The warshadu hawada iyo nuugista iftiinka by atamka. asalka ah ee spectra line

Maqaalkani waxa uu bixiyaa fikradaha aasaasiga ah ee lagama maarmaan ah in la fahmo sida ay warshadu hawada iyo nuugista iftiinka by atamka. Waxaa sidoo kale ku tilmaamay isticmaalka ifafaale kuwan.

Casriga ah iyo physics

Ninka oo ku dhashay ka dib 1990, naftiisa aan kala duwan ee qalabka elektarooniga ah ma bixin karaan. smartphone The ma aha oo kaliya badalay telefoonka, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay taasi suurto gal ah si ay ula socdaan heerarka is-dhaafsiga, si xawilaad aad, in ay soo wac taxi ah iyo xitaa u dhigma la cir on board ISS ah, iyada oo ay codsiga. Siday u kala horreeyaan, oo ay garteen by dhammaan kuwa kaaliyayaasha digital sida arrin dabcan. The warshadu hawada iyo nuugista iftiinka by atamka ka dhiga iyo suurto xilligii of yaraynta dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee qalabka, si akhristayaasha u muuqdaan doonaa mawduuc caajiso in casharo physics. Laakiin laan this of physics badan oo xiiso leh oo xiiso badan.

background teori for furitaanka spectra ah

Waxaa jirta odhaah: ". Cajiib The hor socotaa dhicid" Laakiin hadal this halkii xaqiiqada ah in xiriirka ka qaldan wanaagsan in aan la faragelin. Haddii, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay u muujiyaan cajiib xagga dunida, wax qalad ah ma dhici doona. Dhammaadkii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, markii dadku bilaabay inay fahmaan nooca magnetism (kaas oo si wanaagsan loo diiwaangeliyaa nidaamka isleegyo Maxwell ayaa). Su'aasha ku xigta, taas oo uu oggolaan in aqoonyahaniinta, wuxuu noqday qaab-dhismeedka arrinta. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in si degdeg ah loo caddeeyo, waayo, sayniska ma aha warshadu hawada oo aad u qiimo iyo nuugista iftiinka by atamka. spectra Line - waa natiijo ah oo ka this ifafaale oo aasaas u ah barashada qaab-dhismeedka arrinta.

Qaab dhismeedka eb ah

Seynisyahanno in Giriigii hore ayaa soo jeedinaya in marmar ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr xabbadood oo karo "atamka." Oo waxyaalahaas ka hor dhammaadkii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, dadka u maleeyay in ay ahayd qayb ka ugu yar ee arrinta. Laakiin waayo-aragnimo ah ee Rutherford on firdhinta ee Qurub culus on bireed dahabka ayaa muujisay in la eb ayaa sidoo kale waxa uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka hoose. xuduntii culus waa in xarunta oo si togan ku amray, electrons negative khafiifa iilan isaga ku wareegsan.

Is khilaafka of atamka gudahood aragti Maxwell ah

Natiijadu waxay siisay kor u qaada dhowr gedisan: sida ay isleegyo Maxwell ayaa, wax dhaqaaqin walxaha eedeeyay shanqarta duurka ah electromagnetic, sidaas daraaddeed, lumiyo tamarta. Waa maxay sababta, ka dibna, electrons ma dhicin xuduntii, iyo sii wadaan in ay isku shaandheyn? Waxa kale oo jiray ma cadda sababta eb kasta nuuga ama shanqarta photons ee Milanello gaar ah oo keliya. Aragti Bohr ayaa ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal ah in lagu daaweeyo cilladaha ah by galaya orbitals. Sida laga soo xigtay caqiidada aragtida this, electrons ku wareegsan xuduntii noqon karaa oo keliya on orbitals kuwan. kala guurka ah ee u dhexeeya labada dal dariska ah waxaa la socda ama warshadu hawada ama nuugista photon a tamarta gaar ah. The warshadu hawada iyo nuugista iftiinka by atamka waa goan sababtoo of this.

Milanello, soo noqnoqoshada, tamarta

Waayo, sawir ka dhameystiran waxaad u baahan tahay in ay ka hadlaan in yar oo ah photons. Kuwani waa qayb ka hoose oo aan lahayn tiro intiisa kale. Waxay ka jiraan keliya inta uusan u dhaqaaqin marayo deegaanka. Laakiinse dhagaxii miisaanka oo weli waxay leeyihiin: Garaaci dushiisa, waxay u gudbiyaan Toonsaadaan in ay noqon lahaayeen kuwa aan macquul ahayn oo aan mass. Just badan oo ka mid ah waxaa beddelay tamarta, samaynta walaxda oo ay ku dhuftay oo ay nuugo, wax yar ka diiran. Aragti Bohr ee ma sharxi xaqiiqda. The sifooyinka photon iyo muuqaalada ay dhaqanka waxaa lagu tilmaamay by physics galmada. Sidaas daraaddeed, photon ah - la ruxruxo iyo walxaha labadaba la mass. Photon, iyo hirka leedahay sifooyinka soo socda: dherer ah (λ), a noqnoqoshada (ν), tamarta (E). The Milanello dheer hoose inta jeer ee, iyo hoose ee tamarta.

spectrum ee la eb

spectrum The qaaradda waxaa la aasaasay in dhowr marxaladood.

1. daaro Electronic in la eb la orbital 2 (tamar sare) on orbital 1 (with tamarta yar yar).
2. lacagta qaar ka mid ah tamarta la sii daayay, kaas oo la sameeyay sida galmada a iftiinka (hν).
3. photon Tani waxaa timaada meel ku wareegsan.

Sidaasay u helay oo la eb spectrum line. Waa maxay sababta ay u bixiyey jidkaas, sharxayaa qaab markii qalab gaar ah "qabsado" ayuu photons xilka iftiinka on qalab wax lagu qoro tiro go'an oo khadadka. Si aad u kala photons of wavelengths kala duwan, loo isticmaalo by hirarka ifafaale diffraction la firikuwensiyada kala duwan waxay leeyihiin index Refractive kala duwan, halkan ka, mid ka badan oo darbadii uu ka kale.

Guryaha walxaha iyo spectra

spectrum The line oo ah walaxda waa mid gaar ah, waayo nooc kasta oo ka mid atamka. Taasi waa, in warshadu hawada ku of hydrogen siin doonaa hal xidhmo oo ah khadadka, iyo dahab - kale. Dhab ahaantii kani waa aasaas u ah codsiga ah ee spectroscopy. Marka aad hesho wax spectrum, mid ka mid fahmi kara waxa ay tahay in walax, in atamka ay diyaarin qaraabo midba midka kale ka. Habkani wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa inaad si ay u qeexaan iyo guryaha kala duwan oo ka mid ah qalabka, kuwaas oo marar badan ayuu adeegsanayaa chemistry iyo physics. Nuugista iyo hawada iftiinka by atamka - mid ka mid ah qalabka ugu badan ee waxbarasho ee adduunka ku xeeran.

spectra cillado hawada

Illaa marayso ayaa sheegay in badan oo ku saabsan sida atamka dhaadheer. Laakiin sida caadiga ah, electrons oo dhan waa in orbitals ee gobolka hoganaya ay, waxay leeyihiin ma jirto sabab u dhaqaaqo dalalka kale. walaxda la diido wax, waa in marka hore uu u nuugo tamarta. Tani la'aanta hab in xawilaadda lacagaha ee nuugista iyo hawada la eb iftiinka. Si kooban u sheegeen in arrinta ugu horeysay kulka ama iftiin, ka hor inta aan heli spectrum ah. Arrimaha ma kici doona, haddii saynisyahan a barashada xiddigaha, iyo si ay u iftiimiyo marayo geedi socodka gudaha iyaga u gaar ah. Laakiin haddii aad rabto inaad wax ka barato goosin ka mid ah ore ama wax soo saarka cuntada, si aad u hesho spectrum waxaa dhab ahaan loo baahan yahay si ay u gubaan. Habkani ma aha kiiska mar walba.

spectra nuugista

Emission iyo nuugista iftiinka by atamka sida hab "shaqeeya" ee labada dhinac. Waxaad ku iftiimin kara iftiin ah oo ku saabsan broadband walax (ie mid ka mid ah, kuwaas oo ay jiraan photons of wavelengths kala duwan), ka dibna bal arag waxa uu ku ruxruxaa dhererka nuugo. Laakiin habkan ku haboon yahay ma had iyo jeer, hubi in maaddadu ay tahay in ay ka qayb hufan tarin ee heerka electromagnetic.

Falanqaynta tayo iyo tiroba

Waxaa caddaatay in spectra gaar ah inay maal kasta. Akhristaha waxaa dhici karta in ku tirinnaa in falanqaynta this waxaa loo isticmaalaa oo kaliya si loo ogaado waxyaabaha ka oo waxaa la sameeyey. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kala duwan ee suurto gal ah waa badan ballaaran. tirada atamka gudahood xarunta lagu hagaajin karo iyadoo la isticmaalayo farsamooyin gaar ah baaritaan width iyo aqoonsi iyo xoogga oo ka mid ah khadadka keentay. Waxaa intaa dheer, tilmaamahan lagu sheegi karaa in unugyada kala duwan:

• Boqolkiiba (tusaale ahaan, waxaaga this ka kooban yahay 1% alumina);
• ku yimaada burooyinka (diri ee this dareere 3 mol of chloride sodium);
• in garaam (xaadirka ah in saamiga of 0.2 g of uranium iyo thorium 0.4 grams).

Mararka qaarkood falanqaynta waa isku dhafan, oo labada tayo iyo tiro ahaanba. Laakiin halka physicists xafiday meel ka mid ah khadadka, iyo qiimayn ay hadh iyadoo la kaashanayo of miisaska gaar ah, laakiin hadda waxa oo dhan ka dhigaysa barnaamijka.

Isticmaalka spectrum

Dhab ahaan baan u wada hadlay si faahfaahsan, waxa ay warshadu hawada iyo nuugista iftiinka by atamka. Falanqaynta Spectral waxaa loo isticmaalaa aad u ballaaran. Waxaa jira aagga lahayn dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha, wax dhib ah maleh halkaas oo aanu ayaa ka fiirsaneysa inay arrin la isticmaalo. Halkan waxaa ku qoran qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah:

1. Bilowga this article, waxaan la hadlay oo ku saabsan casriga ah. xubno Semiconductor Silicon u noqday sidaas u yar, oo ay ku jiraan iyada oo kiristaalo cilmi isticmaalaya falanqaynta spectral.
2. Haddii ay dhacdo wax kasta oo ay tahay shaqsiyad of qolof electron eb kasta go'aamiso nooca rasaas ugu horeysay riday, sababta gaariga dumiyey qaab ama wiish munaarad, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah dadka sun sumoobay iyo wakhti intee le'eg ayuu biyaha ku qaatay.
3. Daawada ee la xiriirta dheecaannada jidhka loo isticmaalo falanqaynta spectral si ay faa'iido inta badan, laakiin ay dhacdo in habkan waxaa laga codsadaa in unugyo ah.
4. falagyada fog, daruuraha gaaska runtan, meerayaasha hore ee xiddigaha - waxan oo dhan ayaa bartay by iftiinka iyo daatay galay spectra. Seynisyahanno ogaan kooban oo alaab ah kuwan, oo ay xawaaraha, iyo geedi socodka ka dhaca iyaga oo ku ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in ay qabsadaan karo iyo falanqaynta photons ay dhaadheer ama nuugo.

qiyaasta electromagnetic

Inta badan oo dhan, aan ku bixino iftiin arki karo dareenka. Laakiin on baaxadda electromagnetic qeybta this waa mid aad u yar. Xaqiiqada ah in isha aadanaha aanu hagaajin badan ballaaran toddoba midabada qaanso roobaadka ay. dhaadheer karaa oo uu u nuugo ma aha oo kaliya photons la arki karo (λ = 380-780 nm), laakiin photons kale. qiyaasta electromagnetic ka mid ah:

1. hirarka Radio (λ = 100 kilometers) gudbiyaan macluumaad ka badan masaafo dheer. Sababo la Milanello oo aad u ballaaran, oo ay tamar waa mid aad u yar. Waxaa si fudud u nuugo.
2. ruxruxo Terahertz (λ = 1-0,1 milimitir) ilaa dhawaan, ma ahaayeen sahlan loo heli karo. Markii hore, iyaga oo kala duwan oo ka mid ah hirarka raadiyaha, laakiin hadda qeybta this ee heerka electromagnetic waxaa loo qoondeeyey ee fasal gaar ah.
3. Infrared Milanello (λ = 0,74-2000 micrometers) iibsiga kulaylka. Fire, iftiinka, qorraxda iyo dhaadheer oo faro badan.

Iftiinka muuqdaa aan dib loo eego, si faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan ma ku qori doonaa.

Milanello ultraviolet (λ = 10-400 nm) halis ah, waayo, nin ee xad-dhaaf ah, laakiin ay faa'iido laga soo noqon karin. Xiddiga dhexe Our siinaysaa badan oo iftiinka ultraviolet, iyo dhulka jawi xajisto ugu waxaa ka mid ah.

X-rays iyo rays gamma (λ <10 nm) waxay leeyihiin kala duwan oo caadi ah, laakiin ku kala duwan yihiin soo jeedo. Si ay iyaga u hesho, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay kala eryaan electrons ama atamka si velocities mid aad u sarreeya. Laboratory dadka awood waxaa ka mid ah, laakiin nooca amar caynkan oo kaliya dhici xiddigaha gudaha, ama shilalka ka mid ah walxaha weyn. Tusaale ka mid ah geeddi-socodka dambe uma shaqayn karo qaraxyo sida supernovaer, nuugista xiddigta by god madow, kulan laba falagyada iyo falagyada iyo daruuraha weyn ee gaaska.

hirarka electromagnetic oo dhan safafka, kuwaas oo awoodooda in la timaada iyo nuugo atamka, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha. Marka laga xaqiiqada ah in akhristaha uu doortay (ama kaliya in ay la doortay) sida Waddooyinkiisa nolosha, waxaa hubaal ah inuu wajihi la natiijooyinka daraasaadka spectral. Iibiyaha ayaa jecel yahay terminal bixinta casri ah, waayo mar cilmiga bartay sifooyinka walxaha iyo abuuray microchip ah. Deedna fertilizes beeraha iyo ururiyaan wax-soosaarkooda sare hadda jira oo kaliya sababtoo ah mar geologist a helay in xoogaa yar oo ore fosfooraska. Iyadu ay xidhato dhar dhalaalaya keliya la alifay ee formaldehyde kiimikada joogto ah.

Laakiin haddii akhristaha uu rabo inuu naftiisa ku xirmaan adduunka ee sayniska, aad leedahay si aad wax badan ka sii badan yihiin fikradaha aasaasiga ah ee geedi socodka of hawada iyo nuugista photons iftiinka ee atamka ka barato.