Intaa waxaa dheer Electrophilic in Chemistry Organic

Waayo, dareen diidmo oo intaa dheer lagu gartaa formation of kiimiko ah ka laba ama ka badan waxyaabaha laga bilaabo. Ka fikir hab ay of Intaa waxaa dheer in ay electrophilic tusaale ahaan ku haboon ee alkenes - Consort acyclic roodhida la mid bond double. Intaa waxaa dheer iyaga, in transformations sida qaadan Consort kale isagoo silsilado kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan tiro xilliile ah.

Marxaladaha ficil ah u taagoo bilaabo

Intaa waxaa dheer Electrophilic meel dhowr marxaladood. Electrophile isagoo ah falalka wanaagsan sida lacag aqbalana electron ah, oo ay nafteeda ku double ee Britain alkene ah - sida deeq electron ah. Labada xeryahooda u sameeyaan ugu horeysay oo adag p-kacsan a. Ka dibna uu bilaabo Isbadal ee π-adag ee ϭ-adag. formation Carbocation xilligan la joogo iyo xasiloonida loo ogaado heerka of dhexgalka guud ahaan. Intaas ka dib carbocation si degdeg ah la nucleophile xun eedeeyay qayb ahaan iyo wax soo saarka ee diinta ka final sameeyay sameynayso.

Saamaynta of substituents on heerka falcelinta

Eedayn delocalization (ϭ +) ee carbocation waxay ku xiran tahay qaabka hore kelli. saamayn yeelista wanaagsan oo teedu group alkyl, waxay keenaysaa in hoos u dhac in lacag la eb ee carbon ku xiga. Sidaas darteed, in Britain ayaa la electron Deeqda substituent kordhisaa xasiloonida qaraabo ah cufnaanta waxbarashada π-electron waxaa sabab iyo falcelin ee Britain oo dhan. Saamaynta on falcelin ee acceptors electron noqon doonaa oo iska soo horjeeda.

farsamo ee la xidhiidha halogens

Ina keena aynu baaro si faahfaahsan hab ay of Intaa waxaa dheer electrophilic of alkene in ay tusaale u ah is dhexgalka iyo halogeen.

1. Britain halogeen dhawaado debaajiga double dhexeeya atamka carbon oo kala fog. Sababo la amarka qayb ahaan wanaagsan at darafkiisan halogeen ee Britain uu jiidayo u electrons π-bond. Tan iyo markii ay jirto formation of a ah π-adag degganayn.
2. In tallaabada xigta walxaha electrophilic ku xiran laba atamka carbon, la xirrira giraan ah. Waxaa jira tiro xilliile ah "onium" ra'iyi.
3. The haray eedeeyay halogeen walxaha (nucleophile wanaagsan eedeeyay) waxaa ka jawaabay ra'iyi onium oo ku biiray dhinaca ka soo horjeeda oo ka qayb halogeen hore. U muuqataa wax soo saarka final - trans-1,2-digalogenalkan. Sidoo kale, lifaaqa dhacdaa by cycloalkenyl halogeen.

lifaaqa hab ay acids hydrohalic

Intaa waxaa dheer Electrophilic of halides hydrogen iyo sulfuric acid dhacaan haddii kale. In deegaan acidic waa duco galay anion waxbarashada iyo reagent ah. ra'iyi wanaagsan eedeeyay (electrophile) oo weerar ku π-bond lammaaneeyey in mid ka mid ah atamka carbon ah. Carbocation waxaa la aasaasay, Gudaheedana waxaa la eb ee carbon ku xiga waxaa si togan ku amray. carbocation Next sameynayso la anion ah si ay u sameeyaan wax soo saarka ugu dambeeya ee falcelinta.

jihada of falcelinta dhexeeya reagents oo sida caadiga ah ku dhufo oo Markovnikov

Intaa waxaa dheer Electrophilic u dhexeeya labada taagoo sinnayn dhacdaa regioselectively. Taas macnaheedu waa in labada isomers suurto gal ah waxaa la doorbidayo kaliya hal sameeyay. Regioselectivity qeexayaa xeerka Markovnikov ayaa, sida laga soo xigtay oo hydrogen waxaa ku lifaaqan eb carbon ku xiran tiro badan oo ah atamka kale hydrogen (more hydrogenated) a.

Si loo fahmo xeerkan, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la xusuustaa in heerka falcelinta ku xiran tahay xasiloonida ee carbocation dhexe. Saamaynta of deeq electron iyo aqbalana substituents kor ku xusan. Sidaas darteed, waxaa dheer electrophilic of hydrobromic acid in propene hogaanka si formation of 2-bromopropane. waxbarashada dhexe leh lacag wanaagsan ku eb ee carbon dhexe more carbocation deggan ay la socoto lacag fiican in la eb ee xad-dhaaf ah. Sidaas darteed, la eb bromine la jawaabay eb ah carbon labaad.

Saamaynta of substituents electron-noqoshada on koorsada of isdhexgalka

Haddii Britain asalka ah ku jira electron noqday substituent taas oo uu leeyahay yeelista xun iyo / ama saamayn mesomeric, Intaa waxaa dheer electrophilic ayaa ka soo horjeeda xeerarka ku xusan. Tusaalooyinka substituents sida: CF _3, COOH, CN. Xaaladdan oo kale, masaafada u weyn ee amarka wanaagsan ee kooxda electron hoose ka noqoshada ka dhigaysa carbocation ah ka xasilloon. Sidaas darteed, hydrogen ku xiran eb carbon yar hydrogenated.

version Universal ee xeerarka eegi doonaa sida tan: dhexgalka ee alkene ah sinnayn iyo soo baxa reaction reagent sinnayn by habka of formation of carbocation ugu xasilloon.