Daahfurtay in physics kelli.

Halkan waxaan ku soo bandhigaynaa fikradda, isagoo sheegtay in laga helay. Anyway, meel ayaan arkay xitaa oggayn waxaa ka mid ah. Fikradda waxaa loola jeedaa ifafaale ee uumi, kuwaas oo, kor u furmay qodob cusub ay yihiin sababaha ugu weyn ee dareeraha qaboojinta ee geedi socodka of uumi. Sharaxa classic waa: cabitaanno saaray ka keliya ee u taagoo ugu degdeg ah, kuwa ay awoodi karaan in ay ka gudbaan ciidamada jiidashada intermolecular. Tani waxa ay yaraynaysaa xawaaraha celcelis ahaan ay u taagoo haray. Sidaas awgeed, waxaa hoos u heer-kulka jidhka, kaas oo ah in ku tiirsanaanta xawaaraha.

Laakiin hadii aad fiiriso wax yar u dhaw in ay geedi socodka ka mid ah uumi, waxa loo arki karaa, ka sii muhiimsan, haddii aan ugu weyn, arrin kale qaboojinta. Tani waxay ifafaale (factor) waa kuma qorna buugaagta wax on physics. Laga soo bilaabo aragtida ah classical waa in ay soo gunaanaday macquul ah in Britain ay evaporating ma yareeyo si dhow eber iyo heerka xawaaraha vytolknuvshey taagoo ay. Laakiin taasi run ma aha.

layers dusha u taagoo dareere ah waxaa lagu abaabulaa fogfog weyn yahay ee layers qoto dheer. Taasina waxay keentaa arrin ka mid ah xiisadda dusha.

dusha sare ee dareeraha

Britain 1 V1

V2

Britain 2

V3

Britain 3

Berdaha. 1.

The badan tahay in ay uumi ka Britain ejection-1 (eeg. Berdihii. 1) waa in ay isku dhaceen iyadoo Britain a of 2, kuwaas oo si wadajir ah la seexda Britain 1 on dadab iyo in ay dusha sare ee dareeraha ah oo uu leeyahay qayb ka ugu yar tangential xawaare. Ka dib markii isku dhac ah, oo meel fog ka badan Fatuuq labada taagoo weyn, ciidamada repulsion labada dhinac ayaa la bedelay ciidamada sii kordhaysa ee soo jiidashada labada dhinac. Ciidamada Kuwan waxaa hoos u dhigay ku dhawaad eber xawaaraha iyo heerkulka ee Kelvin timaada ma aha oo kaliya 1 Britain, laakiin 2 of Britain ah oo ka hadhay ee dareeraha ah a. Britain 2 ma leeyahay waqti si ay u gudbiyaan oo ay tamar ogeed in Britain a deriska ah 3: in ay "joojiyaan" Britain evaporating 1. kiiska tahay in lagu soo jiidashada isku mar ka mid ah Britain ee labada Britain. Xaaladdan oo kale, Britain ku yeelan karaan xawaaraha celcelis ahaan hal kaliya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in final wajiga bixitaanka 1 Britain ee, 2 molecules ayaa yareyn doonto xawaaraha iyo heerkulka buuxda Kelvin in ku dhow eber. More tahay iyo foori Britain ayaa laba u taagoo lateral in la yareeyo saamaynta deceleration ah "badbaadinta" tamarta ogeed ee Britain 2. Laakiin saamayn guud gebi ahaanba Iscelin in ay muhiim ah, sababtoo ah masaafada u dhexeysa taagoo ee layers dusha dareeraha ku kalsan yihiin oo waaweyn deriska ah. Xaqiiqada ah in ciidamada of jiidashada dhigma ee ciidamada tiiro evaporating taagoo, ayaa sheegay in arrin xiisadda dusha, dheehan bulk of lakabka dareere oogada ee u taagoo qabtay waxaa gudaha ilaa equiprobable ee dhammaan u taagoo isku dhaceen more xoog leh maandooriyayaasha 2. Sidaas awgeed Britain, Britain evaporating yaraynaysaa 1 ay xawaaraha iyo xawaaraha taagoo 2 in ku dhow eber.

ifafaale uumi ay leedahay in la tixgeliyo oo dhan cilmiga ah in ka baran dunida wax. sharaxaad kor ku cusub ee sababaha dareeraha qaboojinta inta ay uumi waa inay bixiyaan caddaynta waxtar leh oo dhan xisaabinta, oo waa in ay tixgeliyaan saamaynta this.

Uu fikrad aan ku doodeen aragtida ah classical uumi, kuwaas oo:

1. "Speed ah u taagoo dareere ka uumi ka sarreeyaa celceliska". In ka badan 15 sannadood ah aanan ka gudbin fikradaada ee sayniska kala duwan ururada aan jawaab. Iyada oo guul la mid ah uu u qoray V. V. Putinu iyo D. A. Medvedevu la codsi ay u gudbin, waayo, falanqaynta in ururada sayniska karti. Laga soo bilaabo tan waxaan soo gabagabeeyey, oo waxba ma jiraan in ay ku doodeen, laakiin Xaqiijisay - halista ah ee cilmiga xirfadda. April 28 ee sannadkan, aan la kulmay fikrad ah musharaxa ee cilmiga farsamada, takhasus u leh in physics kelli. On su'aasha iigu horeysay, "Waa maxay xawaaraha ah u taagoo la uumibixiyey," ayuu yiri, "Aad u fiican, celcelis ahaan kor ku xusan." Ka dib markii ahi ogyahay aan fikrad, waxa ay hoos u this heerka, "Haa, laga yaabee, qaar ka mid ah u taagoo ee hoos. Laakiin taagoo ee dareeraha ah oo aad u badan, siday u kala horreeyaan, wax badan oo fursado ah in ay kala eryaan taagoo evaporating si xawaare sare. " Waxaan diiday in this: "Si loo dardar si xawaare ah celcelis ahaan kor ku xusan la uumibixiyey taagoo" 1 ", waxaa lagama maarmaan ah evaporating taagoo" 1 "in ay kala eryaan ilaa xawaaraha, ka sii badan tahay celcelis ahaan, in ka badan laba jeer. Oo dhacdadan, oo haddii ay suuragal tahay, laakiin waa sidaas uma badna in ay tahay in la iska indho tiri. Taagoo - "taajir" ee tamarta ogeed waa in ay ahaadaan aad dhif u ah ". Like tamarta Ahraamta dhaqaale in silsiladda sababaha iyo saamaynta qoto dheer oo dareere ah si loo dardar-evaporating yimaado "1" ee Britain ayaa ah - matali karaa sida u taagoo of koorta leh vertex ee Britain ee "1". Lakabka qoto dheer ee u taagoo, u badan tahay this jejebinta tamarta khiyaali ah. The dhacdo u badan tahay - Britain ayaa la xawaaraha celcelis ahaan. Taagoo isagoo xawaare, yar oo dheeraad ah ama wax yar ka yar celceliska - sidoo kale ma aha wax aan caadi ahayn. xawaaraha ah ee u taagoo evaporating, uga sarreeyaan celceliska, aragti ahaan waxaa sababi lahaa mashruuca adag oo dagaallo hore ee layers qoto dheer. Laakiin sida moolka dheer ee u taagoo oo dhan wey siman oo dhan tilmaamaha gudbinta awood waa siman tahay, markaas jaaniska ah noocyo kala duwan oo goobaha taagoo in hal jiho oo ka mid ah Britain ee "1" - la mid ah u hooseeya, sida itimaalka ee iskooda u hesho qayb kasta oo uninsulated ee mugga dareeraha ah waa ka goobood oo kale oo kala duwan heerkulka. The dhacdo u badan tahay waa xawaaraha ah u taagoo evaporating, wax yar ka badan celceliska (ama la mid ah, haddii in wajiga ugu danbeeya ee uumi of "1" ee Britain, marka hoos waxaa ka mid ah ka socda u soo noqonayso, xawaare waa eber - waxaa soo jiidata uumiga Britain ama hawada dhacdo noocan oo kale ah waa mid aad u badan tahay in ay. dabaylaha waqti, laakiin ka yar tahay suurto gal ah marka taagan jawi).

2. Waa macquul in loo qaato in xiisadda dusha sare ka haya oo dhan u taagoo isagoo dhexdhexaad ah iyo xawaare hoose gudahood dareere ah (marka laga reebo garbasaarrada ama u taagoo uumiga hawada isku midka ah duulaya dusha dareeraha ah). Markaas waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay ku tirinnaa in ay dhacdo ay u badan tahay waa uumi ee Britain ayaa ah isagoo xawaare aad iyo aad u celcelis ahaan ugu yar. Taasi waa farqiga u ah tamarta ogeed ee Britain ee "1" iyo tamarta imaan karta ee soo jiidashada deriska ah ay molekulami- yar. Taas macnaheedu waa in ka dib markii this tamarta, xawaaraha - iyo heerkulka ee degrees buuxda Kelvin - u taagoo timaada "1" waxa uu noqon doonaa meel u dhow eber. "Oo meesha ma tamarta ogeed ah u taagoo saaray"? Su'aashani waxa i weydiiyay takhasus u leh in physics kelli. Waxaan is-idhi (ka hor ka fikiray, waxa ku saabsan) - malaha galaa tamarta excitation ah atamka, gaaban ah, loo arko ma nin sida heerkulka, Waxaa laga yaabaa in qayb ahaan radiated galay nonthermal spectrum electromagnetic Mowjad.

3. 2.Speed dareere haray ee Britain ee "2" ka dib markii evaporating Britain "1" ma aha isku dhaceen isma badelin sida soo socota ka aragti classical, laakiin hoos u si ku dhowaad eber.

4. Sida laga soo xigtay Scheme aan soo horjeeda (uu ka qaaday ee buugga), "layers dusha waa qaar aad u dhow ula ku xiga si uu midba midka kale. Masaafada A weyn oo u dhexeeya taagoo ee lakabka kasta. " Wuxuu this ka muujiyay in aan gabaynayo ee sheegashada in "2" Britain berdihii. "1" ma haysan waqti si ay tamar wareejiyo salka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka tixgelinno fudud waa in ay noqdaan meel energetically xasiloon layers ee "kagama": in uu yahay, ka yar (iyo "in ka badan") Britain kasta oo 2, 3, 4, 5 layers waa in ay a "dalool". Berdaha. 1 energetically waa booska "2" taagoo ka badan tahay iyo "3" - taagoo iyada oo lakabka. Britain "2" been lakabka saddexaad, Britain ee "3" - ee lakabka shanaad iyo Britain ee "1" - ee lakabka ugu horeysay. Xaaladdan oo kale, Britain "2" ka dib markii maahan kuwo, Britain kacsan "1" isku dhac - umado dhex farqiga u dhaxeeya u taagoo ee kuugu dhow hoose ee lakabka afaraad ee soo socda, shanaad, lakabka kelli - iyo waxa ku filan si loo yareeyo masaafada u soo dhowaado eber xawaare iyo heerkulka. "1" Britain evaporating. hoos u si ku dhowaad eber laftiisa, waqti ay ku hoos si dhow eber Britain "2". Tani waa - munaasabad aad u badantahay.

5. go "gacanta ee gacanta" In sayniska, waayo-aragnimo iyo aragti. Anigu ma shaki aadan in, "tamarta Gibbs", taas oo lagu qiyaasay farqiga silsilado qaaradda iyo kelli - sax ah ka tarjumaysaa ifafaale dhabta ah. Laakiin haddii aan awooday inuu fikrad of takhasus u leh in physics kelli dhaadhiciyo (wuxuu hoos u dhac kadib markii our dood, inkasta oo aan ilaa la xoqo, laakiin si fiican u hooseeya heerka celceliska) - sidaas darteed, in aragtida, qaboojinta ee evaporating cabitaanno leedahay daciifnimo iyo farqiga. Sida cad, tani waa ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in ciidamada dhexgalka kelli --duwan gaaban iyo dardargelinta iyo deceleration - ka muddo gaaban. Dayacay, iyadoo la isticmaalayo si ay u xisaabiso xawaaraha celcelis ahaan u taagoo. Tani waa run, waayo, taagoo gudahood dareeraha. Laakiin habkan ayaa keentay in khaladaadka ku jira daraasadda of dhaqanka ee u taagoo la uumibixiyey.

6. fikrad My baabi'inta faraqa this. Waxaa laga yaabaa in faham qoto dheer oo ah sababaha qaboojinta oo cabitaanno ah evaporating furi doonaa beer cusub oo waxqabad ah ee alifay qaboojiyeyaasha ku ool ah, hawo iyo la qaadi karo. m. p.

7.-soo-saarka ee buugaagta ka hor soo dhawaaday si dhow. Waxaa ka mid ahaa version rasmiga ah, iyo waxa ku jira oo waafaqsan opinion ee sayniska rasmi ah.

8. Halkan waa tutorial ah 1976, Grade 9, bogga 68:. "Haddii heerkulka uu yahay joogto ah, dareeraha beddelin uumi uma siyaadiyo tamarta ogeed ee u taagoo, laakiin waxaa la socda in la kordhiyo ay tamarta. Ka dib oo dhan, masaafada u dhaxaysa taagoo of gaaska celcelis ahaan waa marar badan ka weyn yahay kii u dhexeeya taagoo of dareeraha. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, korodhka guurka ka walax dareere ah gobolka gaseous,

9.

10. Buusaar iyo shaqada ka dhanka ah ciidamada cadaadis dibadda. Halkan, jihada hadda waxa lagu tilmaamayaa xisaabinta: "Inta ay kulaylka looga baahan yahay qaab beddelidda heerkulka joogta ah 1 kg. dareeraha ah galay uumi, gudbiyo kulaylka sida gaarka ah ee vaporization. " Sida muuqata, in maqnaanshaha ilo kulaylka dibadda on baaxadda tamarta dhacdada (iyo - heerkulka) for kilo kasta oo uumi oo dareere ah.

11. Laakiin waa meel uma qeexan - ma dhif ah, laakiin ikhtiyaar aad u badantahay, Britain ah ka baxa, ay xawaaraha iyo xawaaraha ee dareeraha ah ka hartay in Britain ayaa waxaa ku dhowaad ka bariyeelay, ee tamarta ee wada hadalka la waayay. Xaggee ku dhacay tamarta? Su'aashani waxa aan wada ma aha oo kaliya oo aan wax badan uu sida - oo dhan iyada oo aan la shaqeeyay dhibic tahay of view of physics. tamarta excitation The eb ah, ee shucaaca electromagnetic ma tagaan? tilmaamaha of physics, in aan isku diyaarineysa inay soo galaan Institute Polytechnic ah (qalin ee 1983), rinji nidaamka la mid ah oo la siiyo sharaxaad ka mid ah in aan dhawaan siiyey takhasus u leh. Laakiin in aan buugaagta dugsiga Caddaynay iyo nidaamka xoogaa kala duwan:. P 84. Laga soo description this waxa ay u muuqataa in ciidamada xiriirka ka dhexeeya taagoo of uumi la iska indho tiri karin, maxaa yeelay, cufnaanta ee xaaladaha caadiga ah waa marar badan ka yar cufnaanta ee dareeraha. "In mid ka mid ah Britain ee dusha sare ee dareeraha ah ku simaha on qaybta 2 ee Britain iyo ciidamada ay dheguhu xoog jiidashada beenlow ah u taagoo qoto dheer 3,4,5 ah, IT d. 2 Britain on ciidanka of cuf ka taagoo ku jiifa qoto dheer 4, 5, 6, iyo. d t.., iyo ciidamo ay dheguhu ka Britain 3. Laakiin, marka lagu daro, ficilada xataa ciidan ka Britain repulsion 1. Sidaas darteed, masaafada u dhexeysa taagoo 1 celcelis u2 badan masaafada u dhaxaysa taagoo of 2 iyo 3 (Britain 1, 2, 3 weyn , 4, 5, iwm -... been on line a dadab iyo in ay dusha sare ee dareeraha ah, iyo waa tiradoodii iyo - sida in Jaantuska 1 -. koraa qoto dheer). Masaafada A of 2 - 3 ka badan ka fog oo ah 3 iyo -4. t. d. ilaa ilaa lahayn in ay dusha sare saamayn Britain buuna. " Tani waxay caddayn qancin faahfaahsan waa la helay in masaafada u dhexeysa mid Britain ee "lakabka" sare iyo 2 Britain ayaa waxaa ka hoosaysay - berdihii. 1 -more tahay. Tani waa ka badan intii ku filnayd in ku istaago Britain 2 of berdihii. 1 - in eber. 404118 Volzhsky, 30 m - waxaa dom40 kV. 17.