Bamka ayaa hydrogen. History of abuurka ah ee hub awood

In dabayaaqadii 30-mada ay qarnigii la soo dhaafay in Europe waxay leeyihiin sharciyo kala qeybinta iyo suuska laga helay uranium element kiimiko, qarax hydrogen ka category ee khayaali ah mid xaqiiqo ah u soo jeestay. Taariikhda horumarinta tamarta nukliyeerka xiiso leh iyo weli tartan xiiso leh oo u dhexeeya iman kara sayniska ee dalka: Nazi Germany, Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Maraykanka. Qaraxa ugu awooda badan, kuwaas oo ku riyoonaya inuu lahaanshaha State kasta oo aan leeyahay hubka keliya, laakiin sidoo kale qalab siyaasadeed oo xoog leh. dalka in iyada lahaa ee ay Arsenal, dhab ahaantii noqday oo dhan-awooda badan oo ay awoodaan in ay u yeerin xeerarka.

Qarax hydrogen The leedahay taariikh of abuurka, kaas oo ku salaysan shuruucda physics, kuwaas oo habka isuga ah. Markii hore waxaa loo bixiyey si qaldan nuclear ahaa, iyo sababta ay u sameeyeen ahaa Jaahil ah. In 1938, saynisyahan Bethe ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe u noqday Nobel ah, shaqeeyeen il tamar aan dabiici ahayn - fission uranium. Markan, waxa uu ahaa meesha ugu sarreysa ee shaqada sayniska ee physicists badan, oo iyaga ku dhex jirtay aragti waa in qarsoon sayniska jirin at dhan, tan iyo bilowgii sharciyada sayniska waa caalamiga ah.

Fikrad ahaan, qarax hydrogen la Been abuurtay, laakiin hadda oo gargaar ka nashqadeeyayaasha ah ayay u dhacday, si ay u bartaan qaabab farsamo. Waxaa hadhay oo keliya in ay alaabahooda in qolof gaar ah oo ay la kulmaan xoogga. Waxaa jira laba culimada magacyadoodu doonaa weligiis in lala abuurka hub awood: Maraykanka waa - Edward Teller, iyo in USSR ah - Andrei Sakharov.

In dhibaatada thermonuclear US sida ugu horreysa ee 1942 wuxuu bilaabay inuu wax ka barato jirka Edward Teller. By amar of Garri Trumena, waqtiga Madaxweynaha Maraykanka, arrintan ku saynisyahano ugu fiican ee dalka, waxay ku abuureen hub aasaas cusub oo baabba '. Waxaa intaa dheer, si ay dawladda ee ahaa in ay qarxiyaan awood aan ka yarayn hal milyan oo tan oo TNT. Teller qarax hydrogen waxaa la abuuray oo ku cad in dadka Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki, ay xad lahayn, laakiin awood u leh inay baabbi'iyaan.

Waxaa hoos u dhacay on bam Hiroshima, taas oo u miisaamay 4.5 tons of content uranium 100 kg. Qarax Tani Dirk in ku dhawaad 12,500 oo tan oo TNT. magaalada Japanese of Nagasaki qarax plutonium tirray miisaan la mid ah, laakiin waxa uu leeyahay oo u dhiganta 20 000 ton oo TNT.

academician Soviet Future Andrei Sakharov ee 1948, ku salaysan uu cilmi-baarista, soo bandhigay design ee bam hydrogen ku hoos magaca RDS-6. Waxa uu cilmi baaris ayaa ku tegey laba laamood: marka hore la yaqaan "jiiddo" (RDS-6s), oo ay ahayd feature a of amarka qaaradda wareegsan lakabyada iftiinka iyo xubno ka culus. The laanta labaad - "biibiile" ama (RDS-6t) Qarax plutonium dhexdeeda waa in deuterium dareeraha. Ka dibna, daahfurka aad u muhiim ah la sameeyo si ay u caddeeyaan in jihada ka mid ah "biibiile" waa dhammaadka dhintay.

Mabda'a hawlgalka bam hydrogen waa sida soo socota: gudahood qolof ugu horeysay ka qaraxdo lacag HB oo bilaaba reaction isuga ku dhacdaa iyada oo sababtu tahay flash neutron. Marka habkan waxaa la socda in la sii daayo kulaylka taas oo lagama maarmaan u ah sii isuga. Neutrons bilaabeen in ay duqeymo dalaka ka deuteride lithium, iyo waxa ku jira jeedo waa sarkhaansan si toos ah neutrons waxaa loo kala qaybiyay laba cunsur, tritium iyo helium. Sida loo isticmaalo fiyuuska nuclear ah sameynta qaybaha la doonayo in ereygu bam hore u shaqeeya. Taasi waa sida mabda'a adag bam hydrogen ah. this tallaabooyinka hordhaca ah ka dib markii uu bilaabo si toos ah cadaanyo thermonuclear in isku dar ah ee deuterium iyo tritium. Wakhtigan in qarax ka sii kordhiyaa heerkulka, iyo in ereygu wuxuu ku lug leedahay kordhinta cadadka hydrogen. Haddii aad raacdo koorsada celintan oo, ay xawaaraha of tallaabo lagu tilmaami karaa degdeg ah.

Ka dibna, culumadu ma codsatay ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee nuclei oo ay kala qeybinta. In fission hal ton of uranium ahaan u dhiganta tamarta ilaa 18 Mt. qarax noocan oo kale ah uu leeyahay awood aad u weyn. Qaraxa ugu awooda badan, ka abuuray dadka, waxaa iska lahaa Midowga Soofiyeeti. Waxay xitaa galay Guinness Book of Records. Its Qaraxa wuxuu u dhigmaa 57 (qiyaastii) TNT megatons walax. Waxaa la afuufo 1961 aagga jasiiradaha Novaya Zemlya.