Spaceports dunida (liiska). spaceport ugu horeysay ee

Taariikh ahaan Dadka ayaa had iyo jeer u eegay samada iyo uu xiiseynayo in meydadka oo jannada ka kala duwan. Waxaa jira legend ah in la filayo ee aadanuhu ugu horeysay u safray meel bannaan oo tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore, laakiin dokumentiga waa gudaheedana sinaba uma ay xaqiijisay. Laakiin dunida waxa ay soo martay ka yaab iyo farxad marka ee 1961, oo ah sarkaal ka Soviet Yuri Gagarin u safray meel ka hor in Earth soo laabtay.

Daah hore ee dayaxgacmeedka ee Soviet xarunta qarsoodi ah u yeedhay yimid Cosmodrome Baikonur ah. In this article, waxaan ka fiirsan doonaa ma aha oo kaliya loo yaqaan Daah suufka, laakiin sidoo kale meelo kale oo muhiim ah.

horyaal

"Cilmi-caddaynaya Ground" - waa magaca qaadeen mashruuca, ansixiyeen Shaqaalaha Guud ee Wasaaradda Difaaca ee USSR ee 1955. Later meeshan noqday kuwa loo yaqaan cosmodrome Baikonur ah.

shay Tani waxa uu ku yaalaa Oblast Kyzylorda ee Kazakhstan, u dhow tuulada Toretam. meel ka mid ah oo ku saabsan 6717 sq. km. Oo sanado badan spaceport koowaad ee dunida waxaa loo arkaa inay mid ka mid ah madaxda in industry ee tirada bilowday. Tusaale ahaan, 2015, waxaa isaga la rido falagiisuu 18 gantaal. Loo yaqaan dhulka for hirgelinta furayey meel ka Kazakhstan ijaaray by Russia ilaa 2050. Si aad u shaqeeyaan xarunta qaatay oo ku saabsan 6 billion rubles Ruush ah sanadkiiba.

Heerka qarin

Oo dhan spaceports dunida - xiddiga reer dekedda, kaas oo la ilaaliyo si taxadir leh, iyo Baikonur arrintan la xiriira - waa laga reebo lahayn.

Sidaas darteed, dhismaha dekedda dibadda waxaa la socday dhismaha been Baikonur Cosmodrome u dhow tuulada. xeelad waxa loo adeegsaday lagu jiro dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, marka airfields military la dhisay la farsamo masaasad been ah.

Toos ah ugu lug dhismaha ciidamada guutada dhismaha cosmodrome iyo saraakiil. Marka la soo koobo, waxay sameeyeen feat dhab ah shaqada, sababta oo ah waxay u dhisi kari la bilaabay suuf muddo laba sano ah.

Dhibaatooyinka maanta

Maanta, Baikonur halyeeyga jeer halkii adag yimid. Ujeedadu waxay bilaabo of dhibaato la oran karo waa 2009, markii uu ciidamada ka tegey, oo wax loo dhaqaajinayo oo gebi ahaanba hoos timaad maamulka Wakaaladda Space Federaalka. Oo dadkii oo dhammu, waayo,, wada jir ah ula spaceport ciidamada lumay iyo wax aad u halis ah oo lacag markii hore loo qoondeeyay tababarka iyo imtixaanka.

Dabcan, ee gantaalaha satalayt kale oo keentaa lacag, laakiin maalmahan this aan loo samayn sidii ay marar badan waxa loo isticmaalaa in, markii gantaal wuxuu iska soo bixiyey ku dhawaad toddobaad kasta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, spaceport ayaa weli aqoonsan yahay hogaamiyaha dunida ee furayey bannaan.

Rafaa Ruush

Weli, ka fiirsaneysa inay goobaha la bilaabay dunida ah, waxa uu noqon lahaa cadaalad darro ku bixiyo ma waxyaabaha kale ee la mid ah, mid ka mid ah oo ku yaalla dhulka ee Federation Ruush dareenka. awoodaha farsamo iyo maal lacag dhismaha iyo horumarinta si ay u ogolaato inuu u ordaan oo ay muujiyaan hannaanka ah satalayt iyo saldhigyada meel kastana falagiisuu dhex Earth.

Plesetsk Cosmodrome - dekedda meel Ruush, oo ku yaalla 180 km ka Arkhangelsk. Size wax shariig 176.200 hektar.

cosmodrome Plesetsk in ay nuxurka waa adag gaar ah arrin adag cilmiyeed iyo farsamo, taas oo loogu talagalay labadaba hawlaha military iyo sidoo kale ujeedo nabad ah.

Halabuurka The of cosmodrome ka mid ah xarumaha badan:

1. Kaxeynayo for furitaanka gantaallo side.
2. Kaxeynayo (bixiyaan gantaallo tababarka iyo gaadiidka kale ee bannaan).
3. Buuxinta-station dhexdhexaadnimada multi-functional. C ayaa lagu eedeeyay via ay Waxuun, Waxuun.
4. Ku dhawaad 1,500 oo dhismayaasha iyo dhismaha.
5. 237 shay oo bixiya dhammaan tamarta cosmodrome ah.

Barxad Far

Mid ka mid ah spaceport cusub ee Russia waa East, oo ku yaalla meel u dhow magaalada Tsiolkovsky ee gobolka Amur ah (Bariga Fog). dekedda waxaa si gaar ah loo isticmaalo ujeeddooyin rayidka ah.

Dhismaha xarunta u bilaabay in 2012 oo si firfircoon ku weheliyay fadeexado kala duwan musuqmaasuq iyo weerarada shaqaalaha ay sabab u tahay non-bixinta mushaaraadka.

Daah-ugu horeysay ka East Baikonur ka dhacay xad dhawaan - April 28, 2016. Bilaabin loo ogol yahay in lagu rido kastana falagiisuu dhex saddex satalayt aan dabiici ahayn. Xaaladdan oo kale, goobta waqtiga sidayaal xawaaladaha goob joog ka ahaa shakhsi Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin, iyo Ra'iisul wasaare ku-xigeenka Ruush Dmitry Rogozin iyo madaxa maamulka Kremlin ee Sergei Ivanov.

Waa in la ogaadaa in furitaanka guul ka East Baikonur la fuliyay oo kaliya isku day labaad. Markii hore waxaa la qorsheeyay la bilaabay gaariga "Soyuz 2.1a" si ay u bilaabaan April 27, laakiin kaliya hal daqiiqo iyo bar ah ka hor bilowga si toos ah u la joojiyay. Guide Roscosmos sharaxay dhacdo fashilka shil nidaamka gacanta, taasoo keentay in la bilaabay waxaa dib loo dhigay maalin.

Liiska goobaha laga qaadayo ugu weyn ee caalamka

Haddaba jira goobaha la bilaabay dunida kaalinta sida ay taariikhda la bilaabay marka hore orbital (ama isku day), iyo sidoo kale tirada guul ku bilaabatay-ups iyo fashilaad. iyaga Qor hadda u egtahay sidan oo kale:

1. Baikonur.
2. Base ee Air Force United States ee Cape Canaveral.
3. Vandenberg (United States).
4. Wallops.
5. Kapustin Yar (Russia).
6. Hammaguir (France).
7. Plesetsk (Russia).
8. Utinoura (Japan).
9. San Marco (Italy).
10. Kennedy Space Center (United States).
11. Woomera (Australia).
12. Kuru (France, Agency Space Yurub).
13. Jiuquan (China).
14. Tanegashima (Japan).
15. Satish Dhawan Space Center (India).
16. Xichang (China).
17. Taiyuan (China).
18. Palmachim (Israa'iil).
19. Al-Anbar (Ciraaq).
20. Free (Russia).
21. Alcantara (Brazil).
22. Musudan (North Korea).
23. "Badda Daahfurka" (Russia, USA, Norway, Ukraine).
24. Kodiak (United States).
25. Reagan Test Site (USA).
26. Atomic (Iiraan).
27. Naro (South Korea).

Hogaamiyaha The American

Cape Canaveral (USA) Ciidamada loo isticmaalaa tan iyo 1949. Waxay ahayd markaa in injineerada ciidanka bilaabay tijaabo ay by bilaabay gantaalo kala duwan oo muddo dheer. meel la odhan jiray doortay Lama filaan ma aha, maxaa yeelay, spaceport waxa uu ku yaalaa u dhow dhulbaraha, iyo this, markeeda, wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa inaad si ay u isticmaalaan xoogga wareeg dhulkeenna ee dardargelinta gantaal ah. In 1957, in xukuumaddu ay go'aansatay in ay bilowdo satellite la odhan jiray Vanguard TV3. Nasiib darro, isku day ahaa lagu guulaysan (gantaal ku qarxay).

Horeba tan iyo 1958, oo bilawday gantaalo ay ahayd in ay u horseedi hay'adda bannaan ee NASA. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, goobta soo bandhigista rasmiga ah uu weli ku jiro hordhaca ah ee US Department of Difaaca. Space Harbor ka kooban yahay 38 goobood oo bilaabeyna, 4 ka mid ah kuwaas oo firfircoon.

meel-uqabso Faransiis

Guiana Space Center, inta badan loo yaqaan spaceport ku Kourou (Faransiis Guiana), ee ku sugan waqooyi bari ee South America. shayga la dhisay on xeebaha Atlantic u dhexeeya labada magaalo, Sinnamary iyo Kourou. Baikonur waxa uu ku yaalaa howlgalka wadajirka ah ee Space Agency Yurub iyo Xarunta Qaranka ee Daraasaadka Space.

Goobtani waxa ay bilowday markii ugu horeysay meel diray gantaal April 9, 1968. Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado in goobta furitaanka waxa uu ku yaalaa kaliya shan boqol oo kilomitir u jirta khadka Equatorial in aan qabano ordaan diyaaradaha on falagiisuu a geostationary of our Earth. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, booska juquraafi dekedda dibadda waa sida in xagal bilowga had iyo jeer waa loo siman yahay si 102 digrii, laakiin tiradaasi aad u fidiyaa kala duwan ee trajectories bilaabo waxyaabaha loo isticmaalo hawlo kala duwan.

Saamayntii suufka furitaanka ayaa aad u sarreeya in la soo jiidatay dadkii ugu macaamiisha badan oo shirkadaha ka dalal badan, USA, Canada, Japan, Brazil, India, Azerbaijan.

In 2015, Hay'adda Space Yurub ayaa maalgelisay in ka badan € 1.6 billion ee casriyeynta kaabayaasha cosmodrome ah. Sidoo kale, fiiro gaar ah u qalmaa heerka ugu sareeya ee ammaanka xarunta. Space Harbor waxa uu ku yaalaa meel la dadku ku daboolay, asked Equatorial. In waaxda dadku ku nool yihiin this laftiisa. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira halis ma xataa dhulgariir liita ama duufaan. Waayo, ilaalinta ugu badnaan ka dhacay dibadda on spaceport ku yaal 3aad Ciidankii ee Legion Dibadda (France).

mashruuca si wadajir ah

Daahfurka madal "Odyssey" waa, in fact, a self-baasuukayaal, Caruusadda weyn semi-biyaha. Xarunta waxaa la dhisay ee Norway ku salaysan madal saliidda. Halabuurka The of spaceport ee mobile ku tilmaamay ka mid ah:

• bilaabeyna suufka,
• bilowno rakibayo ah;
• nidaamka buuxinta shidaalka iyo wakiilkiisa oksidheeyeyaal ah;
• nidaamka ay gacanta ku heerkulka,
• bixinta nidaamka nitrogen ah;
• cable-ka dakhalka.

Launcher meel Maritime shaqaalaha in qadarka 68 dadka. Dadkaas iyaga ah, ku meelood ku nool yihiin dhisay, xarun caafimaad iyo meelaha cuntada.

madal ku salaysan in dekedda leh ee Long Beach, California (USA Southwest). In meeshan ay barakacyo joogto ah warshadaha meel Rafaa warshadaha yimid ay awood u gaar ah, jidkiisa samaynta iyada oo Strait of Gibraltar, Suez Canal iyo Singapore.

gunaanad

Ugu dambeyntii waxaan jeclaan lahaa in la ogaado in oo dhan spaceports jira dunida maanta u ogolaan aadanaha si firfircoon horumarinta iyo sahamiyaan bannaan. Iyadoo goobo loogu talagalay qalab u qaadidda on dhulka falagiisuu waxaa lagu fuliyaa hawlaha kala duwan ee goobaha rayidka iyo ciidankaba.