Waa maxay radon? element ah kooxda 18aad ee miiska wareegsan xubno kiimikada D. I. Mendeleeva

In light of horumarinta deg deg ah ee khubarada sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada ayaa walaac ku saabsan la'aanta ah ee nadaafadda shucaaca dacaayad ka mid ah dadka ka muujiyay. Khubarada la saadaaliyo in tobanka sano ee soo socda "Jaahil shucaaca" waxay keeni kartaa khatar ku ah ammaanka dhabta ah si ay bulshada iyo caalamka.

dilaaga The Silent

Qarnigii XVΙ dhakhaatiirta Yurub xifadiisa dhimashada aan caadi ahayn sare ee cudurada sanbabada ka mid ah shaqaalaha anigaa iska leh, soo saara birta, biraha saldhig oo lacag ah. meejeeda dahsoon loo yaqaan "jirrada sare", dhuftay macdan qodayaasha konton jeer ka badan nin celcelis ahaan ee wadada. Kaliya ee bilowgii qarnigii XX ah, ka dib helitaanka radon, waxaa la aqoonsaday sida Jidka kicinta ah ee horumarinta ah ee macdan qodayaasha kansarka sanbabada Germany iyo Czech Republic.

Waa maxay radon? Oo kaliya haddii waxa uu leeyahay saamayn xun ku jidhka bini'aadamka? Si aad ka jawaabto su'aalahan, waa in aan dib u soo yeeran taariikhda helitaanka iyo daraasadda of this element dahsoon.

Burqadaan - waxaa loola jeedaa "dhacayo"

Radon waxaa loo arkaa horyaal ah jirka Ingiriisi ah Ernest Rutherford. Waa in 1899 sano ahayd cad in daawooyinka ku salaysan thorium culus marka laga reebo α-Qurub dhaadheer gaas midab, taas oo horseedaysa in ay kor u shucaaca deegaanka. Cilmi tilmaamay burqadaan lagu soo eedeeyey ee wax thorium (by burqadaan (Laata) -. dhacayo) oo loo xilsaaray naqshada warqad drive a EM. burqadaan la mid ah lagu gartaa sida radium. Xaaladda hore, shanqarta gaaska lagu magacaabo thoron, ee labaad - radon.

In mustaqbalka, waxaan ku jiray si ay u caddeeyaan in gaasaska waa radionuclides ee element cusub awoodaan. waxaa loo muujiyo in ay foomka saafi ah markii ugu horeysay u suurtagashay in ay farmashiyaha Scottish, Nobel (1904) William Ramsay (la Vitlou Gray) ee 1908. shan sano oo element ugu dambeeya ee magaca Ka dib markii xayiran radon iyo calaamadaha RN.

Waa maxay radon?

In miiska wareegsan xubno kiimikada radon D. I. Mendeleeva waa koox 18aad. Waxay leedahay an z tirada qaaradda = 86.

All isotopes jira ee radon (in ka badan 35, iyada oo tirada mass ka 195 si ay u 230) waa shucaaca oo khatar ugu ah dadka. In dabiiciga ah, waxaa jira afar nooc oo atamka ee element ah. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah waa qayb ka mid ah dabiiciga ah actinouranium taxane radioactive ah, thorium iyo uranium - radium. isotopes qaarkood waxay leeyihiin magacyo u gaar ah oo ku saabsan dhaqanka taariikhiga ah, waxaa lagu magacaabaa emanations:

• actinium - actinon ²¹⁹ RN,
• thorium - ²²⁰ thoron RN,
• radium - radon ²²² RN.

Last lagu gartaa xasilooni ugu sareeya. The bar-nolosha ee radon ²²² RN - 91,2 saacadood (3.82 maalmood). Inta lagu guda jiro isotopes haray gobolka joogta ah waxaa lagu cabiraa seconds iyo rabtay. In suuska la warshadu hawada ku of α-Qurub waxaa la aasaasay isotopes Polonium. By habka, daraasadda of saynisyahano radon ugu horeysay kala kulantay noocyada badan ee atamka ee element isku yihiin yeedhay isotopes oo markii dambe (ka Giriigga ah ee "siman", "isku mid ah").

guryaha jirka iyo kiimikada

Under xaaladaha caadiga ah, radon - gaaska waa midab iyo ur, kuwaas oo idinla joogay oo keliya la go'aamin karaa by qalab gaar ah. Mugga - 9,81 g / l. Ma ugu cuslaa (hawada waa xumbo 7.5 jeer), ka naadir iyo ugu qaalisan oo dhan gaasas meeraha loo yaqaano.

Waa L. biyo (460 ml / l), laakiin milmi radon waa badan ee xeryahooda organic. Waxay leedahay saamaynta fluorescence sababa shucaaca sare. Waayo, gobolka gaseous iyo dareere (at heerkul ah hoos -62˚S) luminescence buluug sifo, crystalline (hoos -71˚S) - huruud ah ama orange-cas.

soocista kiimikada ee radon sababtoo ah halka ay ka tirsan kooxda inert ( "sharaf leh") gaasaska. Wuxuu waxaa lagu gartaa reaction kiimikada la oxygen, fluorine iyo qaar ka mid ah halogens kale ah.

Dhinaca kale, element ugu muhiimsan deganayn waa il of Qurub tamar sare saamayn on walxaha badan. Gaadhista radon keenaysaa in xayd muraayad ah iyo galaas, decomposes biyo oxygen, hydrogen iyo Allena wuu wada baabbi'iyaa la shito iyo Vaseline, iyo wixii la mid ah. D.

Helitaanka radon

Si go'doomiyo isotope radon ka boodi walax ku filan oo ay ku jiraan radium in mid ka mid ah qaab ama mid kale, durdur hawada ka badan. fiirsashada ee gaaska ee jet ah saamayn doono arrimo badan oo jirka (qoyaan, heerkulka), qaab-dhismeedka crystalline arrinta, halabuurka, porosity, midayso, oo ku kala duwanaan kara jajab yar ilaa 100%. Sida caadiga ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa xal chloride radium ama bromide in Aashito. walxaha furan adag waxaa loo isticmaalaa badan ka yar si joogto ah, inkastoo radon la sii daayay at nadiifiye waqti isku mid ah.

The isku dar ah gaaska keentay daahir by uumiga biyaha, ogsijiin iyo hydrogen, by it marayay Roobka a copper kulul. ka hadhay (1/25000 ee mugga asalka ah) waxaa la aruurshey hawada oo dareere ah oo nijaasta ahaa waxaa laga saaray nitrogen ka condensate, helium, iyo gaasaska sharaf leh.

In la ogaado: adduunka oo dhan muddo sanad ah soo saaray oo kaliya darsin dhowr sentimitir cubic of radon element kiimikada.

Qaybinta ee dabiiciga ah

nuclei ee radium, taas oo waa wax soo saarka fission of radon markeeda la aasaasay by suuska ee uranium ah. Sidaas darteed, isha ugu muhiimsan ee radon - carrada iyo macdan ku jirto uranium iyo thorium. tirada ugu badan oo ka mid ah xubno ka ee igneous, ku aasan, dhagaxyada metamorphic, shales mafic. gaaska Radon ay sabab u tahay in ay si fudud u tiiro baxo macdanta crystal daaqaddii iyo hulalka iyo dildilaaca in qolof dhulka ayaa si fudud u kordhiyay si ay u jiraan masaafo weyn ka soo taagan hawada.

Waxaa intaa dheer, dhulka mizhplastovi biyo lagu dhaqo sirdoonka sida fudud u cokan radon. biyo Radon iyo hantida loo isticmaalo by nin muddo dheer ka hor helitaanka element gaar ah.

Saaxiib ama col?

In kasta oo kun oo articles sayniska iyo caansan qoran oo ku saabsan gaaska radioactive this, jawaab fudud su'aasha ah: "Waa maxay radon iyo waxa ay muhiimada aadanaha?" Way adag tahay. Cilmi-casriga ah ka hor inta ay yihiin ugu yaraan laba dhibaato. marka hore waa in duurka ku of shucaaca radon on arrinta ku nool waa labada element waxyeello iyo waxtar leh. Shirka labaad ee - la'aanta ah ee lagu kalsoonaan karo lagu qoro iyo la socodka hab. Currently jira qalabka radon in jawiga, xitaa ugu casri ah oo xasaasi ah, marka cabbir soo noqnoqda kara natiijooyin kala duwan by dhowr jeer.

Si taxaddar leh, radon!

dose ugu weyn ee shucaaca (ka badan 70%) ee nolosha qofka ku dhaco iyada oo loo marayo geedi socodka ee radionuclides dabiiciga ah, oo ay ku jirto boosaska keentay iska leh radon gaaska Biyuhu. Iyadoo ku xiran meesha juquraafi dhismaha la daggan yahay, ay "talooyin" waxay noqon kartaa 30 ilaa 60%. Xaddi joogta ah isotopes deganayn element khatar ah in jawiga la hayo loogasoo joogto ah qaababka dhulka. Radon leeyahay hantida xun ku hamineysay in dhismayaasha la deggan yahay iyo dadweynaha, halkaas oo ay fiirsashada kordhin kartaa by tobanaan iyo boqolaal jeer. Waayo, khatarta caafimaadka dadka ma aha sidaas u badan gaaska shucaaca sida isotopes Waxyeelo Polonium Po ²¹⁴ iyo ^{218 Po,} taasoo keentay in ay burbur. Waxay waxaa la qabtaa adag ee jirka, saamayn dhaawici gudaha α-shucaaca on nudaha.

Waxa intaa dheer in weeraro neef ee neefsashada iyo gobolka niyad, wareer iyo jaf, waa ben horumarinta ee kansarka sanbabada. kooxda halista waxaa ka mid ah shaqaalaha garoonka miino uranium iyo dhirta ore-xirashada, volcanologists, meelaha dadka radonoterapevty danyarta la taagayo sare radon in qolof dhulka iyo biyaha artesian, halkay radon. Si loo ogaado aagagga sida warsan map halis radon la isticmaalayo habab dhulka iyo shucaaca-nadaafad.

Si ogsoonow: waxaa la rumeysan yahay in gaadhista radon ayaa ka xanaajisay dhimashada kansarka sanbabada ee 1916, cilmi Scottish William Ramsay element this.

hababka Security

Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, ka dib markii Tusaale ahaan ee deriska Western loo baahan yahay dhacdo antiradon bilaabay inuu ku faafay wadamada CIS hore. Waxaa jiray xeerarka (SanPiN 2.6.1., Hawgal wadajirka 2.6.1.) Iyadoo shuruudaha cad si loo hubiyo ammaanka shucaaca dadweynaha.

Tallaabooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ilaalinta gaaska ciidda iyo ilaha dabiiciga ah ee shucaaca waxaa ka mid ah:

• Rakibay on alwaax bulukeeti dhoobada dhulka hoostiisa mabda'a la taaban karo oo leh saldhig macadam iyo xireyaashaba lagu kalsoonaan karo.
• Bixinta wanaajiyey hoostiisa hawo iyo meel dhulka hoostiisa, hawo dhismayaasha la deggan yahay.
• Biyo Socda leh gelin jikada iyo musqulaha, waa in la hoos geliyey wax filter gaar ah, oo qolalkii waa iyaga qudhooda lagu qalabeeyay qalabka qaaca qasbay.

Radiomeditsina

Waa maxay radon, awowayaasheen ma ay ogayn, laakiin fardooley ah weli ammaanta Genghis Khan bogsiiyey ilaha ay nabarrada biyaha Belokurikha (Altai), cokan gaaska this. Xaqiiqada ah in microdozes radon leedahay saamayn togan ku saabsan xubnaha muhiimka ah aadanaha iyo habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha. Gaadhista biyo radon dadajiyaa kor-shiid, jidaynayey unugyada waxyeelo soo kabsado si dhaqso ah, shaqo caadi ah wadnaha iyo wareegga dhiigga, xoojisaa xididdada dhiigga.

gobollada jiga buurta of Caucasus (Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk), Austria (Gastein), Czech Republic (Jachymov, Karlovy Kala duwaan), Germany (Baden-Baden), Japan (misasa) ayaa muddo dheer ku riyaaqay warkiisii ay u qalmeen oo caan. daawo Modern marka laga reebo bad radon bixisaa daaweynta ee foomka of waraabka, neefsasho, iyada oo ay kormeerayaan adag ee takhasuska ku habboon.

Adeegga aadanaha

Baaxadda gaaska radon aan ku koobnayn hal daawo oo keliya. Awoodda isotopes ee element ah adsorption waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa in qalabka cabbirka ee heerka nonuniformity ee dusha biraha iyo qurxinta. In wax soo saarka ee steel iyo radon muraayad u adeegta si loo xakameeyo socodka ee geedi socodka. waxaa la, waa la fuliyay oo macneheedu yahay waji iyo badbaadinta kiimikada daadanaayo.

In Geophysics, cilmi dhul iyo habab badan oo goobidda iyo daahfurka ee kayd macdanta iyo senti shucaaca ku salaysan isticmaalka sahan radon. Sida laga soo xigtay fiirsashada of isotopes of radon ee ciidda lagu xukumi karaa on the permeability iyo cufnaanta ee qaababka dhagaxa. Radon la socodka xaaladda eegaynaa marka la eego saadaalinta mustaqbalka dhulgariir.

Waxaa la rajeynayaa in saamaynta xun ee aadanaha radon weli la qabsan iyo cunsurka shucaaca soo dejin doonaa dadka gargaarka keliya ee adduunka ee.