System Computer Architecture: Qoondaynta iyo

xal computer Modern loo kala saari karaa oo ku salaysan waxay Xukumeen in naqshadda dhismaha gaar ah. Laakiin waxay noqon kartaa? Maxay yihiin hababka ugu muhiimsan ee si fahamka ee xilli?

Architecture nidaamyada computer sida set oo ah qaybaha hardware

Waa maxay nuxurka ereyga "nidaam computer naqshadaha"? Under xilli ku habboon in meesha ugu horeysa waxa loo fahmi karaa gabi ahaanna ka mid ah qaybaha elektarooniga uu ka samaysan yahay PC ah, iskaashi ee qaab dhismeedka of geynta ah oo isticmaalaya noocyada kala duwan ee interfaces.

Tiirarka ugu muhiimsan kuwaas oo ka mid ah nidaamka kombiyuutarka:

• ah la gelin qalab;
• chip computer ugu weyn;
• qalab for kaydinta xogta;
• qaybaha for soo saarka.

Taa baddalkeeda, mid kasta oo qaybaha soo xulay waxaa ka mid ah tiro badan oo ah qalab shakhsi. Tusaale ahaan, chip ugu weyn computer ka mid ah waxaa laga yaabaa in processor a, chipset on motherboard, unit naqshadeynta nidaaminta. Sayidka processor isla koobnaan kartaa waxyaalo kale, tus, xuduntii, diiwaanka kayd.

Iyadoo la raacayo, dhab ahaan, qaab-dhismeedka qaybaha hardware gaarka ah ee PC ee, la go'aamiyo waxa naqshadaha dhisay nidaam computer. Tixgeli aasaasiga ah shuruudaha sida ay Kuwanu ama kale Kombuyuutarada xal qasac loo kala saari.

Qoondaynta oo ah nidaam computer

Iyadoo la tixraacayo habka caadiga ah ka mid ah khubarada, computer on naqshadaha ee nidaamka ka mid noqon kara:

• si mainframes;
• a-computer mini,
• kombiyuutaro shakhsiyeed.

Waa in la ogaadaa in soocidda this kombiyuutarka xal, sida laga soo xigtay oo la go'aamin karaa by Architecture-ka mid ah nidaamka kombiyuutarka, khubaro badan loo arkaa huriye. Gaar ahaan, isla maanta kombiyuutarada shakhsi loo qaybin karaa tiro badan oo ah noocyada, ujeedada aad duwana iyo sifooyinka.

Sayidka, sida horumarinta nidaamyada computer, naqshadaha computer loo kala saari karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo shuruudaha kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee nidaamka magacaabayo waxaa loo arkaa inay dhaqanka. Waxaa muhiim ah in aad uga fiirsada si faahfaahsan. Sida laga soo xigtay iyada si, nooca ugu horeysay ee kombiyuutarada - kuwa la xiriira Architecture-ka mid ah mashiinada waaweyn.

mainframe

Mainframe ama mainframes, inta badan loo isticmaalo warshadaha - sida xarumaha macluumaadka ee habka wax soo saarka ee kala duwan. Waxay lagu rakibi karo awood badan, aad u chips-waxqabadka sare.

nidaamka kombiyuutarka naqshadaha la oran karo in ay fuliyaan ilaa dhowr tobanaan bilyan oo xisaabaha per labaad. incomparably tahay mainframes qaalisan nidaamyada kale. Sida caadiga ah, ay dayactir u baahan tahay ka qaybgalka tiro caddaalad ah oo waaweyn dadka aqoonta loo baahan yahay. Marar badan, shaqadooda waa la fuliyay tafaraaruq ka dhex jiro, abaabulan sida xarunta xogta ganacsiga.

Minicomputer

Architecture nidaamyada computer iyo shabakadaha computer ku salaysan iyaga on matali karaan by go'aanada lagu tilmaamay inay mini-kombiyuutarada. Guud ahaan, ay u shaqeeyaan waxaa laga yaabaa in la mid ah in ay dhacdo mainframes: Isticmaalka aad caadi u ah nooca habboon ee warshadaha computer. Laakiin sida caadiga ah, waxay u muuqdaan in ay isticmaalaan ganacsatada yar, ganacsiyada dhexdhexaad ah, ururada cilmi ah.

Modern minicomputers Fursadaha

Marar badan, isticmaalka kombiyuutarada, kuwaas waxaa lagu fuliyaa si hufan si ay u wax ku ool ah u maareeyaan nidaamka shirkadaha. Sayidka, ee ku xiran xal loo isticmaali karaa, gaar ahaan, sare-qabadka server. Waxa kale oo ku qalabaysan Processor aad u awood badan, sida, tusaale ahaan, Xeon PHI-ka Intel. chip Tani shaqeyn karaan heerka ka badan 1 teraflops weyn. processor ku haboon waxaa loogu talagalay wax soo saarka ee technology-socodka of 22 nm iyo bandwidth xasuusta in qiimaha 240GB / C5 ah.

kombiyuutarada shakhsi

Nooca soo socda ee naqshadaha computer - PC ah. Malaha, waa kuwa ugu badan. Kumbiyuutarada la mid ma aha oo awood badan sida mainframes iyo waxqabadka sare iyo micro-kombiyuutarada, laakiin in kiisas badan oo ay awoodaan si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka berrinkii warshadaha iyo sayniska, in aan ku xuso hawlaha user caadiga ah, sida bilaabay codsiyada iyo ciyaaraha.

Muuqaal kale oo xusid mudan in calaamad u ah kombiyuutarada shakhsi waa in khayraadka la isku dari karaa. Awoodda Kombuyuutarada ah tiro ku filan oo waaweyn oo kombuyuutar, sidaas, waxay noqon kartaa mid u dhigma waxqabadka naqshadaba computer, fasalka ka sareeya, laakiin, dabcan, si ay u gaaraan heerka magacaaban via PC ah waa mid aad u dhibaato.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, naqshadaha ee nidaamyada computer, shabakadaha PC-ku salaysan waxa lagu gartaa dabacsanaan, marka la eego fulinta ee kala duwan ee warshadaha, helitaanka iyo scalability.

kombiyuutarada Personal: soocidda

Sida aan kor ku xusay, PC ah loo kala qaybin karaa noocyo badan. Ka mid ah kuwa: desktops, laptops, kiniin, PDAs, telefoonada smart - isku ah PC iyo telefoonka.

Sida caadiga ah, ee naqshadaba desktop ugu awooda badan oo wax soo saar leh hantidaan, awood ugu yaraan - casriga ah iyo taarikada sabab u ah size yar iyo baahida loo qabo in si weyn loo yareeyo khayraadka hardware ah. Laakiin qaar badan oo ka mid ah qalabka ku habboon, gaar ahaan lagu daydo-dhamaadka sare ee xawaaraha, in mabda, u dhigma ugu daydo hoggaamineed ee buugaagta iyo desktops miisaaniyadda.

Award-dirka computer caddaymo ay milgadaa: in kala duwan noocyada, waxay kartaa cinwaanka caadiga ah user hawlaha, wax soo saarka, sayniska, shaybaar. naqshadaha Software nooca ku haboon nidaamyada computer, in kiisas badan oo ku habboon isticmaalka muwaadin caadi ah oo aan haysan tababar gaar ah, qofkaa waxaa loo baahan karaa, la mainframe ama minicomputer shaqeeya.

Sida loo ballamay shaqo ee xisaabeed xal u PC?

Faraj ugu weyn ee xal Kombuyuutarada mid noqoshada in PC a - xaqiiqda ah ee uu orientation shakhsiyeed. Taasi waa nooca ugu habboon ee computer loogu talagalay ugu horeyn si ay hawshooda u ah user hal. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khayraadka kaabayaasha badan oo ay jeedaa, waa raacsan bulshada ee dabiiciga ah, waxa loo arki karaa in isticmaalka Internet-ka. Iyada oo xalka Kombuyuutarada shakhsi, waxtarka wax ku ool ah oo ay suunka la hagaajin karaa oo kaliya in ay dhacdo qof si ay u helaan ilaha xogta ee ay dadka kale.

Qoondaynta of software for naqshadaba computer: mainframes iyo minicomputers

Oo ay la socdaan kala soocidda kombiyuutarada, waxaan ku kor baaray, sidoo kale waxaa jira shuruudaha loogu daro hal ama category kale ee barnaamijyada in loo xiraa on noocyada kala duwan ee kombiyuutarada. Sida mainframe iyo ku xir on ujeedada, iyo xaaladaha qaarkood, minicomputers waxqabadka, ka dibna waxay u muuqdaan in la gaadho suuragalnimada in ka qaybgalka nidaamyada hawlgalka badan, loo habeeyey si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka wax soo saarka gaar ah. Gaar ahaan xogta OS lagu talo galay karaa in uu ordo noocyo kala duwan oo qalabaynta, virtualization, sal-dhigida heerarka warshadaha, is-dhexgalka leh noocyada kala duwan ee isticmaalka codsiga software.

Qoondaynta of software: PC

Software for dhaqanka kumbiyuutarada qasac loo soo bandhigi kala duwan, filaayo in xal, oo ka bacdi, user hawlaha, iyo sidoo kale kuwa wax soo saarka aan u baahnayn heerka waxqabadka calaamad u ah mainframes iyo minicomputers. Waxaa jira, sidaas, barnaamij loogu talagalay PC, warshadaha, sayniska, shaybaarka. naqshadaha Software nidaamyada computer ah nooca ku haboon waxay ku xiran tahay industry ee ay codsatay, ka heer la filayo aqooneed ee user, waayo, waa wax iska cad in xal xirfadeed for design warshadaha laga yaabaa in aanay ku haboonayn qof aqoon aasaasi ah oo keliya barnaamijyada computer.

software PC ee noocyada qaarkood waa in kiisas badan oo interface ah dareen leh, dokumentiyo kala duwan tixraaca. Taa baddalkeeda, xoogga mainframes iyo mini-kombiyuutarada in si buuxda loo isticmaali karaa, la siiyaa ma aha oo kaliya in la raaco tilmaamaha, laakiin sidoo kale dadka isticmaala si joogto ah inuu isbedel ku dhismeedka codsiyada socda ka dhigi, waayo, taasu oo waxaa laga yaabaa in u baahan tahay aqoon dheeraad ah, tusaale ahaan, la xidhiidha isticmaalka luqadaha barnaamijyada.

Heerarka naqshadaha software PC

Fikradda ah "naqshadaha nidaamyada computer" sayniska buugga, taas oo ku xidhan aragtida qoraaga, waxa loo turjumi karaa siyaabo kala duwan. fasiraad kale ee caadiga ah muddada la xiriira soo jeedisay in ay xiriir la Heerarka software. Marka ay tani macno ah ma waxa nidaam computer gaar ah oo u dhiganta heerka software fuliyo.

Iyadoo la tixraacayo hab this, naqshadaha computer ah waa in la fahamsan yahay set oo ah noocyada macluumaadka, hawlaha, sifooyinka software kala duwan actuated si ay u ilaaliyaan hawlaha ka mid ah qaybaha hardware of computer ka, iyo sidoo kale in la abuuro xaalad hoos oo user ku isticmaali kartaa khayraadka, kuwaas oo si dhab ah.

layers software Architecture

Khubarada aqoonsado naqshadaha soo socda aasaasiga ah ee nidaamka kombiyuutarka ee macnaha guud ee hab waxgarashada ugu muddada:

• xal Kombuyuutarada naqshadaha macquulka digital - dhab ahaantii, hardware PC qaab modules kala duwan, unugyada diiwaanka - tus, oo ku yaalla dhismeedka processor,
• microarchitecture at fasiri microprograms kala duwan;
• naqshadaha baahin kooxo gaar ah - heerka Assembly,
• fasiraadda naqshadaha oo ka mid ah amarrada la xiriira iyo fulinta ee code software, nidaamka qalliinka cad;
• naqshadaha duwidda in u ogolaanaya in ay isbedel ku codes barnaamijka ee noocyada kala duwan ee software ka dhigi;
• luqadaha heer sare ah naqshadaha, ogolaado in aad in uu u qaabeeyo codes barnaamijka si wax looga qabto baahida isticmaalka arrimo gaar ah.

The qiimaha soocidda software naqshadaha

Dabcan, kala soocidda ee macnaha guud ee xilli ciyaareedkan sida heerka software sax ah, waxay noqon kartaa mid aad u aabo yeelin. naqshadaha Computer iyo design nidaamyada computer, iyagoo ku xidhan waafajinta iyo Noqosho, u baahan karaan habab kala duwan si ay u horumarinta heerarka kala soocidda ee software-ka iyo, dhab ahaantii, in la fahmo nuxurka ereyga su'aasha.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in aragti matalaad xogta iyo faham ku filan yahay muhiimad weyn, tan iyo markii ay gacan ka geysaneysaa horumarinta hababka fikradeed ku ool ah in dhismaha ee noocyada kala duwan ee kombiyuutarka kaabayaasha, awood horumarinta in ay tayadoodii xal ay u baahida dadka isticmaala ay u xalliyaan masalooyin gaar ah.

oo kooban

Sidaas daraaddeed, waxaan ku qeexay nuxurka ereyga "nidaam computer naqshadaha," jidka taas oo la oran karo waa, ku xiran tahay macnaha gaar ah. Iyadoo la tixraacayo mid ka mid ah qeexitaan dhaqanka hoos dhismeedka hardware dhiganta naqshadaha PC waxaa laga fahmi karaa, waxa predetermines heerka wax soo saarka, takhasuska, shuruudaha xubnaha. Habkan ku lug leedahay qoondaynta ee naqshadaba computer casriga ah 3 qaybood oo waaweyn - mainframes, minicomputers, iyo PC (kaas oo, ee jeedo, sidoo kale waxaa lagu matali kara noocyada kala duwan ee xal kombiyuutarka).

Sida caadiga ah, nooc kasta oo naqshadaba, kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu xaliyo dhibaatooyin gaar ah. Mainframes iyo minicomputers ayaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa in industry. Iyada oo gargaar ah PC waxaa sidoo kale suurto gal ah si ay u xalliyaan ballaaran kala duwan ee wax soo saarka hawlaha, si ay u fuliyaan injineernimada - Waxaa sidoo kale loo habeeyey baahisey naqshadaha of computer nidaamka. Laboratory shaqada, sayniska tijaabo la farsamo NOQOSHADA cad oo wax ku ool ah.

Kale oo fasiraad ka mid ah dheer, in su'aasha, waxa soo jeedinaya a xiriir la gaar software heerarka. Dareenkan, naqshadaha ee nidaamyada computer - barnaamij shaqo, ay hubisaa in hawlaha ay PC iyo sidoo kale in la abuuro xaalado for isticmaalka awoodeeda kombiyuutarka ku dhaqanka si wax looga qabto kuwa ama hawlaha kale ee user.