee gaaska qoyan) waxaa kaloo loo yaqaan methanogenesis. Marxaladani waxay ku lug leedahay bakteeriyada Archaea. Waxay yihiin laylinta, taasoo la micno ah waxay soo saari kartaa tamarta nolosha, oo aan u baahan oxygen. Archaea lahayn organelles xuub iyo xuduntii.

Bakteeriyada dhalin methane, soo celinta xarunta hal-carbon via xeryahooda carbon-carbon iyo alcohols. Hab kale - copolymer disproportionation. tamarta ah ee waxaa loo bedelay bakteeriyada synthase ATP enzyme. In methanogenesis lug noocyo kala duwan oo u taagoo: coenzymes, methanofuran, tetragidrometanopterin iwm ...

methanogens

Science ogyahay 17 genera iyo 50 nooc oo archaea awood guud ahaan gaaska qoyan saldhig. Waxay sameeyaan a deegaanada multicellular heer hoose ah. hiddo ugu bartay sida archaea - Methanosarcina acetivorans. Waxay yihiin diinta ku acetates iyo methane , carbon monoxide, iyadoo la isticmaalayo falgalka ka atsetatkinazy iyo phosphotransacetylase. Sidoo kale waxaa jira aragti ah in archaea ee Qarniyadii hore loo badali karo thioester ah, ay shardi tahay in in ka dibna dhoobo ayaa uruuray sare ee tayadda bir ah.

Sababta dabka kaynta

At uruureen filan warshadu hawada iyo gaaska dhiiqo, vozgorevshis keeni kartaa Peat dabiiciga waaweyn iyo dab kaynta. Maanta, waxaa jira wax badan oo dagaal ifafaale ah sida. Adeegyada gaarka ah ee la socodka anshaxa oo ka mid ah meelaha ugu badan ee loo baajiyey gaaska. Waxay mas'uul ka hortagga iyo xakameynta saamiga tirada qaybaha gaas halis yihiin.

Tusaale ahaan, mid ka mid ah dhulal ee gobolka Moscow waa aagga bariga Shatursky. In biyaha ay hodan ku tahay kalluunka (kalluun, kaluun, gobies, kalluun, Pike, kalluun), newts, xataa rahyo, masaska, muskrats, shimbirahoowna (la herons, bitterns, xumaanta Dumban, shinbiraha). Lafaha xoolaha, kuwaas oo ku jira fosfooraska. Waxaa la farsameeyo by bakteeriyada, markaa waxaa jira dhowr waxyaabo kale. diphosphine iyo phosphine. Waxay yihiin fikrada ugu weyn ee dareen-celin silsilad huritaanka holac lama filaan ah. Bilaabay in this dababka hab - waa dhibaato halis ah deegaanka. From dabka ee biyagaleenka ahuba gubanaya, ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale kaynta bogs Peat ah. Dabka iyaga gee faafin karaan. Peat noocan oo kale ah ayaa gubi kara sannadood oo dhan.

In Russia u haystaa saddex-meelood laba ka mid ah dhulal dunida ee ku saabsan. Ay ku kulmaan xarunta of qayb ka mid ah Yurub of Russia, Western Siberia iyo Kamchatka. Bedka guud ee dhulal ee Russia - oo ku saabsan 340 million hektar, 210 ka mid ah oo lagu daboolay dabool kaynta. Inta badan gaaska oo dhan soo saaray xagaaga. In muddo ah maalin in meel ka mid ah hal hektar istaagi karaa oo ku saabsan labo iyo kiiloogaraam badh oo methane.

Dhexgalka oxygen iyo chlorine

dhiiqo gaaska dabiiciga ah, kuwaas oo kiimiko formula - CH _4, si dhib leh u shidaba olol iska Ifto Yuuna cirro. Qaraxa ayaa ugu xoogga badan la dhici rabo ee isku dar ah oo ka kooban 7.8 Muga hawada iyo 2 mugga of ogsijiin. Gas yar L. biyo (duwan khamriga). Waxaa si gaar ah uga jawaabo la halogens.

By reaction la foomamka gaaska chlorine dhiiqo methyl chloride CH ₃ cl. Qalabkan waxaa loo diyaariyey by hababka shaybaarka. Ujeedada this, gaaska hydrochloride waxaa dhex maray xal daartu khamriga iyo metilnogo chloride zinc la shubay. Natiijadu waxay tahay gaaska ah midab, taas oo ah waxa lagu gartaa ether a urta wacan leh dhadhan macaan. Cadaadis xoog leh ama qaboojinta, waxaa Uumiga galay dareere ah.

The isticmaalka iyo jawaab la halogens

Methane (gaaska dhiiqo), oo caanaha iyo isticmaalka sida shidaalka bartay barnaamij dugsiga si firfircoon ula dhaqmo halogens. Sidaas darteed, walxahan waxay dareen diidmo oo la bedelay soo saaray xeryahooda soo socda: bromide, chloride, fluoride, chloride oo fluoride. Ugu danbeysay ee iyaga ugu horeysay waxaa laga heli by farmashiyaha Ruush Aleksandrom Butlerovym. Methyl iodide - si xoog leh bildayaha iftiin dareere ah hurdi. heerkulka Its karaya - 180 ° C.

Sida loo yaqaan gaaska dhiiqo, si buuxda u bedelay by halogens? Tani tetrachloride carbon. Waxaa la furay by farmashiyaha Faransiis ah Anri Reno ee 1839. Waa dareere ah oo leh caraf basbaas sifo. Waxay saamayn ku suuxinta. walax kale oo la mid ah - tetrabromide carbon. Waxaa laga soo dambaska dhirta badda.

Khataraha Caafimaadka

keligeed, methane dhiiqo yahay physiologically aan dhib lahayn. Waxaa iska leh Consort la shito oo aan sun ahayn. Kooxdaan walxaha waxa lagu gartaa inertness kiimikada iyo milmi yar plasma dhiigga. hawada la-fiirsashada sare ee gaaska dhiiqo dili karaa oo kaliya haddii uu la kulmi doonaan oo ah ogsijiin la'aan.

calaamadaha hore ee dhegto (qabatin) muujiyey content a of 30% methane. Xaaladdan oo kale, mugga sii kordhaysa oo ah Neefta, garaaca wadnaha nooleeyaa, dhibtay isuduwidda dhaqdhaqaaqa muruqyada. Laakiin jaaniska ah kiisaska noocaas ah waa mid aad u yar. Xaqiiqada ah in methane waa xumbo hawada, taas oo aanu uma oggolaan inuu wax ku ururto Joogaba, xad-dhaaf ah.

Isla mar ahaantaana, cilmi Gallobayse tallaabada of gaaska qoyan ku soo gunaanadeen aadanaha in tallaabada of ether preservative. Saameyn la mid ah la dhigantaa karo maandooriyaha ah. In aadanaha, muddo dheer soo shaqeeyay ee miinooyinka la-fiirsashada sare ee methane, raadad isbedel ee habdhiska ku autonomic (hypotension, reflex oculocardiac wanaagsan iyo D. sidaas on.).