Tirayn bayoolaji - waxaa ... Noocyada tirayn

Tirayn bayoolaji - waa ah ee kala duwan shaqsi u dhexeeya shakhsiyaad ka mid ah noocyada la mid ah. Sababo la tirayn dadweynaha noqdo Nuurre Aw, iyo noocyada ay fursad fiican si ay u qabsadaan si beddelo xaaladaha deegaanka.

In this sayniska, sida biology, hiddo iyo kala duwanaansho go gacanta ee gacanta. Waxaa jira laba nooc oo tirayn:

• Nonhereditary (Bedelida, phenotypic).
• Dhaxlo (isbedel, genotype).

tirayn aan la iska dhaxlo

tirayn Bedelida bayoolaji - awooda hal shaqeeyo nool (phenotype) inuu la qabsado deegaanka gudahood ay genotype. Sababo la xiriira hanti ah ee shakhsiga si ay ula qabsadaan isbeddelka cimilada iyo xaaladaha kale ee jiritaanka. kala duwanaansho Phenotypic waxaa aasaas u ah geedi socodka qabsashada dhaca shaqeeyo kasta. Sidaas darteed, xayawaanka outbred by hagaajinta xaaladaha kordhiyaa wax soo saarka: soo saarka caanaha, wax soo saarka ukunta, iyo wixii la mid ah. Oo xayawaanka, laga keeno meelaha buurta, koraan faaqidaad iyo undercoat si fiican horumaray. Beddelidda jawiga deegaanka iyo sababta tirayn. Tusaalooyinka habka this si fudud looga heli karo nolol maalmeedka: dubka nin sarkhaansan iftiinka ultraviolet noqdo gudcur ah, iyadoo ay sabab u muruqyada ama dhibta jidhka ku horumariyaan, dhirta koray ee meelaha hadhaysan iyo iftiinka, ayaa qaabab kala duwan ee caleemaha iyo bakeylaha beddelo dhogor midabka xagaaga iyo jiilaalka.

tirayn Waayo, non-dhaxlo waxa lagu gartaa sifooyinka soo socda:

• isbedel group qof;
• Waa kuma Dhaxli farcanka;
• calaamadaha isbedelka gudahood genotype ah;
• Heerka ratio of isbedel la xoogga factor dibadda.

kala duwanaanshaha hidde

tirayn kala dhaxlo ama genotypic in Biology - waa habka by kaas oo hiddawadayaasha shaqeeyo kala duwan. Thanks to iyada shaqsi keensataa sifooyinka hore uncharacteristic ee maskaxdeeda. Sida laga soo xigtay Darwin, tirayn genotypic waa engine ugu weyn ee horumar. The noocyada soo socda ee kala duwanaanshaha hidde,

• waxaa isbeddel;
• combinative.

tirayn Combinative dhacaa sabab u ah is-dhaafsiga hiddo by dhalmo galmada. Isla mar ahaantaana Aayaadka waalidiinta si ka duwan marka la isku daro in tiro ka mid ah ka ab, sii kordhaya kala duwanaanshaha noolaha in dadka a. tirayn Combinative socota xeerarka dhaxal Mendel. Tusaale ka mid ah tirayn this - inbreeding iyo outbreeding (si dhow la xiriira iyo hybridization xidhiidhin). Marka muuqaalada saare qofka doonaya in ay sii hurin xoolaha idaad, isticmaalka inbreeding. Sayidka, Faracoodii noqonayaa tayo labis badan iyo wuxuu diyaariyaa khadadka aasaasihii. Inbreeding keenaysaa in hadal ah hiddo-recessive oo keeni karta in xumaanshaha of line ah. Si loo hagaajiyo meelmar ah ee farcankiis isticmaalo outbreeding - outbreeding. In Faracoodii this heterozygosity kordhay iyo kordhisaa kala duwanaanta bulshada, iyo sida natiijo ah, waxay kordhisaa xasiloonida ee shaqsiyaadka u waxyeello ka soo gaartey ee deegaanka.

Isbedelo, markeeda, kala qaybsan yihiin:

• hiddawadayaasha;
• koromosoomyada,
• hiddo;
• cytoplasmic.

Isbedelada saameeya unugyada taranka, waxaa dhaxlay. Isbedelo in unugyada degaaankaaga gudbin karo farcankaaga, haddii qofka waxaa vegetatively faafin (dhirta, fangaska). Isbedelo noqon kartaa faa'iido, dhexdhexaad ah ama waxyeello.

Isbedelo genomic

Tirayn bayoolaji by Isbedelo genomic noqon kartaa laba nooc:

• Polyploidy - isbedel badan laga helo dhirta. Waxaa sabab u weyneeyey reer tirada guud ee koromosoom oo ku jira xuduntii, sameeyay inta lagu guda jiro xad gudub ah ee kala duwan ay markaas ulaha lagu gacanta lagu jiro fission. Beelaha Polyploid hubkaas ayaa loo isticmaalaa in beeraha - in dhirta waxaa ka mid ah in ka badan 500 polyploids (basasha, kaleh, dabocase sonkorta, radishes, reexaanta, canab, iwm).
• Aneuploidy - korodhka ama hoos u dhac tirada koromosoomyada of lamaane shaqsi. Noocan waxaa isbeddel lagu gartaa meelmar ah u hooseeya ee qofka. waxaa isbeddel baahsan ee aadanuhu - mid ka mid koromosoom dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan labada nin 21 sababa Down syndrome ee.

Isbedelo koromosoomyada

Tirayn bayoolaji by Isbedelo koromosoomyada ka muuqan marka la beddelo qaabka koromosoomyada naftooda, khasaaraha ka mid ah qayb dhamaadka, celceliyay of set oo ah hiddo-jeedin jab gaar ah, siday qeybta koromosoom in ay meel kale ama in koromosoom kale. Isbedelo noocan oo kale ah waxaa badanaa keena shucaaca iyo wasakhda kiimikada.

Isbedelo hiddo

Inta badan Isbedelo kuwaas oo dibadda laga muujiyey, sida uu yahay sifo a recessive. Sababa Isbedelo hiddo-beddelo isku xigxigta, nucleotide - hiddo shakhsi - iyo waxay keeni in muuqaalka kore ee u taagoo protein la guryaha sheeko. Isbedelo Gene in aadanuhu keeni muujinta qaar ka mid ah cudurada la iska dhaxlo - sickle cell anemia, hemophilia.

waxaa isbeddel cytoplasmic

Isbedelo Cytoplasmic xiriirka la leh isbeddel ah ee qaab-dhismeedka of cytoplasm gacanta ku jiraan Britain DNA ah. Waxaa mitochondria iyo plastids. Isbedelo noocan oo kale ah waxaa lagu kala qaado iyada oo loo marayo khadka hooyada, sida saygoot helo oo dhan cytoplasm hooyada of ukunta. Tusaale Isbedelo cytoplasmic sababa tirayn bayoolaji - waa warshad peristolistnost, taas waxaa keena isbedel ku chloroplasts ah.

Maxaa yeelay, dhammaan Isbedelo waxaa lagu gartaa sifooyinka soo socda:

• Waxay si lama filaan ah ka muuqan.
• Dhaxlay.
• Iyagu ma leeyihiin jiho kasta. Isbedelo loo soo bandhigi karaa qayb yar iyo astaamaha aasaasiga ah.
• Kac in shakhsiyaadka, in uu yahay mid gaar ah.
• In ay ka muuqan Isbedelo noqon kartaa xukuma ama recessive.
• isbedel ayaa waxay isku soo celin karaa.

Mid kasta oo isbedel ayaa waxaa keena qaarkood arrimood. Xaaladaha intooda badan, si loo ogaado waxa ku guuldareysto. The xaaladaha tijaabo ah si loo helo Isbedelo waxaa loo isticmaalaa in si toos ah saamayn factor ee deegaanka ka - gaadhista shucaaca, iyo wixii la mid ah.