Qashinka adkaha ah ee degmada - waa waxyaabaha ama alaabooyinka ayaa laga badiyay guryaha macaamilka. qashinka guriga

qashinka adkaha ah ee degmada - waa alaabta iyo badeecadaha (oo ay ku jiraan jajab) in laga badiyay guryaha ay asalka ah, waxaana lagu tuuraa by ay Milkiilaha. Oo ay la socdaan qashinka warshadaha adag, waxay khatar weyn ku ah deegaanka iyo dib loo isticmaali karo.

qashinka guriga ma yareeyo kaliya xaaladda deegaanka, laakiin sidoo kale il kharashka dheeraad ah ee la xidhiidha ay ururinta iyo qubo. Sida magaalooyinka koraan, kharashka la kordhiyo. Si loo xaliyo dhibaatada qashinka adkaha ah ee dunida ayaa soo saartay farsamooyinka kala duwan ee ay processing. The xal ugu dabiici ah ammaan iyo teknoolajiyada sare waa kala soocan ee qashinka adkaha ah iyo isticmaalka xiga qalab sare ee cayriin.

dhibaatada qashinka adkaha ah

Raasamaal ee qashinka adkaha ah - dhibaato khatar ah. Faddarayn dalkii by noocyada kala duwan ee qashinka ku faafaa ku dhowaad meel kasta. Xaddi weyn waxaa ka mid ah waxaa la kala firdhiyey dushiisa dhulka ee foomka jajabkii ama ay kooxahaasi (meelha). Baabba 'oo waxay ku le'an biyaha badaha.

Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah qashinka adkaha ah - waa wax soo saarka alaabta saliidda iyo gaaska. Waxay yihiin xeryahooda polymeric adkaysi leh dheer bar-nolosha. The ugu deegaanka dhibaataynaya ah oo waa chloride polyvinyl (PCV), kaas oo la xidhiidha content sare ah chlorine in ay ka kooban. Burburka, sida polymers marka la barbar dhigo waa yar ee khatar ku ah deegaanka.

halista deegaanka ee la xidhiidha MSW

Saamaynta qashinka adkaha ah on biosphere kala duwan, oo baaxad ballaadhan oo ku dhowaad dhammaan xaaladaha xun. Options MSW saameyn ku leeyihiin deegaanka sida soo socota:

• Urka of qashinka guriga dusha dhulka ee. bacaha balaastikada ah iyo noocyada kale ee qashinka guriga waa caqabad ku yahay koritaanka dhirta, qayb hoos u dhac in wax soo saarka noolaha, xawaaraha of formation ciidda. Waxay ku taallaa in balliyada, iyo badaha iyo moolalka qashinka reerka saamayn ku yeelan kara nidaamka uumi ka dusha biyaha.
• Wasakhda MSW alaabta suuska. Tani waa dhibaatada ugu daran ee deegaanka ee la xidhiidha qashinka guriga. polymers suuska The xuubsiiban xeryahooda sun ah oo sunta ciidda iyo dhulka biyaha. No waxyaabaha yar waxyeelada leh iyo sari. meelha badan oo si joogto ah waa sigaar, u nijaasayn hawada, gaar ahaan meelaha dadku ku badan yihiin. The ugu khatarta badan oo gaar u ah wax soo saarka sari MSW waa dioxin, kaas oo la sii daayay inta lagu guda jiro soo sari ee PVC. Waxaa loo arkaa ugu sun ah ee sayniska loo yaqaano ee kiimiko ah. Nasiib wanaag, tiro ejection ee dioxin markii gubay ma aha sidaas u weyn oo in waxa uu noqon lahaa sun ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay ka qayb qaateen in wasakhda guud ahaan waa arrin muhiim ah.

Waxa intaa dheer in alaabta kala daatay iyo kiimikada guryaha polymers sari kala duwan, biraha culus, Suuliyada asbestos, Consort iyo walxaha kale oo badan sidoo kale gacan ka wasakhda guud. natiijadu waxay noqon kartaa bahalnimada:

• Burburka xoolaha iyo kalluunka. Daraasado ayaa muujiyey in shimbiraha iyo kalluunka liqi karaan shay caag yar, taas oo mararka qaarkood keenta in ay dhimashada iyadoo ay sabab u raasamaal ee qashinka ee habka dheef shiidka. Halis ugu jira iyo xoolaha in ay ku quudiyaan on meelha, sida itimaalka sare ee lagu sumoobo.
• Daraysa xaaladda caafi. tuulmooyin Qashinka inta badan waa lagu kobciyo wareer ah in loo gudbin karaa meelaha kale ee ay jiirka guri.
• Guuldaradii ugu of racfaanka bilicsanaanta degaanka. Helitaanka dhexdood waxba ha ku qashinka guriga qof kasta jeclaan doonaa. muuqaalka coroge, ur ah, halista qaadista cudurka ah, faddarayn of biyaha ee ilaha - kuwaas oo dhammaantood si weyn u daciifin karaa nasasho ku saabsan nooca.
• Saamaynta on cimilada. filimada caag ah iyo dib u dhac galaas ka imaanaya shucaaca kaamerada of dhulka, taasoo keenta korodhka maxaliga ah ee saamayn lagu koriyo ah iyo heerkulka dusha dhulka ee. accumulations badan oo qashinka waa isha si caddaalad ah oo xoog badan oo ah methane, kaas oo la sii daayay in jawiga, waxay kordhisaa saamayn lagu koriyo ah.
• bixitaanka dalka. Godadka tahay sababta hoos u meel bannaan in loo isticmaali karo dhismaha, la abuuro god oo ama beeraha. Arrintan waa arrin ku habboon, gaar ahaan agagaarka magaalooyinka waaweyn iyo kuwa dhexe.

Qoondaynta oo ah qashinka adkaha ah

Nidaam midaysan tahay horyaalka galay fasalada qashinka adkaha ah kajirin. Markii hore MSW wakiil miisaanka hal total. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qashinka adkaha ah ee degmada - waa mid aad u kala duwan in Halabuurka kiimikada iyo guryaha jirka ah qaybaha ka. Waxaa ugu dhexdooda MSW baahsan yihiin: biraha, caag ah, dhalooyinka, qoryo, waraaqaha garbadyada. In wadamo badan oo kala soocidda qashinka waxaa aasaas u ah ururinta gaar ah iyo dib u warshadaynta. Weli tuuro mass ka dibna lagu kaydiyaa on Russia In ka, waxay Godadka.

Recycling qashinka ee degmada

Asturidda qashinka adkaha ah waxay ku lug leedahay isticmaalka farsamooyinka kala duwan. The ugu caansan hadda jira siyaabo u Wakiil ah qashinka adkaha ah ee degmada - waa:

• Hababka processing farsamo.
• Qubo iyo meelaha adag ee meelha (meelha).
• Gubista.
• processing Complex.
• Isticmaalka bayotechnoolajiyadda.

Removal in geesoolayaashu qashinka adkaha ah waa dhaqanka iyo habka ugu deegaanka dhibaataynaya "qashin" ka MSW. In dalka weli heysta booska hoggaamineed.

In si loo yareeyo mugga, kaas oo ka hadlaya qashinka meelha, waxay inta badan dab lagu shiday, taasoo keentay in faafidda walxaha khatarta ah ee qaybo badan oo sii daraysa ee tayada hawada. Qoondeeyay inta lagu guda jiro soo sari dadaweynaha waxyaabaha leedahay ur aad u fahmayaan oo halis u ah caafimaadka. meelha Cabirka ee dalkeenna waxaa si joogto ah kordhaya.

daaweynta qashinka

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waxaa jira dhawr dariiqo oo lagu qubo. Siyaabaha ugu badan waxay kaa caawin si loo farsameeyo qashinka adkaha ah ee degmada - waa:

• warshadaynta farsamo - waa set oo ah hawlaha farsamada ee ku shiidi, riixaya, briquetting. Waxaas oo dhan waxay keenaysaa in compaction iyo yareeyaan xaddiga qashinka ilaa 10 jeer, taas oo ka dhigaysa gaadiidka fudud iyo kaydinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hababka kaliya nayaa dhibaatada qashin laakiin aan si buuxda u xaliyaan.

• maareynta qashinka Integrated ku lug abuurka dhirta kala soocidda qashinka iyo daaweynta qashinka. In tallaabadii ugu horaysay qashinka la xijaabi ku xiran tahay nooca wax (dhalooyinka, caag, bir iyo D. sidaas on.), Ka dibna soo diray, waayo, processing in dhirta u dhigma. Qaabkan qubo saari karaan inta badan qashinka adkaha ah iyo hesho alaabta ceeriin sare.
• Hababka Biological ogolaan processing in meesha laga saaro inta badan qashinka diyaar u kala daatay ee qaybta organic ee sheyga, kaas oo la beddelay vermicompost ah ee loo yaqaan. Ujeedada this, cadaadis dhaqanka of meeshii dixirigoodu uusan California cas.

briquetting

Briquetting waxaa expediently fuliyay ka dib markii ka fiirsato ka mid ah qaybaha ka qiimo. Haray qashinka mashiin is dulfuulan oo la soo baakadeeyey. The briquettes sameeyay waa sahlan in kaydinta, gaadiidka iyo qashin.

bacrimin

Bacrimin - hab noolaha ee processing taas oo asturidda qashinka adkaha ah waa la fuliyay iyada oo loo marayo abuuridda wax-u tuulmooyin compost. Iyada oo ku xidhan heerka horumarka of compost waxbarashada nolosha technology waa laga 2-10 toddobaad inay 1-3 sano.

Isticmaalka meelaha sida alaabta ceeriin sare

Inta badan waxyaabaha badbaaday kabsaday, waxay keeni in dawlad wanaagsan iyo isticmaali. dhaqanka Tani waxay khusaysaa in qaar ka mid ah magaalooyinka dalka Ruushka. Glass, birta, aluminium iyo macdanaha kale ee ku dhalaali kara iyo isticmaali. Markii labaadna waxaa loo isticmaali karaa oo qayb weyn oo ka mid ah waraaqaha qashinka.

Recycling of bacyaal ka qashinka aan la sameeyey Russia, sida loo arko in yarna. Waxaa intaa dheer, ee dalkeenna waxaa jira kayd badan oo shidaal iyo gaas, kuwaas oo bixiya waxyaabaha sare oo tayo leh ceeriin.

Gubista qashinka adkaha ah

MSW gubista saari karaan xaddi badan oo qashinka, laakiin waxa ay sidoo kale waxay leedahay cillado daran. Marka gubay ee balaastigga hawada ku dhacaan waxyaabo waxyeello, inta badan taas oo dioxin sun.

Sababtan awgeed, in dalalka horumaray ayaa hadda iska dhaqaaqin ka habkan of qashinka. il dheeraad ah faddarayn markii gubanaya MSW bartamaha - a jajabkii qiiqa danbas iyo dalool dhismaha ash ma la gubo oo laga yaabo mid ka mid saddexaad ee mugga hore ee qashinka. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin fasalka ka sarreeya halista badan qashinka asalka adag oo sidaas daraaddeed waxay u baahan yihiin xaaladaha adag ee ka mid ah kaydinta iyo qashin.

Si gubista keenay sida ugu badan ee suurto gal ah in isticmaalka dalalka reer galbeedka waa isku day in aad u isticmaali sida il soo saarka korontada iyo kulaylka. Tani waxa ay yaraynaysaa baahida loo qabo lafo. Tusaale ahaan of this waa guul co gubaha ee Vienna. Waxaa jira teknoolajiyada casriga ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa, iyada oo habka sari uu noqdo mid amaan ah.

Collection of qashinka guriga ee Ruushka

In Russia qaadida qashinka adkaha ah ka meelaha magaalooyinka ah waxaa nidaaminaya by article 13 ee sharciga ku saabsan "saarka iyo isticmaalka qashinka". birta Standard (qashinka karto) waxaa loo isticmaalaa ururinta qashinka. Falkaan ka xilligii Soviet shaqeeya.

Sida caadiga ah, qashinka la amro in bannaan oo u dhaxeeya dhismayaasha aqalka. Currently, isku day waxaa loo sameeyay in ururka ururinta gaar ah oo qashinka, sida waafaqsan qodobka 13 ee Sharciga. separation wuxuu ka kooban yahay in qaybaha soo socda: baakadaha caaga, dharka, warqad, muraayadaha, biraha, qashinka cuntada organic. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, markan in hordhaca ah ee mass of qashinka guriga dhaqanka kala sooca aan la helin.

Ka saarida qashinka adkaha ah

Waayo, gaadiidka qashinka adkaha ah la isticmaalayo mishiin gaar ah - qashinka. Waxay ku kala duwan by sifooyinka soo socda:

• Isticmaalka: mishiinnada loo isticmaalo meelaha la deggan yahay iyo gaadiidka, loogu talagalay in qashinka waaweyn (qashinka weyn) shaqeeyaan;
• by mugga oo jidhka ah;
• sida uu habka of loading;
• nooca qashin seal farsamo;
• dabiiciga ah ee dheecaan ah ee wasakhda adag.

Ujeedada waa gaadiid u qaadidda goobaha qashinka adkaha ah. In magaalooyinka waaweyn, asturidda qashinka ah mid qasan by fog weyn, taas waa in si joogto ah ay ka gudbaan mashiinka.

Ururinta iyo kaydinta ku meel gaar ah oo qashinka

In dalka, ururinta qashinka adkaha ah waa heerka ugu qaalisan ee ay isticmaalka. masaafo dheer, oo waa inay ku aflaxaan gaari qashinka ee magaalada weyn, iyo tiro aad u badan ciidamada qashinka ahbaa in ay qaadaan tallaabooyin qorshaynta qumman ee nidaamka ururinta. Isla sababtaas, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si kor loogu qaado canshuur qaadidda qashinka hay'adaha sharciga ah. Tiro badan oo qashinka oo dheeraad ah ay sabab u tahay hawlgalka warbaahinta ganacsiga, iyo waxay ka dhigan tahay, waayo, ka saarida ee qashin oo kale inta badan waa aan ku filan.

Hal xal oo macquul ah waa in ay bixiyaan xarumaha lagu kaydiyo dhexe MSW ka qashinka weyn u rari kara goobta of isticmaalka isticmaalayo gaadiid kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan tareenada.

Dariiqooyinka loo kala soocayo qashinka

Marka soocidda qashinka waa go'doonsan ka culayska guud ee jajabyada gaar ah in loo diri kartaa dib u warshadaynta. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, hababka soo socda waxaa loo isticmaalaa:

• separation magnetic. Waxay ku salaysan tahay isticmaalka magnet awood badan soo jiidan ku salaysan Alloys biraha ferrous. ratio kabashada wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 90% oo miisaankiisu guud ee biraha ee qashinka.
• separation Electrodynamic. Waxa loo isticmaalaa ka saarida ee aluminium, naxaas ah oo naxaas ah. heerka soo kabashada ka badan 80%.
• Kala aerodynamic waxaa loo isticmaalaa in meesha laga saaro polymer iyo culayska guud ee qashinka warqada. Habkani wuxuu ka kooban yahay in la abuuro socodka hawada xoog leh, dheehan jajabka fududee soocay culus.
• separation ballistic ku salaysan yahay isbeddel lama filaan ah ee xawaaraha iyo jihada dhaqdhaqaaqa ee goobta qashinka, kaas oo u ogolaanaya in la kala saaro qaybaha laastikada ka viscous. Habkaan waxa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu soo saaro ee dhalooyinka iyo qaar ka mid ah noocyada kale ee burburka.

In kasta oo horumar joogto ah hababka qubo, xaddiga qashinka sii kordhaya by 3% sanad kasta.