Dhaqaalaha Venezuela: dulmar iyo horumarinta

Venezuela - mid ka mid ah wadamada ugu waaweyn ee qaaradda South American. Waxay ka kooban tahay dhowr jasiiradaha Badda Caribbean, ugu weyn ee oo la yidhaahdo Margarita. aagga Country of 916 sq. M. km xuduuda la Brazil iyo Colombia. Bilowga ee 2017 dadka ahaa oo kali ah 31 milyan oo qof.

Iyadoo qayb ka ah Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka hogaaminayo Madaxweynaha Nicolas Maduro, 21 shaqaalaha. The salaysan ee dadka reer Venezuela (Faracii Indians iyo Spain) - 67% ka mid ah Yurub - 21% of kiiyoo - 10%.

Cimilada iyo xaaladaha dabiiciga ah

Qaybta dhexe waa meel ku yar cad webi Orinoco. Laga soo bilaabo waqooyiga ilaa kala duwan galbeed stretch Caribbean geedka kokaha buurta Cordillera de Merida, ee koonfurta-bari ee Gvinskogo banka is cafinta.

Cimilada kulul yahay sub-Equatorial. Inta badan waqooyiga sano ah ee dalka ku ildaran abaaraha, halka gobollada dhexe ee xilli roobaadka soo noqnoqda.

cover Dhirta waa hodan oo kala duwan: mangroves, xerophytic, dhireed succulent, dhaadheer, kaymaha kulaylaha kaymo Utah qalalan, Gilea iwm ...

horumarinta dhaqaalaha dalka Venezuela

Dad yar ogahay in dalka lagu sharxay Latin America - dhoofisaa saliid ugu horeysay. In qarnigii XVI ka foosto ugu horeysay oo dahab ah madow ayaa soo gudbay dunida qeybtii on jidka loo Madrid. In qarniyo XVII-XVIII, waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee loo dhoofiyo ahaayeen indigo iyo sonkorta, wax yar ka dib - kookaha iyo kafeega. In 1922, u dhow Lake Maracaibo Cabimas tuulada of mid ka mid ah shidaalka ee ugu wayn ayaa laga helay, taasoo ku calaamadsan bilowgii ganacsigii saliida iyo ayaa isbedel weyn ee dhaqaalaha dalka Venezuela.

beeraha Location kaydsho meelo isu dhaw badda, Heerka hoose ee ku nool (shaqada raqiis ah) iyo ceelal sare iman kara xanaajiyeen xiiso firfircoon ee shirkadaha saliidda. Inta lagu guda jiro sano ee dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka waxaa la helay iyo rido hawlgalka beeraha cusub, dhowr sano ka dib ay gaareen meel total of 68 kun sq M.. km.

In qeybaha hoose ee lacag dhigaal ah iron ore ugu weyn River Orinoco ee laga helay, horumarinta kaas oo isla markiiba dhexda by kootooyin Maraykanka. Sida of 1970 mugga maalgelinta shisheeye ee dhaqaalaha ee horumarinta Venezuela ayaa ahaa $ 5.5 billion. 11% ka mid ah wadarta ayaa sheegay in laga leeyahay dalka Maraykanka.

Laga soo bilaabo 1975-1980 uu. State booskaasi u horseedda ku saabsan horumarinta dhaqaalaha ee Latin America. Si firfircoon uga bilaabay si loo horumariyo kaabayaasha.

tallaabo muhiim ah oo wadada si madax-bannaanida iyo madaxbanaanida ahaa qaramayn ee batroolka iyo bir ore u. The aasaaska dhaqaalaha dalka Venezuela ayaa haatan jiifa gacanta gobolka ay ka buuxaan. In warshadaha ugu, shirkadaha ajnabiga ah ayaa lagu casuumay in ay soo gudbiyaan 80% saamiga ee muwaadiniinta dalka ee muddo saddex sano ah.

Import iyo dhoofinta

Khubarada ayaa sheegaya in 50% ka mid ah dhaqaalaha dalka Venezuela - waa ganacsiga shisheeye. share libaax ee iibka tiriyaa saliid iyo badeecadaha la xiriira, baahida iron ore. In liiska for dhoofinta - kafeega, kookaha, asbestos, dahab, sonkorta, moos ah, bariis, harkaha, xoolaha, kaynta.

keeno Mudnaanta - qalabka farsmada heerka sare ah, baabuurta iyo qaybaha iyo alaabta ceeriin for saliidda, wax soo saarka warshadaha ee isticmaalka guud. kordhinta cuntada laga keeno Sannad kasta, t. Si aad. Beeraha waa in hoos u dhaca iyo awoodin in ay daboolaan baahida dadka. Inta badan kharashka gadashada tiriyaa Maraykanka - in ka badan 3.5 bilyan oo doolar sanadkiiba.

warshadaha extractive

Wax soo saarka ugu weyn ee warshadda macdan qodista - iron ore. The beeraha waaweyn ee El Pao, San Ysidro iyo Cerro Boliver lafo bixiyay hab furan oo kor ku qoran si ay u 70% bir ah. uu wax soo saarka Annual waa 15-17 million tons, 90% ka mid ah, kuwaas oo loo dhoofiyo America iyo Europe.

In goobta Upaty (Guiana Highlands) miino ore manganese. The Caribbean geedka kokaha tiro yar oo ka fiirsato nickel waa la fuliyay, lead, zinc, asbestos, lacag ah. In meel magaalada hareeraheeda ah ee San Cristobal horumariyo ore phosphorite.

macdanta Gold ayaa la fuliyaa ee El Callao. Halkan waxaa si firfircoon uga helo wax soo saarka diamond dardar (700-800 oo kun oo carats sanadkiiba). In berkedda weysada Kuchivero la ogaaday deposit badan oo gemstone iyo dheemman Ulasocto qandho. Wixii dhowr sano Venezuela ayaa booska ugu weyn alaab-diamond ka mid ah wadamada Latin American.

wax soo saarka

Sida laga soo xigtay warbixin guud oo ku saabsan dhaqaalaha dalka Venezuela ilaa 2013. warshado sifeeya saliidda, kiimikada iyo warshadaha mashiinka-dhisidda waxaa si degdeg ah horumarinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in ka badan 50% qiimaha guud ee alaabta siinayaa warshadaha dharka, cuntada, qoryo, maqaar iyo kabo ah.

Horumarinta oo ka mid ah kayd iron ore ugu weyn dar dar geliyay ah horumarinta warshadaha ee qodniinka-. In dhulka dhirta badan oo dhamaystiran wareegga iyo domain Foornooyinka korontada, dhirta aluminium, iyo wixii la mid ah. D.

wax soo saarka

At qalbiga horumarinta injineernimada farsamada oo ka mid ah warshadaha shirka gaariga. dhaqaalaha Venezuela ee lagu si kooban u tilmaami Karin helo dhirta taageero wax soo saarka ee qalabka beeraha, cagaf, qalabka dhismaha, qalabka iyo wixii la mid ah. shirkadaha Horumarinta D. in soo saaridda qalabka telefishanka iyo raadiyaha. dhismaha weyn ee warshadaha macdanta, saliida iyo wax soo saarka dareen abuurista goobaha warshadaha wax soo saarka ee qalabka dhismaha.

xoolaha

Afgembi xoolaha by 55% qeexayaa qiimaha wax soo saarka beeraha. beeraha waxaa ku urursan Llanos ah.

aagga caanaha beeraha - dooxada Caracas, iyo maddiibadihii ee Valencia iyo Maracaibo. In goobahaasi ururiya shimbir siiya magaalada oo la ukunta iyo hilibka. Biyo-yaroodka ah Caribbean Coast (State of Lara), caan ku ah beeraha riyaha iyo idaha ugu weyn. In ka badan 15kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, baaxadda xoolaha oo aad u fiican marka loo eego dalagga. Kordhinta jajab mass ee beeraha waaweyn in ay isticmaalaan hababka casriga ah ee beerashada iyo daryeelka xoolaha.

horumarinta Kaluumaysiga ee qaybta waqooyi ee dalka (xeebta Venezuela, Maracaibo gudubno). saamaynta togan on dhaqaalaha dalka Venezuela maantay haley Shabeel - ugu qiimeeyo iyo qadarin by sheyga hudheellada.

farsamada Forest aan siiyey muhiimadda badan. fareeshka ah Workpiece, vanilj, cusbi guayabovoy iyo caag loo isticmaalo perfumery iyo dawooyinkooda, fuliyay xaddi yar.

dalagyada

Dawladdu waxay leedahay record ah Latin America tirada dalka layaal. Warshadaha oo kaliya saddex meelood meel iyaga ka mid ah. Sida ay sheegayaan wararka soo dhaafay dalagga dhaqaalaha dalka Venezuela waxaa loo arkaa qaybta ugu noqdeen.

45% qiimaha wax soo saarka beeraha siinayaa beeraha. 2/3 dalkii layaal yihiin ee waqooyiga. In horumarka dalagga Llanos webiga iyo cagta ee geedka kokaha. aagga Dhibaatada - abaaraha daran. Si loo xaliyo dhibaatada, Dowladda ayaa soo saartay qorshe lagu dhismaha maamulka biyaha ee 30 sano ee soo socda iyada oo dhismaha biyo-xireenno iyo waraabka urur nidaamyada ilaa 2 milyan oo hektar oo dhul ah.

Shanaad ee bannaan ee degan dalagga ugu muhiimsan ee loo dhoofiyo - kookaha iyo kafeega. wax ceeriin for sharaabka cabdo udgoon koraa dalalka buuraleyda ah ee waqooyi-galbeed. wax ceeriin in inta badan ee shukulaatada ee adduunka ka socda ee dalalka of Caribbean. In dalagyadii suuf Llanos koray 8-10 sano ee lasoo dhaafay, tubaakada iyo sisal.

gaadiidka

On dalka reer Venezuela oo macnaheedu yahay ee isgaarsiinta ma baahsanayn. fiirsashada ugu badan ee waddooyinka iyo tareennada - waqooyiga. Arintaan waa gaaban, oo dhererkiisu wuxuu line aan shaqo ku lahayn ee 1.4 kun. Km. Rakaabka iyo ¾ xamuulka by wadada.

Orinoco River - biyo mareen waxay ugu weyn gudaha, gaadiidka maraakiibta la hayo on harooyinka Maracaibo iyo Valencia. The la'aan iyo tayo liita ee tareenada dhulka magdhow rar badda. iskeelka of raxan badda baayacmushtarka ku socotay ah waa mid ka mid ah saddexda hoggaamiye ee South America. Waayo, dhoofinta saliidda cayriin iyo badeecadaha la xiriira waxaa lagu qalabeeyey 23 dekedaha, si ay u dhoofin iyo soo dejinta badeecooyinka kale - xitaa 8.

Of muhiimadda gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dhaqaalaha ee Venezuela ayaa xiriir hawada gobollada koonfurta iyo bariga fog. diyaaradaha si joogto ah isku xiro magaalada la magaalooyinka waaweyn, beeraha saliid iyo xarumaha macdanta.

dhibaatooyinka dhaqaale

2013th noqday sanadkii dilaa ah dhaqaalaha dalka Venezuela. Xiisadda ayaa saameeyey dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha dadweynaha. By default badbaadiyey qiimaha kaliya heer sare ah ee badeecadaha ugu weyn ee dhoofinta - saliid. Horaantii sanadkan, ka hor dhalashada of deynta dadweynaha dalka Maduro ayaa lacag dhan 70% GDP halka hoos u dhaca miisaaniyada ee 14% ah. Dhamaadka sicir bararka 2013th ahaa 56.3%. Xaaladdan oo kale, Baarlamaanka siiyey awoodaha degdeg ah madaxweynaha cusub ee. Si uu ula kulmo laga filayo ee malaayiin codbixiyayaasha, damiin ayaa ku dhawaaqay weerar dhaqaale, taas oo la soo bandhigay xad ku saabsan faa'iidada shirkadaha gaarka loo leeyahay 30%. In dalka waxaa jiray gabaabsi ah oo badeecooyin muhiim ah - sonkorta, subagga, waraaqaha musqusha. Saraakiisha Dowladda ayaa si wadajir ah u sheegay in sababta loo burburkii dhaqaalaha dalka Venezuela musuqmaasuq, isla dhexmarayo oo lagu arbushayo dagaalka ka socda dhaqaale ka dhanka ah dawladda. Maduro bilaabay barnaamij inay la diriraan wararka la isla dhexmarayo. Ka dib markii muddo bil ah adeeg ganacsi oo cusub network daka waxaa ay la. Waayo, samaynta xadad ku saabsan alaabta in 100% halkii la ogolaan karo 30% hantida iyo maamulka dukaamada la xiray.

2015: dhaca ku yimid qiimaha saliidda

In 2014, dhaqaalaha dalka Venezuela, kaas oo uu si guul leh u dhaqaaqay dhinaca ka mid ah xiisadda, ruxmay dhabarjab kale. sicirka saliidda Adduunka ayaa soo maratay hoos u dhacay. In la barbardhigo sanadkii hore, dakhliga ka soo dhoofinta dahabka madow hoos 1/3. In dadaal lagu doonayo in la yareeyo hoos u dhaca miisaaniyada ee bangiga dhexe ee soo saarta ee biilasha dheer, taasoo keentay in sicir bararka ee 150% (xog rasmi ah sida of September 2015). Qaadashada isku day kale si loo yareeyo bararka, dawladda ayaa soo koraya nidaam adag ee sarifka lacagaha qalaad. Horeba toddobaadka dambe heerka sarrifka doolarka rasmi ah ka badan suuqa in ka badan 100 jeer. Hoggaansanaayeen fikirka ah ee Chavismo, baarlamaanka madax madaxweynaha ku koobnayn qiimaha cuntada ka badan shilalka dhaca guud ee badeecadaha lagama maarmaanka ah.

2016: Xaaladda waxaa sii darto

Bishii Janaayo, wuxuu ka tegey Socialist Luis Salas waxaa loo doortay inuu madax Wasaaradda Dhaqaalaha. Si aad u dhigma xubnaha kale ee hay'adaha maamulka rasmiga ah Maduro arkaa sababta dhibaatooyinka dhaqaalaha Venezuela ee dhagarta, iyo dagaal dhaqaale ee Yurub ka dhanka ah dalkiisa.

Sida ay sheegayaan qiyaasaha IMF, 2016 GDP dayrta socdo 20%, isku shareeray shaqo la'aanta - 25%, hoos u dhaca miisaaniyada waa 18% of GDP. Sicir ah 550% ee wadarta deynta dibadda oo ka badan $ 130 bilyan oo maalin walba riixaya dhaqaalaha dalka Venezuela inay fulin waaya.

Keensatay wanaagga ugu weyn - 100 bolivars ku kacaya 17 cents Maraykanka. Sicir masaxdaa awoodda wax iibsiga ee muwaadiniinta. Sida laga soo xigtay Xarunta maxaliga ah ee diiwaangelinta iyo Falanqaynta (Cendas) aasaasiga ah dambiisha cuntada qoyska ah oo qiimihiisu yahay siddeed jeer mushaharka ugu yar.

Maalmahan: sababaha dhibaatada

arrimaha ugu weyn ee in ka cadhaysiinina xasillooni dhaqaale, waa aasaaskii dhismaha iyo siyaasadda, gaar ahaan, ku tiirsanaanta ku keeno, dhibicda fiiqan ee qiimaha saliidda dunida, iyo guud ahaan gacanta dawladda ka badan soo saaridda iyo qaybinta cuntada.

Sababo la xiriira xaaladda sii xumaanaysa dhaqaale ee Venezuela horraantii 2017 iyo diidmada Madaxweyne Maduro si uu u qabto afti on beddelka in koorsada siyaasadeed ee gobolka ayaa dibad mass ee magaalooyinka waaweyn. falalka ka badan hal milyan oo muwaadiniin qanacsanayn maamulka ka qaaday in wadooyinka magaalada hoose shuruudaha dukaamada ugu keenaa alaabta muhiimka ah - bur, ukunta, caanaha iyo daawooyinka.

Mucaaradka ayaa ku eedeeyay madaxa korkanaga ah ee gobolka ku raad sharciyada lidka ku ah bulshada ee kaligii ah Ugo Chavesa, taas oo keentay in dhibaato qoto dheer in xumeeyay hoos u dhaca qiimaha saliidda. Taa baddalkeeda, Nicolas Maduro ayaa ku eedeeyay aristocracy ee dalka in bandowgu uu dhaqaalaha si ay u siyaabaha musuqmaasuq gaaraan ujeedooyinkooda.