The formula dhismaha iyo kelli: alxamaad

Features of qaab-dhismeedka alxamaad saameyn ay guryaha, wax soo saarka iyo codsiga. Halabuurka Astaanta maalkii - C ₂ H ₂ - waa ay fudud iyo guud-formula. Alxamaad waxaa la aasaasay by laba atamka carbon, inta u dhaxaysa taas oo ay jirto dammaanad xaafuun. Its hortiisa ka tarjumaysaa noocyada kala duwan ee caanaha iyo taagoo daydo etinylesttriadiol oo u oggolaan in la fahmo dhibaatada saamayn dhismeedka on sifooyinka maadooyinka.

Alkynes. formula guud. alxamaad

Consort Alkyne, ama alxamaad, waa acyclic, roodhida. silsiladda atamka carbon - aan la xidhay, waxa ku jira bonds fudud oo badan. alkynes Curiska ka tarjumaysaa _2n kooban formula C _n H _{- 2.} The taagoo of class this of walxaha waa mid la joogo ama in la xidho xaafuun dheeraad ah. xeryahooda alxamaad yihiin roodhida. Taas macnaheedu waa in keliya hal valency carbon waxaa ogaaday by hydrogen. The haray saddex bonds waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lala atamka kale carbon.

Wakiilka iyo ugu caansan ee alkyne - - The ugu horeysay alxamaad ama ethyne. Magaca Ciyaalle oo ah walaxda waa ka soo jeeda erayga Laatiin «acetum» - «khal" oo Giriigga - «hyle» -. «geed" Aasaasihii of taxanaha homologous la aasaasay 1836 in tijaabo kiimikada, wax dambe waxaa ku dhexsameeysmo jirka ka carbon iyo hydrogen, E. Davy iyo M. Berthelot (1862). At heerkulka caadiga ah iyo alxamaad cadaadiska Hawada ee gobolka gaseous. Waa gaas midab, ur, Tolosnaada biyaha. Etin si fudud u milma in ethanol iyo acetone.

formula The kelli ah alxamaad

Etin - kaliya oo ah xubin ka mid ah taxanaha homologous, ay ka kooban iyo qaab-dhismeedka fikiri formula ah:

1. C ₂ H ₂ - kelli Halabuurka duubo ethynyl, oo wuxuu tilmaan u ah in walaxda la sameeyey by labada atamka carbon iyo tiro la mid ah atamka hydrogen. By formula this, mid ka mid ah xisaabin kartaa kelli iyo mass gaws xarunta. Mr (C ₂ H ₂₎ = 26 iyo sidoo kale. e. m., M (C ₂ H ₂₎ = 26.04 g / mol.
2. H: C ::: C: H - electron-dhibic alxamaad formula. sawiradaan, loo yaqaan "dhismeedka Lewis" waxa ay ka tarjumaysaa dhismeedka elektarooniga ah ee Britain ayaa ku. By qoraal xeerarka waa in la arkay: eb hydrogen waxay u egtahay inay hantiyaan kiimikada qaabeynta lagala kulmo of qolof valence ee helium, xubno kale - octet dibadda ee electrons. colon kasta oo caadi ah in laba atamka ama labo ka mid kaliya ee electrons of lakabka dibadda.
3. H-C≡C-H - formula dhismaha alxamaad tusaya habka iyo badnaanta isku xir u dhexeeya atamka. dumisaan A badalay mid joog oo electrons.

Daydo Britain alxamaad

Qaaciidooyinka muujinaya qaybinta electron noqday saldhig u ah oo abuuraya tusaalayaashii orbital qaaradda, taagoo qaaciidooyinka aan ollogga (stereochemistry). Xataa dhamaadka qarnigii XVIII ah u kobcay model sharosterzhnevye - tusaale ahaan, ka mid ah midabo kala kubadaha iyo tirada kala duwan, taasoo muujinaysa ah carbon iyo hydrogen in ay u sameeyaan alxamaad. formula The dhismaha ee Britain ayaa waxaa lagu soo bandhigay qaab ulood u taagan bonds kiimikada iyo tirada la eb kasta.

model Sharosterzhnevaya celin bond alxamaad xaglaha loo siman yahay 180 °, laakiin in Britain ayaa ka mid ah masaafo internuclear qiyaastii muuqataa. hulalka u dhexeeya kuul ma abuuro fikrado ku saabsan buuxinta meel cufnaanta atamka electron. khasaaro Dreydinga la tirtiro in lagu daydo muujinaysaa nuclei qaaradda ma aha kuwa kubadaha, iyo dhibcood ee la xidhiidha dhengedihii ah midba midka kale. Modern daydo saddex dhinac-cabbir ku siin sawirka more cad ah oo ka mid ah qaaradda orbitals iyo kelli.

orbitals Hybrid qaaradda ee alxamaad

Carbon ee gobolka faraxsanahay leedahay saddex p orbitals iyo mid la electrons unpaired. In formation of methane (CH ₄₎ waxay ku lug leeyihiin abuurista bonds u dhiganta atamka hydrogen. Aqoonyahan caan ah American L. Pauling horumariyo cilmiga ee gobolka hybrid of orbitals qaaradda (ao). Sharaxa of dhaqanka ee carbon ee falgalka kiimikada waa in lays JSC qaab iyo tamarta, dhismaha daruuraha cusub. orbitals Hybrid siin xiriir xoog, noqon formula u adkaysta.

atamka carbon alxamaad ee Britain ee, ka duwan methane u sakhiray in ay sp-hybridization. BTLLE iyo p electrons isku dhafan ee qaabka iyo tamarta. Waxaa jira laba sp-orbitals, taas oo ah been xagal 180 °, si toos ah on dhinac oo iska soo horjeeda ee asaasiga ah.

debaajiga xaafuun

Daruuraha electron hybrid alxamaad ee carbon lug ku abuuraya σ-bonds la atamka deriska isku hydrogen in lammaanaha C-H. Labada harsan yihiin dadab iyo in kale mid kasta oo aan hybrid p-orbital. In Britain ee etinylesttriadiol ay ka qayb qaataan dhismaha labada π-silsilado. Wada jir ah ula σ baxdo bond xaafuun, taas oo ka tarjumaysa formula ee dhismaha. Alxamaad ka duwan fog ethane iyo ethylene dhexeeya atamka. bond The seddex ka gaaban tahay labo gool, laakiin waxa uu leeyahay reserve weyn oo ah tamar xoog. cufnaanta ugu badan ee σ- iyo π-silsilado waa in beeraha dadab, taas oo horseedaysa formation of daruur electron cylindrical.

Features of bond kiimikada alxamaad ah

Britain Ethynyl uu leeyahay qaab toosan ah, taas oo ay wacan tahay ka tarjumaysaa alxamaad ku formula kiimikada - H-C≡C-H. Carbon iyo hydrogen atamka ku yaalaan oo ay la socdaan xariiq toosan therebetween isagoo 3 2 σ- iyo π-silsilado. dhaqdhaqaaqa xorta ah, wareeg weheliyaan dhidibka C-C suurtogal ma aha, taas waxaa loogu hortegi karaa by joogitaanka bonds badan. Sifooyinka kale ee debaajiga xaafuun:

• tirada lammaane oo electrons, isku xidha laba atamka carbon, - 3;
• dhererka - 0,120 nm;
• tamarta jab - 836 KJ / mol.

Wixii la barbardhigo: in ay u taagoo of ethane iyo ethylene dhererka hal iyo bond kiimikada double - 1.54 iyo 1.34 nm, siday u kala horreeyaan, ee farqiga tamarta C-C waa 348 KJ / mol, C = C - 614 KJ / mol.

homologues of alxamaad

Alxamaad - wakiil ka ugu fudud alkyne kuwaas oo u taagoo sidoo kale soo bandhigi bond a xaafuun. _CH3 Propyn S≡SN - alxamaad homologue. Formula alkynes saddexaad Wakiilka - butyne-1 - CH ₃ CH ₂ S≡SN. Alxamaad - magaca caado u ah ethyne. Magac-habeysan oo alkynes socota xeerarka IUPAC ah:

• in u taagoo toosan tilmaamay magaca silsilad ugu weyn, taas oo ka tireedyada Giriigga kacay, kaas oo lagu daray -in-galaha iyo lambarka qaaradda la bond a xaafuun, tusaale ahaan, ethynyl, propynyl, butyn-1;
• tiradoodii oo ka mid ah atamka silsilad weyn ee Britain ayaa ku bilaabmayaa dhamaadka dhow debaajiga xaafuun,
• waayo, hydrocarbon jahaysteen yimaado marka hore magaca kooxda laan, raaceen by magaca atamka silsilad weyn ee la -in-galaha.
• qayb final halkan - tiradaasi oo muujinaysa meesha ay nafteeda ku xaafuun ee Britain ee, tusaale ahaan, 2-butyne.

Isomerism alkyne. tiirsanaanta The oo ka mid ah sifooyinka dhismeedka

Ethyne iyo propyne leeyihiin isomers mawqifyada bond xaafuun, waxay u muuqataa, tan iyo butyne. Isomers of lafaha carbon ayaa pentyne, raaceen by homologues ah. Qaraabo in debaajiga xaafuun uusan ka muuqan regioisomers Consort alxamaad.

The etinylesttriadiol ugu horeysay 4 homolog - gaaska, si liidata L. biyo. Acetylenic Consort C ₅ - C ₁₅ - dheecaan. Adkaha waa homologs ethynyl bilaabo C ₁₇ hydrocarbon. nooca kiimikada ee alkynes sarkhaansan weyn curaarta xaafuun. Consort of this nooc firfircoon ka badan ethylene, Qurub kala duwan ku xiran yihiin. Waxay ku salaysan ethynyl hantida this si ballaaran loo adeegsado warshadaha iyo technology. In sari ee alxamaad, xaddi weyn oo kulaylka oo wax lagu jaro gaaska iyo biraha alxanka.