Waa maxay gobolka faraxsanahay eb ah

. In 1905 by J. Thompson ugu horeysay soo jeediyay model of dhismeedka qaaradda, sida uu sheegay oo waxaa wanaagsan kubada, gudaha, taas oo loo qoondeeyey waxa la a qayb ka mas'uul negative eedeeyay - electrons. eb dhexdhexaadnimada korontada sharaxay lacag kubada isla'eg oo dhan of electrons ay.

In meel of aragti this ee 1911, si ay model ugu Planetary, abuuray by Rutherford yimid, ee xarunta of star asaasiga ah, ka samaysan bulk oo dhan atamka ee Galaatiya agagaarka electrons ah, meerayaasha iilan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tijaabo dheeraad ah, natiijada shaki on saxnimada of model ku tuureen. Tusaale ahaan, ka qaaciidooyinka of Rutherford raacay in xawaaraha ee electrons iyo Fatuuq ay la joogto ah kala duwanaayeen karo. In kiiska noocan oo kale ah waxaa lagu arkay lahaa shucaaca joogto in ka badan spectrum oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, natiijada tijaabo tilmaamaya spectra line of atamka ka. Sidoo kale, waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah kala duwanaanshaha kale. Later, Niels Bohr jeediyay model ah galmada ee qaab-dhismeedka qaaradda. Waa in la ogaadaa dhulka iyo gobolka faraxsanahay eb ah. Habkaani wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa, gaar ahaan, sharax valence ee element ah.

Dawladdu waxay ku faraxsan eb waa marxalad dhexe u dhexeeya dawladda la heer eber xoog iyo sare u badan. Mid aad u kacsan, sidaas darteed waxaa aad u soo Dagdagaysa - mudada of millionths ee labaad ah. Dawladdu waxay ku faraxsan la eb dhacdaa marka fariinta isaga u tamar badan. Tusaale ahaan, waxa ay isha la kulmi karaan heerkulka iyo beeraha electromagnetic.

In nooc ka mid ah fududeeyey of aragti classical dhismeedka qaaradda sheegayaa in ku dhawaad xudunta u fogfog gaar ah oo ay la socdaan Galaatiya wareeg shaandheyn qayb qaybin karo xun eedeeyay - electrons. idiinna kasta ma aha line a, sida laga yaabaa in ay u muuqato, iyo tamarta "daruurta" ayuu dhowr electrons. Intaa waxaa dheer, electron kasta wuxuu leeyahay lataliyaha gaarka ah (isku shaandheyn ay dhidibka). Kasta oo gacan kastana falagiisuu dhex electron ku xiran tahay heerka tamarta ay, sidaas darteed ay ka maqan yihiin qaab-dhismeedka gudaha saamaynta dibadda waa ku filan deggan. Its xadgudub - gobolka faraxsanahay of -nastupaet eb marka warbixinta tamarta dibadda. Sidaas awgeed, in Galaatiya finalka halkaas oo ciidanka wajahda yaruna waa yar yahay, aaday dhigeeysa electron iyo caadka, sida natiijo ah, ay Isgoyska dhacdaa unugyada cidlay. In si kale loo dhigo, si waafaqsan sharciga ilaalinta tamarta guurka electron u sareeya heerka tamarta waxaa weheliyay nuugista photons.

Tixgeli la eb ee gobolka faraxsanahay of tusaale ahaan la eb arsenic ah (Sida). Its valence waa saddex. Waa maxay xiiso leh, qiimaha ay tani run tahay oo kaliya kiiska markii xubinta ay tahay mid ku jira xaalad ah oo lacag la'aan ah. Tan iyo valence uu go'aamiyey tirada dhigeeysa unpaired, dul qaata eb awood dibadda goobta kastana falagiisuu dhex soo dhaafay arkay karisid qurubyada la kala guurka ah si ay gacanta free. Sidaas darteed, badala falagiisuu. Tan iyo sublevels tamarta si fudud u beddeli, markaas gudbaan dib (recombination), ka atamka gobolka dhulka, Ulasocto horumar ah ee tamarta nuugo sida photons u dhigma. Ku soo noqoshada tusaale ahaan ka mid ah arsenic: sabab u tahay isbeddel ah ee tirada dhigeeysa unpaired ee gobolka faraxsanahay dhiganta valence ee element shan.

Schematically, qorani waa sida soo socota: marka tamarta ka qayb dibaddeeda ah electrons eb dibadda helo waxaa ku barakacay meel fog ka weyn oo ka xuduntii (gacan kastana falagiisuu dhex kordhay). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah proton ee xuduntii waa, qiimaha guud ee tamarta gudaha eb uu noqdo mid weyn. Maqnaanshaha talooyin joogto ah dibadda tamarta waa electron ay kastana falagiisuu dhex hore celinta si dhakhso ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, xad-dhaaf ah ee ay tamarta la sii daayay oo ah qaab shucaaca electromagnetic.