Ukraine: taariikhda dhicitaanka. Of dalka Ukraine: taariikhda

territory Ukraine ee ay deggan yihiin dadka horay ugu yaraan 44,000 sannadood. Pontic-Caspian steppe ahaa goobta dhacdooyinka taariikhiga muhiim ah oo Age Naxaas ah. Halkan waxaa jira socdaalka dadyowga Indo-Yurub. In Badda Madow isku mid oo Caspian ah deel dadka rabbeeyey faraska.

Later, ee Crimean iyo Dnieper noolaa Scythians iyo Sarmatians. Ugu dambeyntii, dalalkan oo la wada degganaa by Slavs. Waxay la aasaasay gobolka Dr Makumbe of Kievan rus ', taas oo burburtay qarnigii XII ah. By bartamihii qarnigii XIV ah, ee dalalkan Yukreeniyaan hadda ayaa meesha ka saaray saddex Ciidamada: Horde Golden ah, Grand Duchy reer Lithuania iyo Kingdom Polish ah. Later, dhul la awoodo sida Krymskoe Hanstvo, Rzeczpospolita, Empire Ruush iyo Austria-Hungary kala qaybsan.

In qarnigii XX halkaas joogay Ukraine madax banaan. Taariikhda ah ee dalka ku bilaabmaa isku dayo in la abuuro marayo iyo ZUNR Maraykanka. Markaas waxaa la aasaasay Yukreeniyaan sii buurayn ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Ugu dambeyntii, madaxbannaanida Ukraine, ayaa xaqiijiyay in afti iyo aqoonsaday by beesha caalamka waxaa la naadiyey 1991.

Taariikhda hore ee Ukraine

excavations qaddiimiga ah ayaa tilmaamaya in Neanderthals ku noolaa xeebta Badda Madow waqooyiga sida ugu horreysa ee 43-45 Millennium BC. In Crimea, helay waxyaabaha ka tirsan kromanoltsam. Waxay yihiin oo taariikhdiisu tahay 32 kun oo sano ka BC.

Dhamaadka Neolithic ee dalalkan Yukreeniyaan waxaa dhaqanka Trypillian. Its ugu sarreysa ay gaartay ee 4500-3000 sano BC.

Iyada oo agaa of Age Iron ah iyada oo deel of Northern Badda Madow maray qabiilooyinkii Dacian - awoowayaasha Romania oo casri ah. Markaasaa qabiilooyinkii reer guuraaga (Cimmerians, Scythians iyo Sarmatians) deggan yahay dalkii reer Ukraine. Taariikhda qabiil, kuwaas oo ka mid ah waxaa loo yaqaan ma aha oo kaliya goobaha qaddiimiga ah, laakiin sidoo kale laga helay ilo ku qoran. About Scythians ku xusan by Herodiyiintu ee wuxuu qoray. Gariigba aasaasay deegaanada ay ku sugan Crimea ee BC qarnigii VI ah.

Markaas, on dhulka ee Ukraine yimid Goths iyo Huns ah. Tani waxay ka dhacay qarniyo III-V ee AD. In qarnigii shanaad waxaa jiray qabiilooyinka Slavic.

Qarnigii VII ee deel Yukreeniyaan waxaa state of Bulgars ah. Laakiin waxa ugu dhakhsaha badan u dhacay marka laga reebo, oo waxaa lagu nuugo Khazars ah. Tani waxay dadka reer guuraaga ah ka Central Asia, aasaasay dalka, oo ay ka mid dhuleed baaxad - West Kazakhstan, Caucasus, Crimean, steppe Don iyo bariga Ukraine. Taariikhda soo bixitaanka iyo kaco of Khanate Khazar ah waxa ay xidhiidh dhow la-socodka ee formation of qarannimada ee Slavs bari. Waxaa la og yahay in horyaalka ee Kagan waxay ahaayeen amiirradii Kievan ugu horeysay.

Kievan rus

Taariikhda Ukraine dowlad ahaan, sida laga soo xigtay cilmi badan, laga bilaabo sanadka 882. Taasi waa marka Kiev waxaa lagu guulaystay by Prince Oleg Khazars oo noqday xarunta of meel badan oo dalka ah. In gobolka hal ayaa United nadiifinta drevlyans, Ulichi, White Niko iyo qabiilooyinka kale Slavic. Oleg qudhiisa, sida uu fikradda taariikheeya xukuma ahaa qof dibada.

Qarnigii line Kievan rus noqday ugu weyn ee territory ee gobolka of Europe. In ilo galbeed ee wakhtiga ay dalalkan ayaa inta badan loo aqoonsaday Ruthenia. Magaca Ukraine markii ugu horaysay lagu xuso qoraalada qarnigii XII ah. Waxaa loola jeedaa "laayeen", "dalka".

In qarnigii XVI ka, map-ka ugu horeeya ee Ukraine halkaas. waxaa On magaca waxaa loo qoondeeyey dalalkan Kiev, Chernigov iyo Pereyaslavl.

korsasho ee kiristaanka iyo burburiyo Russia

The kuwa raacsan hore Masiixa ayaa u muuqday in Crimea ugu yaraan qarnigii IV ah. Masiixiyada noqday diinta rasmiga ah ee Kievan rus in 988, ee hindisaha Vladimira Velikogo. taliye hore ee gobolka la baabtiisay by ayeeyadii, Princess Olga.

Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Yaroslava Mudrogo la aqbalay set oo ah sharciyada, loo yaqaan "Ruush xaqa". Waxay ahayd waqti ah awoodda ugu sarraysana siyaasadeed ee gobolka Kievan ah. Ka dib markii dhimasho dhacay Jaroslav burburiyo galay Epoch gaar ah rus, inta badan iska horimanaya la mid boqortooyo kale.

Vladimir Monomakh isku dayay in uu soo nooleeyo dawlad dhexe, laakiin qarnigii XII ee Russia dambeyntii disintegrates. Kiev iyo kibir Galicia-Volyn noqday dhulal kuwa, taasi oo markii dambe soo baxay Ukraine. Taariikhda dhacdo of Russia bilaabmaa u kaca ee magaalada Suzdal, taas oo ahayd xarun siyaasadda iyo dhaqanka oo ka mid ah dalalkan oo waqooyi-bari ee dalka Ruushka. Later, caasimadda ah ee deegaannada noqday Moscow. Galbeed oo ka mid ah Monaco ee Polotsk ahayd xarun ku wareegsan oo quruunta Belarus, waxaa la sameeyay.

In 1240, Kiev ayaa la ceyriyay by Mongols iyo muddo dheer ka lumay wax kasta oo saameyn siyaasadeed.

Galicia-Volhynia

Taariikhda dhacdo of state of Ukraine, sida ay saynisyahano qaar ka mid ah, uu bilaabo qarnigii XII ah. Waqtigaas, sida madax waqooyiga hoos xoogga Horde Dahabka ee galbeedka dayrta jira laba gobol Ruush madaxbanaan oo leh caasimada Galich iyo Lodomir (hadda Vladimir-Volyn). Ka dib markii ururada ay la aasaasay Galicia-Volhynia. Ay ugu sarreysey ee ay awood, waxa ka mid ahaa Wallachia iyo Bessarabia oo lahaa helitaanka Badda Madow.

In 1245, Pope Innocent IV caleemo saaray Prince Daniil Galitsky iyo isaga siiyey horyaalka ee King of All Russia. Waagaas kibir keentay dagaal adag ka Mongols ah. dhimashada Daniila Galitskogo ee 1264 ka dib markii uu ka bedelay wiilkiisa Leo, kuwaas oo u dhaqaaqay caasimada magaalada Lviv. aabbihiis, kuwaas oo lagu qabtay a dulinka siyaasadeed pro-Western duwan, wuu sii socday in ay iskaashi la Mongols ah, gaar ahaan, wuxuu u sameeyey isbahaysi la Nogai Khan. Wada jir ah ula uu Tatar sokeeye Leo galeen Poland. In 1280, uu adkaaday Hungary iyo qayb qaatay Transcarpathia.

dhimashada Leo ka dib markii uu bilaabay kibir qorrax Galicia-Volyn. In 1323 oo dagaalka ku jira la Mongols dilay wakiilada ee la soo dhaafay of laan this of Rurik ah. Ka dib markii in, Volyn gacanta amiirrada Lithuanian Gedeminovichey iyo Galicia hoos xukunka Crown Polish ku dhacay yimid.

Rzeczpospolita

Ka dib markii Midowga of Lublin dalalkan Ruthenian qayb ka mid ah boqortooyada Poland noqday. Muddadan, taariikhda Ukraine dowlad la kala gooyey, laakiin waxay ahayd mar this sameeyay quruun Ukraine. Burinaya u dhexeeya Poland Catholics iyo Orthodox Rusyns, si tartiib tartiib ah ay keentay in khillaafka qabaailka.

Cossacks

Ulaha ahaayeen xiiso difaacaneysa soohdintooda bari ee Boqortooyadii Cismaaniyadda iyo vassals ay. Ujeeddooyinkan, waxaa ugu wanaagsan ee ku haboon Cossacks. Iyagu ma ay ka tarjumayaan oo kaliya weeraro of Khan Crimean, laakiin sidoo kale ka qayb-galay dagaalladii reer Commonwealth la boqortooyada Moscow ee.

In kasta oo ay Cossacks Merit Military, kuwii gobta ahaa Polish diiday in ay u siiyaan in madaxbannaani ah ugu yaraan muhiim ah, isku dayayaan halkii si loogu badalo inta badan dadweynaha reer Ukraine ee qalcadda. Tani waxay keentay in isku dhacyada iyo kacdoonkii.

Ugu dambayntii, in 1648 ayuu bilaabay dagaal xoreynta hogaaminayo Bohdan Khmelnytsky ah. History of Ukraine galay waji cusub. Ka dhashay kacdoonkii gobolka Hetman la hareereeyey by saddex Ciidamada: urub Empire ah, ee Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth iyo Muscovy. muddo A of Marba siyaasadeed.

In 1654 Zaporozhye Cossacks galay heshiis la Tsar Moscow ee. Poland isku dayeen in ay dib ugu hanto dhulka lumay isagoo u saxiixay heshiis Hetman Ivanom Vygovskim leh. Taasi waxay sababtay in dagaal u dhexeeya Commonwealth iyo Muscovy. Waxaa dhamaaday la saxiixin heshiiska Andrusovo hoostiisa taas oo Hetman tago Moscow.

Under xukunka Empire Ruush iyo Austria-Hungary

Taariikhda xiga ee Ukraine, kuwaas oo territory waxaa loo kala qaybiyey u dhexeeya labada dal, waxaa lagu gartaa u kaca ee miyir qaranka ka mid ah qorayaasha iyo waxgaradka.

Muddadan Empire Ruush ugu dambayntii jebiyo Hanstvo Krymskoe iyo qaadataa in ka badan dhulkeeda. Sidoo kale wuxuu dhacaa saddex qaybood ee Poland. Sidaas darteed, inta badan dalalka ay, nool yihiin Ukraine, waa qayb ka mid ah Russia. Galicia guuro u ashtakooday Austria.

qorayaasha badan oo Ruush, fanaaniinta iyo dowlada ee qarnigii XVIII-XIX lahaa xididdada Yukreeniyaan. Waxaa ka mid ah ugu caansan - Nikolai Gogol iyo Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. In ku dhow aqoonyahanada dalka oo dhan, ka duwan Russia, waxay ahayd in Galicia ka Austrians oo polish ah, iyo Ruthenians inta badan ahaayeen yaroow.

nooleenta qaranka

In qarnigii XIX ee Bariga Yurub waxay bilaabeen geedi socodka of nooleynta dhaqanka dadyowga ku hoos xoogga Rayaale waaweyn - Austria, Ruush iyo urub. Waxaan leexan joogo kuwan isbeddellada iyo Ukraine aadan. Taariikhda ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa xornimada qaranka bilaabmaa 1846 la aasaasay of St. Cyril iyo Methodius Brotherhood. Xubin ka mid ah ururka this ayaa waxaa ay ka mid yihiin Abwaan Taras Shevchenko. Later, xisbiga social-dimuqraadi ah iyo kacaan, pro-hoosaad oo ka mid ah dalalkan Yukreeniyaan.

Ilaa waqti isku mid ah, in 1848, in Lviv bilaabay ay waxqabad "Supreme Council Ruthenian" - ururka ugu horeeyay ee siyaasadeed ee Western Ukraine. Iyadoo heysatay Russophile iyo dareenka pro-Ruush ee intelligentsia ku Galician.

Sayidka, taariikhda Ukraine ee xuduudaha ay la joogo bilaabmaa dhalashada dhinac u janjeedha qaran ee bartamihii qarnigii XIX ah. Waxay sameeyay fikirka ee gobolka midaysan mustaqbalka.

War World First iyo burburkii Rayaale

Kaas oo bilaabay in 1914, dagaalka hubaysan ayaa horseeday in dayrta oo ka mid ah boqortooyinkii weyn ee Europe. dadyowga qarniyo badan ku noolaa xukumayey reer Rayaale awoodda badan, wuxuu lahaa fursad si loo ogaado halka ay ku gaar ah.

November 20, 1917 Jamhuuriyadda Yukreeniyaan Dadka la aasaasay. A January 25, 1918 waxay ku dhawaaqdey inay madaxbannaanideedii ka buuxa ka Russia. Wax yar ka dib, ayuu kor u jejebiyey Empire Austro-Hungarian. Sidaas darteed, November 13, 1918 Jamhuuriyadda West Yukreeniyaan Dadka wacdiyey. January 22, 1919 lagu qabtay kulan oo ka mid ah marayo iyo ZUNR. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhda dhicitaanka ee gobolka of Ukraine ahayd ka fog dhamaystiran. Awoodda cusub wuxuu ku dhex jiray rayidka ah ka dibna dagaalka Soviet-Polish ah, iyo natiijada ka lumay ay xorriyadda.

buurayn

In 1922 waxaa la abuuray Socialist Soviet Jamhuuriyadda Ukraine, kaas oo qayb ka mid ah USSR noqday. Tan iyo markii hordhaca ah oo ka hor Midowga Soofiyeeti burburay, waxaa kaalinta labaad ka mid ah Jamhuuriyadda awoodda dhaqaale iyo saamaynta siyaasadeed.

Map of Ukraine ee mudada tani ayaa la bedelay dhowr jeer. In 1939 wuxuu ahaa ku soo laabtay Galicia iyo Volyn. In 1940 - meelaha qaarkood ka hor iska lahaa Romania, iyo in 1945 - Transcarpathia. Ugu dambeyntii, 1954 ee Ukraine waxaa lagu lingaxay Crimea. Dhinaca kale, degmooyinka Shahtinskii iyo Taganrog lagu wareejiyay ee 1924 ee Russia, iyo in 1940 buurayn Moldavian tegey Transdniestria.

Ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida Yukreeniyaan sii buurayn ee noqday mid ka mid ah dalalka aasaasay Qaramada Midoobay. Sida ay natiijada 1989 tirakoobka, dadweynaha Jamhuuriyadda bixiyay lacag ku dhow 52 milyan oo qof.

madax-bannaanida

Iyadoo burburkii Midowga Soofiyeeti ee 1991, Ukraine noqday dal madax-bannaan. Tani waxaa ka hormarey u kaca ee dareenka waddani. January 21, 1990, saddex boqol oo kun Ukraine abaabulay silsilad aadami ka Kiev in Lviv oo lagu taageerayo madax-bannaanida. Waxaa lagu saleeyay xisbiyada la jagooyinka qaran-waddani. Ukraine noqday bedelka sharciga ah ee ka USSR iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dadka Yukreeniyaan ee. Dowladda UNR ee Hijrooday ee si rasmi ah u wareejiyo awoodaha uu madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay Leonid Kravchuk.

Sida aad arki karto, taariikhda Ukraine wakhtiga hore ayaa ka buuxsamay guul weyn, guul laga qabanin, dhibaatooyinka dabiiciga ah sheekooyinka sharaf leh, laga cabsado oo soo jiidasho leh.