Sahan - warshadda macdan qodista ee sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada

sahan History bilowday muddo dheer ka hor - 5 kun oo sano ka hor. Waa maxay - baadhitaan iyo sahan anigaa iska leh. erayada Dibadda xiriira technology, waa marar aad u badan ka soo jeedo dalka Jarmalka. Germany ayaa had iyo jeer ahaa hoggaamiyaha ah oo duurka ku of injineernimada. waxyaabo badan oo la xiriira kala duwan warshadaha, waxay leeyihiin magacyo Jarmal.

Waa maxay sahanka anigaa iska leh

warshadaha oo dhan la xiriira macdanta, sahan anigaa iska leh waxa loo yaqaan. Tarjumaadda suugaan ka hab Jarmal "kala soohdinta" ama mezhevschik. Sahan ku lug leedahay go'aaminta xuduudaha macdanta dhamaystiran ee kayd, laakiin waxa ay weli ku hawlan qeexidda saxda ah ee Halabuurka deebaajiga, oo ay meel aan ollogga gaar ah, horumarinta dantiisa - in dhammaan xiran yahay horumarinta sii fiicnayn iyo hawlgalka deebaajiga. Sahmiyaha ururiyaa dhammaan xogta ka dayactir ku xiga ee ay Fikirka, gunaanad iyo garaafka on qorshaha kor loogu bixiyey.

Kaliya ugaarsiga qadiimiga

Sahan - mid ka mid ah oldest laamood sayniska iyo farsamada. The ugu horeysay Howlaha anigaa back to IV-III qarniyo BC taariikhda. Waxay waa sii raagayaan qaybo ka mid ah dunida oo dhan ilaa maantadan la joogo, waxaan sidoo kale ku jiray xisaabinta iyo sawiro design in ay horumar ka dib. qorsheyaasha Qaar ka mid ah ka dhigay papyri dheeraad ah, ee ciinwaanka - biyo la midab buluug ah, ciid huruud ah. In qoraalada sharaxaadda in sawiro lagu tilmaamay in ay ahaayeen cabbirka geodetic pre. Oo haddii geodesy horay qarnigii waxaan ka helay in ay qalab ugu horeysay - diopter on taasi oo markii dambe theodolite kor loo dhigay, sahan ah ayaa ogolaaday oo kaliya, laakiin wuxuu noqday laan madax bannaan oo kaliya ee qarniyadii dhexe. Iyada oo agaa of meelaha macdanta, dhibaatooyin cusub kac, hawlaha cusub ayaa la dhigay. inta badan anigaa iska leh dhawr milkiilayaasha, iyo xuduudaha u dhaxeeya meelaha ay u lahaa in ay si cad loo qeexay labada dhul iyo meelo hul dheer ay. Tani waxa ay ahayd nuxurka anshaxa cusub. Isla mar ahaantaana, ha ahaataba, waxaa jiray magaceeda - "sahan".

ah ee anshaxa cusub

U muuqataa duwan ee xirfadlayaasha ku lug leh kiiskan oo keliya, farshaxanka cabbirka macdanta bilaabaan wax ku barayay jaamacadaha Dr Makumbe. Qarnigii XV waxaa a qalab xirfadeed hore - wareegtaan buur. Tirada cabbirka loo baahan yahay sugnan ee miinooyinka iyo dhagaxyadii qorqornaa qalabka waqtiga oo dhan sii kordhaya, naqshado uu noqday more casri ah. Waayo, waxqabadka karti shaqada loo baahan yahay by xirfadlayaasha. Tan iyo xisaabinta ayaa la shaqeeya si loo sugo tiro badan oo ah dadka ku jira uurkii dhulka, injineerada ku lahaa si ay u helaan waxbarashada macdanta sare.

sahan anigaa Ruush, sida macdanta oo dhan iyo warshadaha oo dhan, helay wadadii wayn horumarinta hoos Peter I. Qaaday saldhig ahaan gaaro dugsiyada warshadaha Jarmal ayaa kaabaya natiijada saanacyadii Ruush. In Russia, waxaa bilaabay bandhiga suugaanta sayniska gaar ah, qotomiyey workshops for soo saaridda ee alaabta wax sax (isweydaarsiga ee Academy Ruush ee Sciences soo saaray baraheeda, rubuc, astrolabes tayo aad u sarreeya), jaamacadaha furan, taas oo soo saari injineerada oo tayo sare leh. In qarnigii XVIII ee Russia furay machad waxbarasho (dugsiga) ugu horeysay ee ay u diyaar garoobaan oo keliya ku takhasusay macdanta iyo sahan anigaa iska leh. Iyo talooyinka sare oo ka mid ah macdanta iyo warshadaha qodniinka- of Urals ku jiray ee la baray lagu qeexay "Xeerarka Factory" hoos tuduca VI, xaqiiqda ah in post ee sahmiyaha sare, ama mezhevschika, oo kaliya ku takhasusay ee heerka ugu sareeya ee la geeyay.

midabka ah ee sahan qaranka

Habka guud ee sahan sahan horumariyo M. V. Lomonosov. Waayo, samaynta iyo horumarinta sahan anigaa iska leh qaranka sameeyey saynisyahano Ruush badan sida GA Maksimovic, author of buugaagta, PA Olyshev, Abuurtay theodolite Ruush biibiile loola yaabo, G. A. Time, kuwaas oo la daabacay on isticmaalka hage theodolite iyo wareegtaan anigoo ah kiiska. mudnaan Great V. I. Baumana, qabanqaabiyaha oo ka mid ah Congress laba-Union of kormeerayaal xagga Ruush - in 1913 iyo 1921. In 1905, uu daabacay shaqada "Koorsada sahan of art" ka, iyo in 1921 markii ugu horeysay ee Russia (Petrograd Macdanta Institute), qaas ahaan cusub, diyaar-kormeerayaal xagga injineerada la soo bandhigay. Waa in la ogaadaa mudnaanta PM Lentovskogo, kuwaas oo bartay cilmiga this ee France iyo Germany. On uu ka soo laabtay, waxa uu aasaasay magazine ugu horeysay xirfadeed ku saabsan ganacsiga iyo abuuray mashiinka Nigeria sahmiyaha.

In 1938, in Kharkov warshad furay wax soo saarka ee qalabka gaarka ah, kaas oo la sii daayay waqtiyo kala duwan Gyro M-1 oo qoto dheer DA-2.

shaqo fiican - mushaarooyin fiican

In Saarka Russia, xirfadda ah injineer ayaa had iyo jeer lagu xurmayn iyo mushahar fiican. Ipatiev House la magacaabay ka dib markii injineerka Ipatiev, milkiilaha ugu dambeeyey ee guri nagaadi ah. Royal heer sare ah Karaaniga awoodin raaxo guriga iyo si raaxo leh ku nool yihiin. In times Soofiyeeti, qaas ah "Injineer-sahmiyaha" ma lahayn tartan kasta. Waxaa laga yaabaa in hadda wax ka beddeli doono wanaagsan.