Cell: awooda iyo qaab-dhismeedka. Qiimaha unugyada xoogga. Tusaalooyinka unugyada awood

waxbarashada tijaabo Modern ku adkeeyey in cell waa unug adag dhismaha iyo hawlaha gaarka ah ee ku dhow noolaha oo dhan, marka laga reebo fayrusyada, kuwaas oo foomamka nolosha aan gacanta. waxbarashada Cytology qaabka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa gacanta, Neefta, nafaqada, dhalmo, koritaanka. Nidaamkan waa mid laga wada hadli doonaa in warqad this.

qaab-dhismeedka gacanta

By isticmaalaya bayoolajiga iftiinka iyo microscope electron ayaa lagu ogaaday in dhirta iyo xoolaha unugyada ku jira qeybta dusha (nadmembrannye iyo submembrane kaxeynayo), cytoplasm iyo organelles. In unugyada xayawaanka badan xuub waa glycocalyx ku jiraan falgalka iyo bixinta awoodda gacanta ka baxsan cytoplasm ah. In unugyada dhirta, prokaryotes (bakteeriya iyo cyanobacteria) iyo fangaska badan xuub waxaa la aasaasay derbiga unug, taas oo ka kooban cellulose, lignin ama murein.

yaruna waa organelle khasab ah eukaryotes. Waa wax la kala dhaxlo - DNA isagoo koromosoomyada foomka. Bakteeriyada iyo cyanobacteria ku jira nucleoid, ku simaha sida side of deoxyribonucleic acid. Kulligood waxay qabtaan shaqo adag oo gaar ah, oo keenaya geeddi socodka gacanta dheefshiidka.

Maxaan uga jeednaa by ereyga "cuntada cell" ah

daliilka Life unugyada ma aha waxaan kala iibsiga ee tamarta iyo u beddelaya ka mid ah nooca in kale (sida sharcigu ugu horeysay ee thermodynamics). Energy, oo ku yaalla nafaqooyinka ee qarsoon, t. Gobolka E. Tagitaanka galaa taagoo ATP. On su'aasha ah ee Xooggee unugyada ee biology, waxaa jira jawaab in tixgelinayo postulates soo socda:

1. cell A sida nidaamyada noolaha furan u baahan hubban oo joogta ah tamarta ka deegaanka.
2. walxaha Organic in looga baahan yahay awood u, gacanta laga heli karaa laba siyaabood:

a) ka dhexdhexaad ah extracellular, foomka xeryahooda diyaar;

b) si madax banaan synthesizing borotiinada, carbohydrates iyo dufanka, ka carbon dioxide, ammonia, iwm

Sidaa darteed, dhammaan noolaha kala qaybsan yihiin shiid heterotrophic iyo autotrophic oo qoreysa cilmiga Kiimikada noole.

Dheef iyo Tamarta

walxaha Organic galaya gacanta mari cholesterol, dheehan tamarta la sii daayay oo ah qaab ATP ama NADP-H2. set oo dhan reactions milmaan iyo dissimilation - waxa ee dheef. Hoos aynu eegno marxaladaha of -shiid tamarta, siinta nafaqada unugyada heterotrophic. First, borotiinada, carbohydrates, iyo subaga waa la dumiyey galay monomers ay: acids amino, glucose, glycerol iyo dufanka leh acids. Markaas, in dheefshiidka oxygen-free ah, waxay ku xiran yihiin suuska dheeraad ah (dheefshiidka anaerobic).

Sidaas waxaa ku shaqeeya rickettsia intracellular dulin, chlamydia, iyo bakteeriyada pathogenic sida Clostridium. glucose dhegtaan fungus-khamiirka Unicellular in ethanol, bakteeriyada melkesyrebakterier - in ay jėrto. Sayidka, glycolysis, khamriga, butyric, halsano melkesyrebakterier - kuwani waa tusaalayaal ka mid ah unugyada xoogga iyadoo ay sabab u dheefshiidka anaerobic in heterotrophs.

Autotrophic iyo muuqaalada habka dheefshiidka

Waayo, noolaha on Earth, isha ugu muhiimsan ee tamarta waa qorraxda. Thanks isaga si, ay daboolayaan baahiyaha deggan dhulkeenna. Qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waxaa ku dhexsameeysmo nafaqooyinka ay sabab u tahay tamarta iftiinka, waxaa lagu magacaaba phototrophic. Qaar kale - iyadoo la kaashanayo tamarta ee reactions redox, waxaa loo yaqaannaa chemotroph. In algae hal-unuglaha nafaqada cell, photos of kaas oo hoos lagu soo bandhigay, waxay noqon photosynthetically.

dhirta Green ku jira chlorophyll, taas oo ah qayb ka mid ah chloroplast ah. Wuxuu u adeegaa sida anteeno, quanta qabtay iftiinka. Waxaa u ahaaday iftiin iyo marxaladaha mugdiga ah ee photosynthesis dhaca dareen-celin enzymatic (Calvin wareeg), natiijada taas oo ah formation of dioxide kaarboon walxaha organic loo isticmaalo quudinta. Sidaa darteed, unugyada ah oo awood waxaa sabab u ah isticmaalka tamarta iftiinka, gudbiyo autotrophic ama phototrophic.

organisms Unicellular yeedhay hemosintetikami, waayo, formation of walxaha organic isticmaalayo tamarta sii daayay by falgalka kiimikada, tus, xeryahooda bakteeriyada bir oxidize bir ferrous in ferric, iyo tamarta la sii daayay aado ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee u taagoo glucose.

Sayidka, noolaha photo-dardaro ku qabsadaan tamarta iftiinka iyo waxa loogu badalo tamar mancaha covalent iyo polysaccharides. Markaas weheliyaan links tamarta silsilado cuntada waxaa loo wareejiyey unugyada noolaha heterotrophic. In si kale loo dhigo, mahad photosynthesis, waxaa jira dhammaan qaybaha dhismaha ee biosphere ah. Waxaan dhihi karnaa in unugyada in xoog yimaado hab autotrophic, "ayaa cunto siiya" Miyuusan isaga qudhiisu oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale deggan oo dhan meeraha Earth.

Sida noolaha heterotrophic quudiyaan

Unugyada oo nafaqo waxay ku xiran tahay rasiidka dhexdeeda walxaha organic ka deegaanka dibadda, u yeedhay heterotrophic. Noolaha sida fangaska, xoolaha, dadka, iyo bakteeriyada dulinka dumin carbohydrates, borotiin iyo dufan iyadoo la kaashanayo ensaymes dheefshiidka.

Markaas, ka monomers keentay waxaa loo nuugo cell iyo waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu dhiso organelles iyo nolosha ay. nafaqooyin kala diri galaan gacanta by pinocytosis, iyo qayb ka cunto adag - phagocytosis. organisms Heterotrophic loo qaybin karaa saprotroph iyo dulin. marka hore (tusaale ahaan, bakteeriyada ciidda, fangaska, cayayaan qaar ka mid ah) quudiyaan on arrinta organic dhintay, iyo ugu dambaysta (bakteeriyada, kolkaasaa dirxi galay, fangaska dulinka) - unugyada iyo unugyada ee noolaha.

Mixotrophy, ay qaybinta ee dabiiciga ah

cunto kala duwan ee dabiiciga ah waa wax dhif ah oo waa aalad foom (idioadaptatsy) si ay waxyaabo kala duwan deegaanka. The mixotrophic xaalad ugu muhiimsan - waa joogaan in unugyada iyo organelles kooban chlorophyll ee nidaamka photosynthesis iyo enzyme in dumin nafaqooyinka diyaar ka imaanaya deegaanka. Tusaale ahaan, hal-unuglaha xayawaan cagaaran euglena ku jira chromatophores hyaloplasm la chlorophyll.

Marka kaydka, kuna waari dhexdeeda euglena degganaadaan, iyo sidoo kale shiday, waxay quutaan geedka, ie. E. Autotrophically by photosynthesis. Sidaas darteed of dioxide kaarboon ah uu ku dhexsameeysmo glucose, taas oo ah unugga iyo sida loo isticmaalo cuntada sida. euglena shaqeeya habeen heterotrophically jiidhi walxaha organic by ensaymes ku yaal vacuoles dheefshiidka. Sidaas darteed, unugyada awooda mixotrophic, saynisyahano rumaysan caddeyn in dib loo midoobo ka soo jeedo ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka.

koritaanka unugyada iyo xiriirka ay la leedahay trophico

Kordhinta dhererka, mass, mugga, sida jidhka oo dhan iyo xubnaha iyo unugyada, lagu magacaabo koritaanka. Isagu ma uu noqon karaa mid aan siin joogta ah nafaqooyinka in unugyada u adeega sida blocks dhismaha. Si aad u hesho jawaabta su'aasha ah ee sida loo koro unugyada dhacda nafaqo autotrophic, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la caddeeyo in ay tahay hay'ad madax-banaan ama qayb ka mid ah qaybta dhismaha shakhsiga multicellular. Xaaladda hore, koritaanka la sameyn doonaa inta lagu guda jiro interphase ee wareegga gacanta. Waxaa si degdeg ah ka baaraandega-shiid caag dhacaan. Power noolaha heterotrophic correlatively la xidhiidha joogitaanka cuntada ka imaanaya deegaanka dibadda. Koritaanka ee u shaqeeyo a multicellular dhacdaa natiijada in ay hawshooda u ah unugyada biosynthetic waxbarasho, iyo sidoo kale baahsanaanta ee geedi socodka dhiska, reactions catabolic kor ku xusan.

Doorka oxygen in a unugyada heterotrophic cuntada

noolaha hawada: bakteeriyada qaar ka mid ah, fangaska, xoolaha iyo dadku u isticmaalaan oxygen ee dheefshiidka dhamaystiran ee nafaqooyinka sida glucose si carbon dioxide iyo biyaha (wareegga Krebs). Waxay dhacdaa in furta oo mitochondrial ku jiraan nidaamka enzymatic H + -ATP-Åse, oo daydaa Britain ah ATP ka ADP. In noolaha prokaryotic, sida bakteeriyada laylinta iyo cyanobacteria, tallaabo dissimilation oxygen dhacdaa xuub plasma of unugyada.

sahayda cayimayo of gametes

In biology kelli iyo xoogga gacanta Cytology lagu si kooban u tilmaami karaa habka ka soo baxa nafaqooyinka dhexdeeda, ay Avv iyo cholesterol of xaddi gaar ah oo tamar foomka of taagoo ATP. gametes Trophism: ridani iyo manida, waxa uu leeyahay qaar ka mid ah sifooyinka la xiriira cayimayo sare ah ay xilkooda u gutaan. Tani waa run gaar ah unugyada taranka haween ah, lagu qasbay in ay isku uruursadaan sahay badan oo nafaqooyin, inta badan ee foomka of ukunta.

iyo dheddiga kadib, waxa ay u isticmaali doonaan burburiyo iyo formation of embriyaha. spermatozoa The inta lagu guda jiro koriinkedu (spermatogenesis) waa la helay walxaha organic ka unugyada Sertoli, oo ku yaalla ka tubules seminiferous. Sayidka, labada nooc ee gametes leeyihiin heerka sare dheefshiidka, taasoo suurto gal ah ay sabab u tahay trophic ee gacanta firfircoon.

Doorka nafaqada macdanta

geeddi socodka dheefshiidka suurtogal maaha in aan soo qulqulaya ee siifilisku iyo anions uu ka samaysan yahay cusbada macdanta. Tusaale ahaan, lagama maarmaanka u ah ra'iyi magnesium photosynthesis, nidaamyada enzymatic mitochondria - udhigo potassium iyo calcium, si ay u ilaaliyaan naqdida hyaloplasm awoodda - joogitaanka udhigo sodium iyo sidoo kale anions carbonate acid. Solutions ee cusbada macdanta galaan gacanta by pinocytosis ama fasaq dhex xuub gacanta. nafaqada macdanta soo jireenka ah ee unugyada autotrophic iyo heterotrophic labadaba.

Si Loo soo kobo, waxaan ogaannay in qiimaha unugyada awood run ahaantii weyn, tan iyo nidaamka waxay keenaysaa in formation of qalab dhisme (carbohydrates, dufanka iyo borotiinka) ee dioxide kaarboon in noolaha autotrophic ah. unugyada Heterotrophic quudiyaan on walxaha organic sameeyay sabab hawl autotrophs. tamarta The keentay ay isticmaalaan for dhalmo, koritaanka, mooshinka, iyo talaabooyin kale oo muhiim ah.