Aragtidani waxa ay ka qayib ka civis eray Laatiin, taas oo loo tarjumi karo "rayidka ah" ama "dawladda". In ka badan ama ka yar dareenka casriga ah marka hore waxaa lagu soo xusay baraha Faransiis Viktorom Mirabo. Sida laga soo xigtay garashadiisii, ilbaxnimada - waa set oo ah caadooyinka bulsho gaar ah in la kala saaro bulshada aadanaha ka jiritaanka xayawaanka, aqoon, xushmad, sareyso meletariga ee asluubta, edebtooda, iyo wixii la mid ah. Ereygani waxa uu sidoo kale waxaa loola jeedaa shaqada falsafo kale qudbad ee xilligii - Adam reer Scotland Ferguson. Waayo, isaga, ilbaxnimada - waa marxalad qaar ka mid ah horumarinta ee bulshada aadanaha. Ferguson arkay taariikhda sida horumarinta tartiib tartiib ah ee dhaqanka aadanaha (suugaanta, magaalooyinka, bulshada) - ka quustay in ay dhaqan xeel. In xididka la mid ah, horumarinta fahamka mawduuca iyo ka dib cilmiga falsafada, taariikhyahan iyo sociologists. Dadkaas iyaga ah, ilbaxnimada oo dhan - waa fikradda, hal hab ama mid kale oo la xiriira bulshada aadanaha iyo leedahay oo muuqaalada in sifaha bulsho. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isbedelka ku dhowaado. Waayo, Maarkiistaha, tusaale ahaan, ilbaxnimada ah - waa heerka ugu of horumarinta ee ciidamada wax soo saar leh ee bulshada.
Habka taariikhiga Arnolda Toynbi
model xiiso leh geedi socodka taariikheed bixiyeen taariikhyahan British Arnold Toynbee. In uu shaqo caan "Study of History", oo ka kooban dhowr Muga, wuxuu arkaa taariikhda oo dhan bulshooyinka aadanaha sida set oo ah asal Fansaarada, horumarka iyo hoos u dhac ilbaxnimooyinka kici waqtiyo kala duwan oo ku yaalla gobollada kala duwan ee caalamka. The muuqaalada kasta bulshada civilizational sharxay xaaladaha deegaanka ay kala duwan: baadiyaha cimilada, deriska taariikhi ah iyo wixii la mid ah.
Tani waxa Arnold Toynbee loo yaqaan sharciga caqabad iyo wax ka qabashada. Sida laga soo xigtay in uu aragtida, wax qarsoon iyo ilbaxnimada ee loo yaqaan kac ka soo jeeda beelaha pratsivilizatsionnyh jawaab u sabab u ah call dibadda. Oo iyana waxay sidoo kale u dhiman ama abuuro ilbaxnimada ah in koorsada uu reply. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa jiray Baabiloon qadiimiga ah iyo ilbaxnimo ee dalka Masar. Si wax looga qabto dhulka oomanaha ah u noolaadaan qabiilooyinka maxaliga ah ee waxaa lagama maarmaan ahayd in la abuuro nidaam dhan channels waraabka macmal ah, kaas oo waxaa looga baahan yahay ka dib markii dayactirka taxadir. Tani, markeeda, keentay in dhalashada qalab ee qasab ah yaroow, ah ee Xoolo, oo sidaas awgeed Gobolka, kaas oo qaab ilbaxnimada loo Yeedhiyaa by xaaladaha cimilada dibadda.
Christian Dr Makumbe ilbaxnimada ee Russia ayaa u soo muuqday dareen in weerarrada joogtada ah qabiilooyinka reer guuraaga ah dadka dibad kala duwan ee qabiilooyinka Eastern Slavic. In mugga ugu horeysay ee uu "Study of History" Toynbee tilmaamaysaa kow iyo labaatan ilbaxnimada ee guud ahaan taariikhda aadanaha. iyaga ka mid ah, oo ayan ku jirin kuwa ku xusan, Chinese qadiimiga, Hellenic, Carabi, Hindu, Andean, Minoan, Mayan, Sumerian, Hindiya, galbeedka, oo ahaa reer Xeed, Bariga Fog, laba Christian - in Russia iyo Balkans, Iran, iyo Yucatan Mexican ah. In muda dambe ee views uu maray isbedel, iyo tirada ilbaxnimooyinka hoos. Intaa waxaa dheer, taariikhyahan xusay bulshooyinka qaar ka mid ah in ay leeyihiin fursad ay ku noqdaan ilbaxnimo ah, laakiin waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan awoodin in ay si guul ah ka adkaan ay caqabad gaar ah. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen, tusaale ahaan, ka Spartans, Scandinavians ah Dr Makumbe, ee reer guuraa ah Steppe Weyn.