Waa maxay fayraska? Biology, noocyada iyo dirka fayrusyada

Fayrusyada (biology deciphers macnaha ereygan waa) - wakiilada extracellular in lagu ciyaari karaa oo keliya iyadoo la kaashanayo of unugyada nool. Waxaa intaa dheer, waxay awoodi karaan inay saamayn ku ma aha oo kaliya dadka, dhirta iyo xayawaanka, laakiin sidoo kale bakteeriyada yihiin. Fayrusyada, bakteeriyada waxaa loo yaqaan bacteriophages. Wakhti aan sidaa u ago ayaa noocyada ogaaday in kasta oo kale oo saamayn ku yeelan. Waxaa loo yaqaan "fayrusyada satalayt."

sifooyinka Guud

Fayrusyada yihiin foomka noolaha aad u fara badan, maadaama ay jiraan in hannaanka kasta on meeraha Earth. Waxay daraasad ku lug sayniska sida virology - qaybta ayidhi.

walxaha virus kasta wuxuu leeyahay dhowr qaybood:

- macluumaad hidde (DNA ama RNA);

- capsid (jubbadda protein) - function ka ilaaliya;

Fayrusyada leedahay noocyo kala duwan oo noocyo arrin, laga bilaabo helical fudud iyo dhamaad icosahedral. tirada Standard yihiin oo ku saabsan hal-boqol size ee bakteeriyada yar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan tijaabooyinka, ka yar yihiin, sidaa in aanay xitaa arki microscope nuurka ka yar.

By ay dabiicadda, fayrusyada waa dulin iyo ma soo saari karaan meel ka baxsan gacanta ku nool. Laakiin ka baxsan unugyada ay joojiyaan in ay la calaamooyin ku nool.

Faafin siyaabo dhowr ah: fayrusyada nool dhirta, dhaqaaqay by cayayaanka in ay ku quudiyaan on juice cawska, fayrusyada xoolaha qaadi cayayaan dhiig-jaqaan. In aadanaha, fayraska loo kala qaado siyaabo badan: iyada oo dhibco hawada ama galmada iyo sidoo kale iyada oo dhiig lagu shubo.

asal ahaan

Fayrusyada (Biology ayaa tiro badan oo ah noocyada) waxay leeyihiin dhowr fikradaha ka soo jeedo. dulin, kuwaas ayaa laga helay millimeter kasta oo dunida ka halkaas oo ay jiraan unugyada nool. Sidaa darteed waxaa laga bilawga aad nolosha.

Waxaa jira saddex fikradaha ku saabsan asalka ah ee fayrusyada in aannu mar.

1. xiqiijiyay in asal ahaan gacanta sheegay in wakiilada extracellular ka soo jajabkii RNA iyo Daaweynta Daacuunka ee, kaas oo lagu sii deyn kara jirka ah ee size waaweyn ka.
2. xiqiijiyay in regressive muujinaysaa in fayrusyada ahaayeen unugyo yar yar, taasoo keentay hab dulinka nolosha ee noocyada waaweyn, laakiin ugu danbeyn laga badiyay hiddo loo baahan yahay jiritaanka dulinka.
3. xiqiijiyay in Coevolution soo jeedisay in fayrusyada baxday waqti isku mid ah in ay jiraan ahaayeen unugyada nool, balaayiin sano sida ka hor. Oo waxaa kaloo jiray sabab u ah dhisidda nidaam adag oo acids nucleic iyo borotiinada.

virus kooban (on bayoolaji ee noolaha kuwan, saldhigga aqoonta our, nasiib daro, ka fog kaamil ah) waxaad ka akhrisan kartaa in this article. Mid kasta oo ka aragtiyaha kor ku qoran waxay leedahay faa'iido darrada iyo la xiqiijiyay in furin.

Fayrusyada sida nooc ka mid ah nolosha

Waxaa jira laba nooc oo qeexidda virus nolosha. Sida laga soo xigtay ugu horeysay, wakiilada extracellular - a taagoo organic adag. Qeexidda labaad ayaa sheegay in fayrusyada jira foom gaar ah oo nolosha.

Fayrusyada (Biology ku lug ah ee noocyo badan oo cusub ee fayraska) waxaa lagu gartaa sida noolaha ku taal soohdinta. Waxay la mid ah unugyada in ay set gaar gaar ah oo hiddo iyo xuubsiiban ku salaysan habka xulashada dabiiciga nool yihiin. Sidoo kale, waxay soo saari kartaa, abuuraya nuqul iyaga u gaar ah. Tan iyo markii ay fayraska ma leeyihiin qaab gacanta, saynisyahano ha u tixgelisaa arrinta nool.

Si aad u synthesize taagoo u gaar ah, wakiilada extracellular baahan cell ciidan. Maqnaanshaha ay dheef gaar ah aan u oggolayn in ay iyaga waan tarmin doonaa kaalmo la'aan.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, article cilmiyaysan waxaa la daabacay 2013 in bacteriophages qaar ka mid ah waxay leedahay nidaamka difaaca jirka u gaar ah awood u qabsashada. Oo kanu waa caddayn kale in fayraska - nooc ka mid ah nolosha.

Qoondaynta oo ah fayraska on Baltimore

Waa maxay fayraska, biology qeexayaa si faahfaahsan qaar ka mid ah. David Baltimore (Nobel Prize guusha) horumariyo ay kala soocidda u gaar ah fayrasyada, taas oo weli waa guul. kala soocidda Tani waxay ku salaysan tahay siyaabaha la formation of mRNA.

Fayrus waa in ay u sameeyaan mRNA ka genomes u gaar ah. Hawlgalkani waxa lagama maarmaan ah in ay taranka gaarka ah ee acid nucleic iyo formation protein.

kala soocidda Virus (biology u oggolaanaysa in ay ka soo jeedo), sida Baltimore, sida soo socota:

- fayrusyada dvutsepochnoy lahayn RNA stage DNA. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid Mimivirus iyo gerpevirusy.

- DNA hal-ku xayiran la polarity togan (parvovirus).

- Dvuchepochnaya RNA (rotaviruses).

- RNA hal-ku xayiran of polarity wanaagsan. Wakiilada flaviviruses, picornaviruses.

- hal-ku xayiran Britain RNA waa polarity double ama xun. Tusaalayaal: filoviruses, orthomyxoviruses.

- hal-ku xayiran RNA wanaagsan, iyo joogitaanka Avv DNA on RNA furta (HIV).

- Dvutsepochnaya DNA iyo joogitaanka Avv DNA on a RNA template (hepatitis B).

nolosha taako

Tusaale ahaan fayrus ee biology helay ku dhawaad at jeedin kasta. Laakiin wareegga nolosha oo dhan soo baxa ku dhowaad isku mid ah. Oo aan lahayn qaab-dhismeedka gacanta, dhalid by qaybinaya, waxay karaa ma. Sidaa darteed, isticmaalka qalabkan in ay yihiin gudaha unugyada ay martida u. Sidaas darteed, waxay soo saaraan nuqul badan oo naftooda.

wareegga virus ka kooban yahay dhowr marxaladood, kuwaas oo vzaimoperekryvayuschimisya.

Bilowga hore virus waxaa ku lifaaqan, ie, waxa ay ka dhigan tahay link gaar ah u dhexeeya borotiinka iyo ku receptors cell ciidankii. Next aad u baahan tahay in ay galaan qol laftiisa, oo dhex mari ay wax hidaha. Qaar ka mid ah noocyada dulqaadan dheeraad ah iyo borotiinada. Intaas ka dib khasaaro capsid ah, iyo genomic nucleic acid waa la sii daayay.

Ka dib markii uu hoos u dhaco noole gudahood gacanta bilaabmin shirkii qayb viral iyo badalaada protein. Iyo natiijada ka virus ka soo unugyada. Xitaa hadii uu sii wado si ay u horumariyaan, waxaa laga yaabaa in aan dilo unugyada, oo ay sii wadaan in ay ku noolaadaan waxa ku jira.

cudurka aadanaha

Fayrusyada biology fasiraya muujinta sida liita ee nolosha on meeraha Earth. Mid ka mid ah cudurka ugu aasaasi ah viral waa hargabka caadiga ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dulin, kuwaas oo keeni kara cudur aad u daran sida AIDS ama hargabka avian.

virus kasta wuxuu leeyahay hab gaar ah oo tallaabo ay martida u. Marxaladani waxay ku lug leedahay lysis of unugyada taas oo horseedaysa in ay dhimasho. In noolaha multicellular, u shaqeeyo bilaabaa in uu si xun u shaqeeyaan marka tiro badan oo ah unugyada dhimanayaan off. Marar badan, fayraska laga yaabaa in aanay waxyeelo ku ah caafimaadka dadka. In daawada waxa loo yaqaan qarsoon. Tusaale ka mid ah fayras sida waa herpes. Qaar ka mid ah noocyada qarsoon ay awoodaan in ay ka faa'iideysan. Mararka qaarkood ay joogaan xaadiriyaan jawaab difaaca ka dhanka ah wareer ah bakteeriyada.

Qaar ka mid ah cudurada noqon kartaa joogto ah ama nolosha oo dhan. Taasi waa, fayraska la soo koraya, inkasta oo hawlaha difaaca ee jirka.

safmar ah

saf Viral - saynis ah in daraasaad sida loo xakameeyo gudbinta cudurada viral in aadanuhu. gudbinta noole noqon kartaa siman, in uu yahay, qof ka qof, ama toosan - hooyada ilmaha.

gudbinta Horizontal waa nooca ugu badan ee virus oo Dadka ka mida faafin.

heerka gudbinta fayruska ku xiran tahay dhawr arrimood: mugga dadweynaha, tirada dadka qaba qaabka difaaca jirka masaakiinta, iyo sidoo kale ka daawo shuruudaha tayada iyo cimilada.

ilaalinta maqaarka

Fayrus ee biology si saamayn caafimaadka dadka, incalculable. Jawaabta ugu horeysay ilaaliya waa difaac ah la dhalin. Waxay ka kooban tahay habab gaar ah in ay bixiyaan ilaalinta non-gaar ah. Noocan ah difaac ma awoodo in ay bixiyaan ilaalinta lagu kalsoonaan karo oo dheer.

Marka xasaanadda laf-qabsiga u muuqataa, ka dibna soo saaro unugyada difaaca jirka gaar ah oo ku soo lifaaq fayraska oo aad u ammaan ah.

Laakiin ma aha oo dhan fayrusyada jira heleen difaac. Tusaale ahaan, HIV waxaa si joogto ah la beddelo xigxiga amino acid ah, sidaas iska gudbayo nidaamka difaaca jirka.

Daaweynta iyo ka hortagga

Fayrus ee biology - waa arrin aad caadi u ah, culumadu ogaan tallaalada si gaar ah oo ka kooban "walax xagg-" for fayrusyada naftooda. Habka ugu badan oo wax ku ool ah oo halganka waa tallaalka, taas oo difaac cudurada, iyo sidoo kale daawooyinka fayruska, taas oo ay awoodaan in ay eegista la xakameeyo taranka ee fayraska.

Fayrusyada iyo bakteeriyada biology sharaxayaa inta badan sida deggan, yaadan ee jirka aadanaha. Currently, tallaalka adkaan karaa in ka badan soddon virus hoydeen jidhka bini'aadamka, iyo xitaa more - in jidhka xoolaha.

tallaabooyin ka hortag ah ka hortaga cudurada viral Waa in la fuliyo on waqti iyo si sax ah. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, aadanaha u baahan yahay in ay ku noolaadaan hab nololeed caafimaad leh iyo isku day oo dhan siyaabood ee suurtagal ah si kor loogu qaado difaaca jirka. Dawladdu waxay tahay in la dhiso wakhti karantiilayo iyo in la siiyo daryeel caafimaad oo wanaagsan.

fayrusyada warshad

fayrusyada u sameeyaan dhaqmo biology inta badan ku wareegsanaa oo ul-qaabeeya. dulin noocan oo kale ah ilaa xad tiro badan. In beerta ay inta badan saamayn ku dhalidda, laakiin laga takhaluso iyaga uneconomical. Laga soo bilaabo warshad ay u aasaan fayrusyada waxaa ay fidiyaan cayayaan cayayaanka. noocyada noocan oo kale ah ma saameyn aadanaha ama xoolaha, sida ay badanayaan karaa oo kaliya in unugyada dhirta.

Green Friends of dunida, sidoo kale, waa laga badbaadin karaa iyaga ka iyadoo la kaashanayo farsamo hiddo xasiloonida. Inta badan dhirta ay saameeyeen fayraska, bilaabaan in ay soo saaraan wakiilada fayruska sida acid salicylic ama xabagta nitrogen. biology kelli ah fayraska waxa uu la hadlayaa dhibaatooyinka soo gaartay bacrin ah dulin dhirta, iyo sidoo kale bedelaan kiimikaad ama hiddo, kaas oo ku kordhinaya horumarka dheeraad ah bayotechnoolajiyadda.

fayrusyada aan dabiici ahayn

Fayrus ee biology tiro badan yihiin. Waxaa si gaar ah lagama maarmaan ah inay tixgeliyaan xaqiiqada ah in culumadu bartay sida si ay u abuuraan dulin aan dabiici ahayn. The noocyada ugu horeysay macmal ah ayaa la helay sannadkii 2002. Inta badan wakiilada extracellular hiddo macmal ah soo bandhigay galay gacanta bilaabmin si ay u muujiyaan tayo faafa. In uu yahay, waxay ka kooban yihiin dhamaan macluumaadka lagama maarmaanka u ah formation of noocyada cusub. Technology Tani waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa si loo soo saaro tallaal anti-infective.

Awoodda si ay u abuuraan fayrusyada giisa yeelan karto cawaaqib badan. Fayrasku waxa uu si buuxda ma dhiman kartaa ilaa iyo inta ay jiraan xasaasi u ah jidhkiisa.

Fayrus - hub

Nasiib darro, dulin faafa abuuri karaan faafa ba'an, si ay loo isticmaali karaa sida a hub noolaha. Arrintan waxa xaqiijiyay hargabka Isbaanish, kaas oo lagu abuuray ee shaybaarka. Tusaale kale waa furuqa. Tallaalka waxaa loogu talagalay ayaa hore u la helay, laakiin sida caadiga ah, tallaalka waa kaliya ee shaqaalaha caafimaadka iyo shaqaalaha militariga, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in dadka kale waa in halis ka iman karta haddii noocan oo kale ah hubka bayoolojiga waxaa loo isticmaali doonaa si dhab ah.

Fayrusyada iyo Biosphere ah

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, wakiilada extracellular karaa "faano" tirada ugu badan ee dadka iyo noocyada nool on Earth caalamka. Waxay qabtaan shaqo muhiim ah by sharciyeynta dadka of noolaha. Inta badan waxay u sameeyaan khaasatan la xayawaanka. Tusaale ahaan, xoonka qaar ka mid ah mariidka ka kooban yahay qaybaha soo jeedo ee viral. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay door weyn ee jiritaanka biosphere waa nolosha ee badaha iyo moolalka.

In mid ka mid ah qaaddada shaaha oo cusbo badda ku jira oo ku saabsan a million fayrusyada. Ay ujeedada ugu weyn waa in nolosha nidaaminaya in la lafaguro biyaha. Inta badan waxay yihiin gebi ahaanba aan dhib lahayn in ay dhirta iyo ugaarta

Laakiin ma ahan oo dhan tayada wanaagsan. Fayrus ayaa nidaaminaya habka photosynthesis, sidaas sii kordhaya content ogsijiin in jawiga ka.