Taariikhda 1918-1939 Polish Republic ayaa, xuduudaha, xukuumadda

Ka dib markii dhamaadkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka on map of Europe, Poland cusub. Dalkan tixgeliyo laftiisa bedelka ee Boqortooyada hore jirtay ka hor inta Risaalo ka qarnigii XVIII ka. ka qaanuunka Ruush sii daayay, oo polish ah sidaas abuuro labaad Rzeczpospolita. In 1939 waxaa loo heystey ciidamada Nazi Germany iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti.

Xaaladan Jamhuuriyadda

The taariikheeya Polish rasmi ah waxaa loo arkaa in Republic of Poland (1918-1939) muuqday November 11, 1918. On maanta ee Warsaw, uu hubka iyo Kipury ciidankii Jarmal. Kooxda Jarmalka ayaa soo galeen Poland, kaas oo si rasmi ah waa qayb ka mid ah Empire Ruush ah. Boqortooyada Tani mar dambe ma ahaa. Dagaalkii sokeeye Ruush ahaa hirarkii, iyo waxa aan ahaa ilaa iyo Poland.

Ka dib markii la aasaaso si Council Regency Warsaw la abuuray. Waxa uu ku wareejiyay awooda in Yuzefu Pilsudskomu - hoggaamiyaha Polish Socialist Party iyo geesi qaranka. Madaxa cusub ee gobolka sameeyay dowladda uu madax ka Endzheem Morachevskii. sharciyada Isla muhiim ah la qaatay maalintii siddeed saacadood, ammaanka bulshada iyo T. D. Pilsudsky, inkastoo uu ahaa hantiwadaag ah oo ka hor imanaya si ay awood, tagay aragtidiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu lahaa tanaasul la Bidixda, si ay u qabsadaan si ay xilka dalka.

aqoonsi caalami ah

Horeba January 1919 ee Republic of Poland (1918-1939) soo maray isku day afgambi abortive ugu horeysay. Ka dib markii dowladda Pilsudski in beddelay. Taasi waxaa xigay aqoonsi caalami ah madax-bannaanida Poland iyo sharcinimada ay amar. Waxaa ka mid ah taageerayaasha Pilsudski ahaayeen Maraykanka, France, England iyo Italy. February 20-dejinta Sejm isaguu u doortay inuu post ee ka mid ah madaxda gobolka iyo hoggaamiyaha ugu sarreeya.

Marka Jamhuuriyadda Poland (1918-1939) oo kacday oo keliya, xuduudaheeda weli la hubin. Just dhamaaday dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo haatan Europe, waxay ahayd lagama maarmaan in ay ku heshiiyaan on a xuduudaha cusub gudaha. In 1919, ku Treaty of Versailles la saxiixay. Tan iyo Germany aqoonsan gardarooday ka iyada eryay bakhtiistay waslad weyn oo dhulka. Poland u tageen inay gobolkii Posen iyo qayb ka mid ah Pomerania. Gdansk ayaa laga helay magaalada ku lifaaqan free.

Waxaa hadhay arrinta la xalin of Silesia. In gobolka this aan ku noolaa sida Poles iyo Jarmalka, in kastoo meelaha weli iska leh Germany. In 1919-1921 GG. waxaa jiray kaliya seddex kacdoonkii qaran ee Slavs ah. Dhowaan la sameeyey League of Nations go'aansadeen in ay kala qaybiyaan Silesia, si looga fogaado khilaafaadka mustaqbalka. Qayb ka mid ah gobolka this ahaa kuna lifaaqan Poland sida gobolka madax banaan.

khilaafaadka Border

Sidoo kale hadhay xaaladda adag on soohdimaha bari. First Polish Republic (1918-1939) adkaaday ee waddaniyiinta Ukraine, kuwaas oo doonayay in la dhiso dowlad madax bannaan. Si dhakhso ah in la badalay Communists ah. In 1919, dagaalka Soviet-Polish. Waayo, Lenin iyo taageerayaashiisa, xilli ay ahayd oo keliya tallaabada ugu horraysa ee kacaanka dunida proletarian ah.

Ciidamada Soviet xataa gaadhay Vistula iyo ku jiray agagaarka Warsaw. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ciidanka Polish bilaabay counterattack ah guusha iyo in ay Minsk yimid. Riga Peace Treaty la saxiixay 1921. Poland ayaa go'an ee gobollada galbeed ee Ukraine iyo Belarus.

oo soohdintu waxay koonfureed ee gobolka Czechoslovakia la isku raacay maamulka xagaagii 1920. Markaas laba dal oo kala Gobolka Cieszyn. isla dayrta in ciidamada Marshal Pilsudski qabtay Vilnius. Sayidka, Rzeczpospolita Labaad ayaa aasaasay awood meelaha afka Polish ahaa aasaasiga ah ama caadi ah ka mid ah dadka deggan. Hay'adaha State ayaa qotomiyey fowdo ah. Poland, Russia iyo dalalka kale ee Yurub inay ka soo kabsadaan dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka muddo dheer.

The afgambi May

In 1924, oo ah dib u habaynta dhaqaalaha muhiim ah lagu qaaday. zloty lacagta cusub ee Poland bedelay sumadda jir. Laakiin, inkastoo uu dib u habaynta dhaqaalaha ee dawladda, xaaladda Poland ahaa muhiim ahayn. dalka ayaa la hayo sicir. The tacsida iyo, ka sii muhiimsan, ciidamada waxay ahaayeen faraxsanayn. Rzeczpospolita Second aan la qaabeynta isku joogi karo. Inta badan sii waday in ay rajo Yuzefa Pilsudskogo.

Isaga oo taageero u noqday Febuary, waxgaradka iyo ciidankiisii. Pilsudski caawiyay Wasiirka War Żeligowski, kuwaas oo oggolaaday ka waddo ballaaran. Tan iyo asturidda Marshal u muuqday ciidan faro badan. In May 1926, waxa ay u guureen Warsaw. Dagaal la taageerayaasha xukuumadda socday saddex maalmood. Ugu dambeyntii, on May 15 magaalada gacanta ugu Pilsudski ahaa. Labo todobaad kadib uu dib loo doortay Madaxweynaha Poland, laakiin iska casilay.

habka Brest

In 1931-1932 GG. Pilsudski ugu danbeyn helay takhaluso horjeeda siyaasadeed. Sida laga soo xigtay oogo, maamulka xiray xubno hore ee Saeima, kuwaas oo ka soo horjeeda taliska kumeelgaar cusub.

maxkamad Brest lagu qabtay iyaga u taliya. Waxaa loo magacaabay waayo, meesha lagu hayo. Waxay ahaayeen xukunkooda ku jiray dhufayskii Brest ah. Qaar ka mid ah mucaaradka ahaa awoodaan in ay hijroodaan si Czechoslovakia ama France. Inta kale muddo uu xabsiga u adeegeen, oo dhab ahaantii lagu tuuraa nolosha siyaasadeed ee dalka. Talaabooyinkani waxay oggol yahay taageerayaasha Pilsudski ee joogaan awood ilaa dayrta ee Polish Republic Labaad.

kumeelgaar ah

Pilsudski taageeray musharaxnimada ee Ignacy Mościcki sida madaxa gobolka. Waxa uu noqday Madaxweynihii dalka ilaa 1939, markii ay soo gashay Wehrmacht ah. Waxaa la aasaasay nidaam ah talisnimo, taasoo isku hallaysay ciidamada. Under amarka cusub ee xukuumadda ee Republic of Poland ayaa laga badiyay inta badan ay awood.

hab-dhafka ah loo yeedhay debridement. The mucaaradka oo ka soo horjeeda dabcan Pilsudski (oo uu si weyn u saamayn siyaasadda guud) noqday maxkamad xukumada. Si rasmi ah talisnimo sida mid amar aad dhexe waxaa ku qoran dastuurka cusub ee 1935. Waxay tilmaamaysaa aasaaska kale oo muhiim ah ee nidaamka dawliga ah, tusaale ahaan, in dawladdu Polish aqoonsan yahay oo kaliya, inkastoo jiritaanka laga tirada badan yahay qaranka ee gobollada qaarkood.

Heshiiska la Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Germany

Pilsudski ee 1926 ayaa noqday wasiirka arrimaha Milatariga. Isagu waa in si buuxda gacanta ugu ah siyaasadda dibadda ee dalka. Waxa uu u suurtagashay in ay xasilin xiriirka ay deriska. In 1932 wuxuu la saxiixay heshiis nonaggression Midowga Soofiyeeti ah, iyo xadka ay la Poland heshiiyey oo la xalin. heshiis la mid ah oo saxeexan la Republic of Germany ee 1934.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, heshiisyo kuwanu waxay ahaayeen aan lagu kalsoonaan karin. Pilsudski ma ku kalsoon Communists ah, iyo xataa yar naasiga in ay awood u yimid in Germany. Poland, Russia, Reich Saddexaad oo ay xiriir sir ah oo adag il xiisadda oo dhan of Europe. Isku dayga in ay u ciyaaraan nabad ah, Pilsudski sugayay taageero ka UK iyo France. Wasiirka Arrimaha Military, dhintay May 12, 1935. Sababo la xiriira dhimashada sirkaalka wax qora ee markii ugu horeysay oo la soo dhaafay ee taariikhda Polish Republic labaad ee lagu dhawaaqay baroordiiq qaran.

Polonization

In muddo ah interwar, Poland ahaa dal caalamiga ah. Waxaa xiran xaqiiqada ah in ay ka taliyaan ee Commonwealth waxay ahaayeen dhulal in ugu horrayn biiray ololaha qabsashadii ciidamada dalalka dariska ah. Ulaha ahaayeen in ku dhow 66% ee dalka. Gaar ahaan yar oo iyaga ka mid ahaayeen in bari ee Commonwealth.

Ukraine lagu tiriyaa 10% dadweynaha, Yuhuuddii - 8%, Rusyns - 3%, iwm Kaleidoscopeka Tani qaranka ciday keentay in isku dhacyada ... In si ay u bartey simi soo baxay is burinaya, maamulka fuliyay siyaasadda polonization - taribuunka ka mid ah dhaqanka Polish iyo afka Polish meelaha ay deggan yihiin qowmiyadaha tirada yar.

khilaafka Těšín

In qeybtii labaad ee 30-mada ay xaaladda caalamiga sii xumaaday. Adolf Hitler ku adkeystay on laabashada dalka Jarmalka laga qaadi ka dib dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka. Heshiiska caanka Munich la saxiixay 1938. Germany helay Sudetenland, kaas oo si Czechoslovakia lahaayeen, laakiin deggan yahay inta badan by Jarmalka. Isla mar ahaantaana Poland aan kana noogin fursad uu ku sameeyo cabasho in ay koonfurta deriskiisa.

September 30, 1938 Czechoslovakia soo diray danbays ah. Prague dalbaday inuu ku soo laabto gobolka Cieszyn ah, taas oo ay sabab u tahay dhegyadii qaranka ee gobolka ayaa sheegay in ay Poland. Maanta, sababta oo ah dhacdooyinka lagu hoobtay ee dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka, khilaafka this maahin xusuustay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu ahaa 1938, Poland weerareen Tesin, ka faa'iidaysanaya dhibaatada Sudeten.

Hitler ee ballantaas

In kasta oo ay Heshiiska Munich ee, rabitaanka cuntada Hitler ee kaliya koray. Bishii Maarso 1939, Germany dalbaday in Poland laabto Gdansk (Danzig) iyo in la siiyo waddada ah ee East Prussia. In Warsaw, dhamaan sheegashada diiday. March 28, Hitler qarxay heshiis aan gardarada u dhexeeya Germany iyo Poland.

Bishii August, Reich Saddexaad gabagabeeyay heshiis la Midowga Soofiyeeti. maamuuska document sir ah ka mid ah heshiis ah oo ku saabsan kala qeybinta Yurubta Bari galay goobo saamayneed. Stalin iyo Hitler helay in ay nus ka mid ah Poland. -taliyeyaal New dibadda joogay line Curzon ah. Waxaa Dirk sidiisa qowmiyadaha dadweynaha. Si bari waxaa ka mid ah ku noolaa Lithuanians ah, Belarusians iyo Ukraine.

shaqo ee dalka

September 1, 1939 Ciidamada ee Nazi Germany xadka Polish-German. Dawladda ayaa si wadajir ah ula Ignacy Mościcki laba toddobaad ah ayaa u cararay dalalka deriska la Romania. ciidanka Polish ahaa wax badan ka nugul yihiin Jarmal ah. Ololahan transience loo dejiyay.

Intaa waxaa dheer, September 17, Ciidamada Soviet weeraray bariga Poland. Oo waxay gaadheen Line Curzon ah. Lions Red Army iyo Wehrmacht ka wada weerareen. Ulaha, hareereeyey on labada dhinac, ma joojin kari waayay lama huraan ah. By dhamaadka bisha waddanka oo dhan waxaa degan. September 28 Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Germany ayaa si rasmi ah isku raacay in ay cusub xuduudaha. Rzeczpospolita Second dayn inay ka jiraan. nooleenta ee gobolka Polish ahaa ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka. dalka ayaa waxaa ku rakiban nidaam communist daacad u ah USSR.

Xukuumadda Polish intii lagu jiray dagaalka, waxay ahayd in la masaafuriyey. Ka dib markii ay Powers Western kula heshiiyey Midowga Soofiyeeti on mustaqbalka of bariga iyo badhtamaha Europe, wuxuu joogsaday in la aqoonsado in Mareykanka iyo UK. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dowladda ee Hijrooday ee sii waday in ay jiraan ilaa 1990. Oo markaas waxaan lagu wareejiyay regalia madaxweynaha cusub uu hoggaaminayo ku Saddexaad Rzeczpospolita Lech Walesa.