Sida loo helo ka alkane ah alkane? Maxaa dheeraad ah waxaa laga heli karaa alkane ah?

Study of dhismeedka xeryahooda organic, guryaha kiimikada muujiyey by falcelinta, u ogolaan in ay soo saaraan noocyo kala duwan ee wax soo saarka iyo alaabtiisii oo ka mid ah alaabta ceeriin isku. Processing ee Consort soo saaray furfuraya masalooyin badan. Si aad su'aasha ah: "Sidee si aad u hesho ka ah alkane alkane" sayniska kiimikada iyo dhaqanka oo saliid ah arrinkaas siiyo jawaabo lagu qanci karo. Ina keena aynu baaro dhibaatada ah ee xiriirka ka mid ah fasalada kala duwan ee Consort iyo sidoo kale taagayo ay. Diiradda on hababka warshadaha ee ka baaraandegidda qalabka carbonaceous.

relatedness hidda walxaha organic

In marxaladaha hore ee waxbarasho iyo wax soo saarka ee Consort iyo taagayo farmashiye u maleeyeen in kooxahan ee go'doonka ka ah midba midka kale. Tartiib tartiib u ururay macluumaad daadiya iftiin on xiriirka hidaha ee fasalada ugu weyn ee walxaha. Dadaalka ugu weyn ayaa diirada saaraysaa raadinta siyaabo lagu beddelo qaab dhismeedka, la kordhiyo si ay nafteeda. Dhibaatooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee cilmi-af iyo qoraal tijaabo:

• sida loo helo ka alkane ah alkane;
• sida loo farsameeyo dhuxusha, saliidda cayriin iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah,
• sida si ay u qabtaan dehydrogenation ee Consort cokan,
• labadaba ka alkane ah si aad u hesho alkyne (alxamaad).

Cilmi iyo xirfadleyaasha ku arkay in ay jiraan wax badan oo guurka labada dhinac ka mid ah in ay ka Consort kale.

Muhiimadda la taaban karo ee xiriirka hidde aasaasiga ah noocyada kala duwan ee xeryahooda

midnimada xeryahooda shidaalka ayaa la caddeeyey in Samaynta chemistry organic sida warshadaha sayniska iyo wax soo saarka ah. In horumarka dhibaato this - sida loo helo ka alkane alkane ah - kaalin muhiim ah by farmashiye organic Ruush iyo Soviet sameeyey. Qaar badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa ujeedooyin kuwaas oo, ah cadaanyo-Isbadal yihiin geeddi socodka horseed la fuliyaa on farsamooyinka qalafsan. xiriir dhow iyo transformations is xeryahooda organic waxaa loo isticmaalaa si ay u xaliyaan shaqooyin kala duwan wax ku ool ah oo ay ku jiraan:

• qaata mid ka mid noocee ah wax cayriin ee noocyada kala duwan ee qalabka,
• soo saarka alaabta oo adag in Halabuurka ka xeryahooda ka sahlan, iyo qeybsanaan ku xigeenka;
• sii daayo of noocyo kala duwan oo alaab, kaas oo ay leeyihiin baahida sare;
• nafaha badan yaraadan khayraadka shidaalka dabiiciga ah;
• adeegsiga qumman ee daamurka saliid-dhuxusha, Shale saliid, Peat.

Qaab dhismeedka ilaha dabiiciga ah carbon

Dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee Consort dabiici ah looga helo tiro la taaban karo. Waxay u adeegaan sida qalabka ee processing iyo diyaarinta xeryahooda organic ah darey kala duwan laga bilaabo. Ilaha ugu muhiimsan ee alkanes iyo alkenes:

1. gaaska dabiiciga ah. content ee shidaalka xadka methane ee beeraha kala duwan gaaro 80-98%. The xeryahooda haray nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ethane, propane, butane.
2. Oil. Isku dar ah dabiiciga ah ee Consort isomeric ka kayd kala duwan ku kala duwan yihiin ka kooban. In qaar ka mid ah "dahabka madow" alkanes heysatay, kuwa kale ka kooban yihiin cycloparaffins iyo goobaha. Wadini saliid marayay gaasas sidoo kale ku jira paraffins.
3. Cox. Production of dhuxusha ee lagama maarmaanka u ah metallurgy weheliyay siin daamur dhuxusha ay ku jiraan in ka badan 400 oo ka kooban, kuwa ugu muhiimsan - Arena.
4. Khudaarta iyo cuntada alaabta ceeriin - koox weyn oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan qoryo, miraha iyo miraha dalagyada warshadaha, dufanka xayawaanka.

-Guurka u dhexeeya xeryahooda organic suurto gal

Iyada oo qayb ka mid ah lacag dhigaal ah ee "dahabka madow" inta badan waa cycloalkanes joogo ama naphthenes. Qiimeyntu alaabta ceeriin ku siinaya Consort xilliile yarna isagoo 5-7 atamka C ee giraanta, waxa ay leeyihiin qiimaha weyn wax ku ool ah. Sida loo helo ka cycloalkane ah alkane haddii naphthenes kaydka dhammaaday? Xadidaysa xeryahooda hydrocarbon xilliile ka hab dehydrocyclization acyclic cokan waxaa loo isticmaalaa. Chain of 4 ama ka badan atamka C way xiran yihiin, waxaa weeye wareeg ah oo deggan. transformations kale lagu dayan karo walxaha organic laga arki karo ee la wadago ee fudud:

• Consort Petroleum → → → alkane carboxylic acid.
• gaaska dabiiciga ah Consort cokan → → carboxylic acid.
• Dhuxul polymers Consort → → → → alkanes hydrocarbon roodhida.
• Consort Petroleum → → → saaxadda isopropyl-benzene → benzene → acetone, phenol.
• gaaska dabiiciga ah → → ethanol Consort roodhida.
• Dhuxul → methanol.
• Petroleum Consort → → → alkenes butadiene iyo isoprene.

Ha ka fikiro si aynu waxa xarunta kiimikada laga heli karaa by hidde qaraabonimo walxaha organic.

Sida loo helo ka alkane ah alkane

In warshadaha ku dhowaad dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee Consort cokan khayraadka saliida iyo gaaska helay. Turxaan - hab casri ah loo helo alkanes ka alkanes:

A) Consort la shito Liquid siinayaa toos ah muxaadaro oo saliid ceyriin (dhalidda hooseeyo ee alaabta bartilmaameedka).

B) kulul oo arrinkaas horseed oo saliid ah loo isticmaalo kordhinta boqolkiiba darafyadiisa iftiin, hagaajinta tayada Consort ah (baansiin, gaas). jajab saliidda waa hexadecane solyarovoe joogo, taas oo ku siinayaa dodecane suuska iyo butylene. Dodecane durba jajab la shito waa la hoos geliyey in ay sii burbur, waxaa laga helay nonane hydrocarbon cokan iyo propene (alkene). arrinkaas Continued waxay keeni kartaa in formation of heptane oo ethylene.

Isomerization iyo alkylation

isomerization caawintu of alkanes ogolaan dhismeedka caadiga ah jahaysteen hesho: N3S- (CH2) 3 -CH 3 → CH (CH3) 2-CH2-CH3. Shayga geedi socodka this - isopentane. butane Normal ku jira gaasas ku qoslaan Hannaan in falcelinta isomerization waxaa beddelay isobutane. Shayga keentay noqon kartaa alkylated la isobutylene in joogitaanka Hannaan ah iyo si aad u hesho isooctane - shidaal tayo sare leh. Haddii aan soo qaadanno sida wakiilka alkylating ah, ethylene ah, falcelinta la isobutane helay neohexane shidaalka dardaro.

Sida loo helo ka alkene alkane iyo alkadienes

In warshadaha Consort acyclic roodhida la mid bond double waxaa laga heli by petroleum arrinkaas. At heerkul sare, kala daatay ee alkanes (pyrolysis). Alkenes ka culayska guud ee wax soo saarka reaction dhexe iyo final soo kabsaday. Polymer helay dehydrogenation of ethane badan Hannaan nickel ah: C2H6 + C2H4 → H2 ↑. Butane ku hoos jira xaalad la mid ah siinayaa 2-butene, mar formation of ethane oo ethylene. Dehydrogenation awood inoo siineysaa in xal dhibaatada of sida loo helo ka alkadienes ah alkane heli. Marka saarista stepwise laba taagoo of hydrogen ka hydrocarbon, tirintii 4 atamka carbon, ka transformations socda dhacaan: butene butane → → butadiene. Shayga final muhiim u tahay wax soo saarka ee caag synthetic. Sidoo kale diyaar u butadiene polymer kale oo sameeyay dhigiisa dabiiciga ah ee guryaha qiimo leh: isopentane → → caag isoprene isoprene.

Sida of alkane ah si aad u hesho alxamaad

Shidaalka isagoo mid ka mid ah bond xaafuun - alxamaad - waa mid aad u muhiim ah in waaxda warshadaha ah, dhismaha iyo meelaha kale ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale. habka ugu da'da weyn diyaarinta alkyne ugu fudud waxa uu la xidhiidhaa tallaabo biyaha on xabbadood adag ee carbide calcium. In meel of habkan yimid arrinkaas ee gaaska dabiiciga ah. Haddaba shirkadaha warshadaha kiimikada ogaado sida aad u heli ka alkyne ah alkane at qiimaha ugu hooseeya. In qalabka farsamada gaar ah heerkulka sare ama sarkhaansan dheecaan koronto dhacdaa dehydrogenation of methane - maalkii dega gaaska dabiiciga ah: 2SN4 → HC≡CH + 3H2. Alxamaad waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa, waxaa la diyaariyey ka acetaldehyde kaas oo la sii isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee acid acetic, Beeyada dardaro, bacyaal, fiiloyin dardaro, masaxado iyo masaxado.

Sida loo helo garoonka ayaa waxaa ka mid ah Consort cokan

By la shito reactions silsilad keeni benzene iyo taagayo ay. habka iidaan bartay farmashiye Ruush iyo Soviet qarnigii XX ah. Nuxurka ay shaqada la qabtay "Sidee si aad u hesho ka ah alkane, benzene iyo homologues ay" yaraynaysaa in hexane dehydrocyclization ah, heptane iyo Consort kale cokan: S6N14 → C6H6 + 4H2, S7N16 → C6H5-CH3 + 4H2. Hab kale waa u ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee cycloparaffins Consort acyclic raacay by fuuq: hexane → → benzene cyclohexane.

Sida loo helo ethyl iyo alcohols kale ka alkanes

Waqtiyadii hore, su'aasha ah: "Sidee si aad u hesho baxay aalkolada alkane" waxa aan rabay, awowayaasheen loo isticmaalo oo kaliya jidka halsano khamriga ee alaabta sonkorta-ka kooban hoos tallaabada of falgalka khamiir. Dhererka muhiimadda farsamo of ethanol keentay in search a noocyada cusub ee alaabta aan cuntada ahayn in ay soo saaraan ethanol. In qeybtii hore ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay waxa ay noqotay wax lagama maarmaan ah sida xawliga ah u wax soo saarka ee habka caag Lebedev. Mid ka mid ah habka ayaa saadaaliyay A. M. Butlerovym, kuwaas oo ku riyooday in habka ugu raqiisan ee soo saara ethylene waddada ah "si loo helo khamriga." Ilaha ee Consort roodhida yihiin waxyaabaha of arrinkaas batroolka iyo dehydrogenation horseed ee alkanes. Diyaariyey laga ethane, ethylene, kaas oo la oxidized in joogitaanka sulfuric acid: C2H6 C2H4 → → C2H5OH. Fuuq alkenes kale, kuwaas oo sidoo kale laga heli by turxaan siinayaa homologs ethanol dardaro. darrada waxaa ka muujiyay in kharashka nadiifinta dhalashadii labaad ee acid iyo qalabka ka soo saamaynta ay xoqe ilaaliyo. Industry dhaqaaqay habka of fuuq si toos ah alkenes taas oo Xoojiya adag waxaa loo isticmaalaa. Methanol soo saaray intii lagu qayilo ee methane. Polymer iyo homologs ay u adeegaan qalabka sida xawliga ah u wax soo saarka ee alcohols.

Sida laga soo alkanes heli aldehydes iyo acids carboxylic

Ka dib markii lagu xaliyo dhibaatada alaabo raqiis ah sida xawliga ah u aalkolada farmashiye warshadaha ogaado sida aad u heli ka aldehyde ah alkane at qiimaha ugu hooseeya. Mid ka mid ah habka si aad u hesho acetaldehyde - fuuq of alxamaad. Geedi socodka dhan qaadataa meel si waafaqsan nidaamka, gaaska dabiiciga ah CH4 → → → C2H2 CH3-COH. La kordhiyo isticmaalka Consort dabiiciga ah ee wax soo saarka ee khamriga ethyl. maalkiisu waa wax a ceeriin soo saarka ee carbonyl iyo carboxyl xeryahooda. Acetaldehyde waxaa laga heli karaa by dehydrogenation of ethane la formation iman kara of ethanol in falcelinta ee lagu qayilo ama dehydrogenation. Mid ka mid ah fursadaha - qayilo ee ethylene: C2H6 → C2H4 → C2H4O. Sida loo helo ka ah carboxylic acid alkane? Su'aasha in ay ahayd wakhti dheer category dhibaatada. Acetic acid waxaa la aasaasay intii lagu halsano ah ee wax ceeriin cuntada marka muxaadaro engegan oo qoryo. Lahaanshaha ilo alkane heli ogolaanaya qayilo butane iyo hesho cheap acid acetic: C4H10 2 + ½ O2 + H2O → 2SN3SOON. wax soo saarka diyaarin ee acids kale carboxylic, cokan iyo Consort roodhida.

The dhaqaalaha casriga ah ee dunida waa ay adag tahay in la damacsan la'aan gaaska dabiiciga ah, saliidda iyo wax dhuxul. Kuwaas oo kala ah isku dabiiciga ah dhaadheer alkanes kala duwan loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee tiro badan oo ah Avv organic.