Nobel Prize ku guuleysatay Russia iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti ee physics, dhaqaalaha, iyo suugaanta

Nobel Abaal waxaa la siiyay sannad kasta Stockholm (Sweden) iyo Oslo (Norway). Waxay waxaa loo tixgeliyaa in abaalmarinta ugu qiimaha caalamiga ah. Aasaasay ay Alfred Nobel - Sweden hindisa, nin afaf ka barto, Kambayuutarada, bani iyo falsafo. Wuxuu hoos ugu tegey, taariikhda sida hindisa ee miinada (kaas oo uu xiranayo ee 1867), ayaa door muhiim ah horumarka warshadaha ee dhulkeenna. In ay diyaarisey axdiga Alfred Nobel waxaa loo sheegay in kaydka oo dhan ka dhigan inay fund ah, ujeedada taas - darto abaalmarino kuwa u suurtagashay in ay keenaan lacagta ugu weyn ku leh Dadka.

Nobel Prize The

Prize abaal maanta beerihii chemistry, physics, daawo, suugaanta. Sidoo kale abaal Prize Nabadda.

Laureates Nobel Ruush waayo, suugaanta, physics iyo dhaqaalaha lagu soo bandhigi doonaa in this article. Waxaad falaysaan doonaa iyagoo qofeed, daahfurtay iyo guulaha.

qiimaha Nobel waa heer sare ah. Sanadkii 2010, ay size ahaa qiyaastii $ 1.5 million.

Foundation Nobel ayaa waxaa la aasaasay bishii 1890.

Ruush Nobel Prize Laureates

Our dalka ku faani karno magacyadoodu ahayd, ammaaneen beerihii physics, suugaanta iyo dhaqaalaha. Kooxda ku guuleysatay Nobel Prize Russia iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti ee goobahaasi waa sida soo socota:

• Bunin I. A. (literature) - 1933.
• Cherenkov P. A., Frank I. M. iyo Tamm I. E. (physics) - 1958.
• Pasternak BL (literature) - 1958.
• Landau L. D. (physics) - 1962.
• Basov N. G. iyo Prohorov A. M. (physics) - 1964.
• Sholohov M. A. (Suugaanta) - 1965.
• Solzhenitsyn AI (literature) - 1970.
• Kantorovich L. V. (dhaqaalaha) - 1975.
• Kapitsa PL (physics) - 1978.
• I. Brodskiy A. (literature) - 1987.
• Alferov ZH I. (physics) -. 2000.
• Abrikosov A. A. iyo Ginzburg, L. (physics) - 2003;
• Andre Geim iyo Novoselov Konstantin (physics) - 2010.

List rajeynayaa sii wadi doonaa sannadihii danbe. Kooxda ku guuleysatay Nobel Prize Russia iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti, magacyada oo aynu kor ku soo xigtay, oo aan lagu soo bandhigay si buuxda, laakiin kaliya meelaha sida physics, suugaanta iyo dhaqaalaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, madaxda dalka ayaa lagu calaamadeeyay in daawada iyo jirka, chemistry, oo helay laba abaalmarinta adduunka ugu. Laakiin, waayo, waxaan ka hadli doonaa waqti kale qaar ka mid ah mar kale.

Laureates Nobel ee Physics

physicists Qaar badan oo dalka la siiyay abaalmarintan qaaliga ah. U sheeg noo dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan qaar ka mid ah.

Tamm Igor Evgenevich

Tamm Igor Evgenevich (1895-1971) wuxuu ku dhashay Vladivostok. Wuxuu ahaa ina injineer madani ah. Sanadkan gudihiisa, waxaan ku jiray Scotland ee Jaamacadda Edinburgh, laakiin markaas guriga ku soo laabtay, waxaanay ka qalinjabisay 1918 ka Kuliyada Physics. saynisyahan Future tageen inay hore ee Dagaalkii Adduunka koowaad, halkaas oo uu u adeegay sidii walaalkiis naxariista. In 1933 wuxuu difaacay sida uu u sha phD, oo sannad ka dib, ee 1934, wuxuu noqday cilmibaadhe ee Institute of Physics. Lebedev. saynisyahan Tani waxaa ka shaqeeya xarumaha sayniska, taas oo ay wax yar ka bartay. Sidaas daraaddeed, wuxuu bartay relativistic (ie, ee la xidhiidha aragtida caanka ah ee relativity, jeediyay Albertom Eynshteynom) Farsamoyaqaan galmada iyo aragtida ah xuduntii qaaradda. In 30meeyada uu goor dambe wada maamula la I. M. Frankom si ay u sharxaan saamaynta Cherenkov-Vavilov - siyasad buluug dheecaan dhacda sarkhaansan yihiin shucaaca gamma. Waa waxbarashada, kuwaas oo uu markii dambe ku guulaystay Nobel Prize. Laakiin Tamm uu guulaha ugu waaweyn ee sayniska tixgeliyo shaqada on daraasadda of Qurub hoose iyo nuclei qaaradda.

Landau Lev Davidovich

Landau Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) waxa uu ku dhashay ee Baku. Aabbihiis soo shaqeeyay injineer petroleum ah. At da'da saddex iyo toban sannadood, saynisyahan mustaqbalka ka college sharaf qalin, iyo sagaal iyo toban, 1927, uu ka University Leningrad qalin. Lev Davidovich uu waxbarashada sii firdhiyey sida mid ka mid ah ardayda ka qalin ugu kartida badan ee foojarka commissar. Halkan uu ka qaybgalay siminaaro ay sameeyeen taasoo keentay physicists Yurub - Paul Dirac iyo Max dhashay. Landau on guriga soo laabtay uu waxbarashadiisa ka sii watay. In 26 sano, oo waxay soo gaadheen heerka uu Doctor of Science, iyo sannad ka dib noqday professor ah. Wada jir ah ula Lifshitsem Evgeniem Mihaylovichem, mid ka mid ah ardayda uu, uu horumariyo koorso ee ardayda ka qalin iyo undergraduate in physics afka baarkiisa. P. L. Kapitsa casuumay Lva Davidovicha in ay ka shaqeeyaan in uu machadka, laakiin dhawr bilood ka dib cilmiga ee 1937 on denunciation been xiray. Muddo sannad ah uu lahaa rajo ma samatabbixin jiray xabsigii, iyo tixraaca oo kaliya in ay Stalin Kapitsa badbaadiyeen nafta naftiisa: Landau ayaa la sii daayay.

talent ee cilmiga ahaa wajiyo badan. Waxaa uu sheegay arrin ku isbeddello ah helium dareere ah, ayuu ka abuuray aragtida ah oo cabitaanno ah galmada iyo bartay oscillations ee plasma electron.

Prohorov Aleksandr Mihaylovich

Prohorov Aleksandr Mihaylovich iyo Basov Nikolay Gennadevich, guuleysatay Nobel Prize Ruush ee cilmiga of physics, helay abaalmarintan qaaliga ah, waayo, been abuurtay ee laser ah.

Qaarna uu ku dhashay Australia in 1916, halkaas oo waalidku uu ku noolaa tan iyo 1911. Waxay la musaafuriyay Siberia dowladda Saarka, ka dibna dibadda u cararay. In 1923, qoyska in ay cilmiga mustaqbalka ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ku soo laabtay. Alexander qalin sharaf ka Department Physics ee Jaamacada Leningrad iyo shaqeyneysey tan iyo 1939 ee machadka. Lebedev. Uu guulihii sayniska la xidhiidha physics raadiyaha. waxaa saynisyahan The kaxaystay 1950 iyo spectroscopy radio-noqnoqoshada lala Basovym Nikolaem Gennadevichem horumariyo ka masers wax-u - oscillators kelli. Thanks to this been abuurtay, ayaa helay hab lagu abuuro hirarka radio xoog. waxbarashada noocan oo kale ah, iyadoo aan loo eegin jaalkooda Soviet sameeyay iyo Charlz Tauns, jirka dadka Maraykan ah, si xubnaha guddiga go'aansadeen in ay wadaagaan abaalmarintan dhexaysiiyey isaga qudhiisa iyo saynisyahano Soviet.

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich

Liiska tagaa on "Laureates Nobel Ruush ee physics". Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (1894-1984) wuxuu ku dhashay Kronstadt. Aabbihiisna wuxuu ahaa nin ciidamada, Lieutenant-General, oo hooyadiis - ururiyaha ee hiddaha iyo macalinka caanka ah. PL Kapitsa ee 1918 ka Institute ee St. Petersburg, halkaas oo uu ka hoos Ioffe Abrama Fedorovicha, jirka dadka u fiican bartay qalin. Macnaha ku jira dagaal sokeeye oo kacaanka macquul ma ahan in la sameeyo sayniska. Kapitsa ayaa xaaskiisa iyo laba carruur ah oo uu ku dhintay inta lagu jiro faafa Harar ah. saynisyahan ayaa u dhaqaaqay England ee 1921. Halkan waxa uu ka shaqeeyay Jaamacadda Cambridge Center caanka ah iyo la taliyaha sayniska jiray Ernest Rutherford, jirka dadka caanka ah. In 1923, Peter Leonidovich noqday dhakhtar ee cilmiga, iyo laba sano ka dib - oo xubin ka ah Trinity College - Ururka mudan ee saynisyahano.

Pyotr Leonidovich inta badan ka shaqeeyay physics tijaabo ah. cryogenics gaar xiiso. Gaar ahaan waxbarashada oo uu dalka Ingiriiska oo gargaar ka Laboratory Rutherford la dhisay, iyo 1934, saynisyahan ayaa abuuray rakibo ah liquefaction ee helium. Petr Leonidovich sanadihii kuwa inta badan ahaa guriga, iyo inta lagu guda jiro booqashada hoggaanka Soviet inay ka dhaadhiciso saynisyahan inuu sii ahaado. In sano ee 1930-1934 xitaa si gaar ah shaybaarka dhisay dalka isaga. In dhamaadka waxa kaliya aan la sii daayay ka Midowga Soofiyeeti inta lagu guda jiro booqasho ku xigta. Sidaa darteed Kapitsa horeba halkan waxbarashadiisa ka sii watay, oo wuxuu ahaa awoodaan in 1938 in la furo arrin ku superfluidity. Waayo, kanu 1978 uu guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize.

Andre Geim iyo Novoselov Konstantin

Andre Geim iyo Novoselov Konstantin, guuleysatay Nobel Prize Ruush ee physics, helay abaalmarintan sharafeed sanadkii 2010 oo uu helay of graphene. Tani waa wax cusub oo kuu ogolaanaya in aad bay u weynaan xawaaraha shuqullada internetka. Sida ka leexatay, waxaa qabsan kara oo loogu badalo si tamarta korontada qaddarka iftiinka 20 jeer ka badan qalab kasta oo horey loo yaqaaney. daahfurka Tan waxaa ku taariikhaysan 2004. Sidaas waxa uu ahaa kaalinta liiska "Laureates Nobel Ruush ee qarniga 21aad."

Prize for Suugaanta

Our dalka ayaa had iyo jeer ahaa caan ku tahay in ay hal-abuurka iyo farshaxanka. Dadka qaba mararka qaarkood soo horjeeda fikradaha iyo aragtiyaha - Laureates Nobel Ruush suugaanta. Sidaas daraaddeed, A. I. Solzhenitsyn iyo I. A. Bunin ayaa ka soo horjeeda taliska Soviet. Laakiin M. A. Sholohov loo yaqaan communist a burtay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan ku guuleystay abaalmarinta Nobel Prize Russia ayaa la midoobeen hal - talent. Waayo, isagii way la sharfay abaalmarintan qaaliga ah. "Imisa guuleysatay Nobel Prize for suugaanta ee Russia?" - waxaad weydiisan. Jawaab: waxaa hadhay shan oo kaliya. Hadda waxaan kuu soo bandhigo qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah.

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) waxa uu ku dhashay ee Moscow ee qoyska ka mid ah Leonida Osipovicha Pasternaka, artist caan ah. Hooyo qoraaga mustaqbalka Rosalia Isidorovna, wuxuu ahaa biyaaniiste tayo leh. Waxaa laga yaabaa in tani ay tahay sababta Boris Leonidovich sida ilmo ku riyoon jiray xirfadiisa laxamiistaha ee, uu ku bartay music ee aad Skryabina A. N. Laakiin jacaylka gabayada ku guuleystay. Boris Leonidovich warkiisiina wuxuu keenay gabayo iyo sheeko ah "Doctor Zhivago", u huray in qaddar ee intelligentsia Ruushka, ayaa xukumeen inuu dhibtani ku. Xaqiiqada ah in tifaftirayaasha ee majaladda suugaaneed, kaas oo uu qoraagu soo bandhigay qoraal gacmeedka, shaqada waxaa loo arkaa anti-Soviet iyo diideen inay daabacaan. Markaas Boris Leonidovich siiyey abuurkiisa dibadda, ee Italy, halkaas oo la daabacay 1957. asxaabta Soviet xaqiiqada ah daabaco novel ee West ah roundly cambaareeyay, iyo Boris Leonidovich laga saaray Ururka Qorayaasha '. Laakiin sheeko this isaga guuleysta abaalmarinta Nobel sameeyey. Tan iyo 1946, ku qoraa iyo Abwaan u sharaxan abaalmarintan, laakiin waxa la siiyay kaliya ee 1958.

abaal marinta abaalmarinta haybadda leh this to this, sida laga soo xigtay dad badan, wax soo saarka ee dalkiisa anti-Soviet uu leeyahay maamulka careysan. Sidaas darteed, BL hanjabay joojinta Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa lagu qasbay inuu ka baxo helo abaalmarinta Nobel Prize. Kaliya 30 sano ka dib Evgeny, ina qoraaga weyn, aabbihiis helay bilad iyo shahaado.

Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr Isaevich

Masiirka ee Solzhenitsyna Aleksandra Isaevicha ahaa oo aan ka yarayn riwaayado iyo xiiso leh. Wuxuu ku dhashay 1918 in Kislovodsk, iyo carruurnimada iyo sannadaha hore ee ka Nobel mustaqbalka ka dhacay Rostov-on-Don iyo Novocherkassk. Ka dib ka qalin Kuliyadda ee Physics iyo Xisaabta ee Jaamacadda Rostov Aleksandr Isaevich ahaa macalin iyo waqti isku mid ah, oo maqan ayaa la bartay Moscow, machadka Suugaanta ee. Ka dib markii bilowgii dagaalkii Great Patriotic, guusha mustaqbalka ee abaalmarinta nabadda ugu qiimaha u baxay inuu ka hor.

Solzhenitsyn, wax yar ka hor dagaalka, waxaa la xiray. Sababtu waxa ay ahayd inuu naqdin cinwaanada Iosifa Stalina helay warqadihii qoraaga faafreebka military. Kaliya ee 1953, dhimashada Iosifa Vissarionovicha ka dib, wuxuu la sii daayay. Wargeyska "New World" ee 1962 la daabacay sheeko ugu horeysay by author this xaq u leedahay "Maalin maalmaha ka mid Ivana Denisovicha", kaas oo sheegaya waxa ku saabsan nolosha dadka ku nool xerada. majaladaha suugaanta inta badan soo socda shuqullada Solzhenitsyn print diiday. Sababta si ay u orientation anti-Soviet wac. Laakiin Aleksandr Isaevich ma quusan. Waxa uu, sida Pasternak dibadda u soo diray qoraal gacmeedyada, uu halkaas oo ay ku daabacay. In 1970, abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee suugaanta waxaa la guddoonsiiyey isaga. Xaflad ku qoraa Stockholm ee anigu ma aan tegi, maxaa yeelay, maamulka Soviet inuusan loo ogolaaday inuu ka tago dalka. In Midowga Soofiyeeti looma oggolaan, iyo wakiillo ka socda Guddiga Nobel, waxaa laga sugayaa inay gacanta ku guuleystay abaalmarinta in dalkiisa ka.

Iyadoo la tixgelinayo in qaddar ee qoraaga, ka dibna sanadkii 1974, wuxuu u soo hijrooday dalka. Marka ugu horeysa uu ku noolaa Switzerland, ka dibna u dhaqaaqay Mareykanka halkaas oo uu ka ahaa oo wuxuu siiyey mid aad u soo daahay Nobel Prize. In West ah, waxaa la daabacay shuqulladiisa loo yaqaan "Jasiiradaha Gulag" "Ereyada ugu horeysay," "Cancer Ward." Solzhenitsyn 1994 uu si Russia soo laabtay.

Kuwanu waa Laureates Nobel Russia. List dhammaystirayaa magac kale, oo ma dafiri karto in la xuso.

Sholohov Mihail Aleksandrovich

Waxaan kuu sheegi doona oo ku saabsan mid ka mid ah qorayaasha Patriotic Great - Sholohove Mihaile Aleksandroviche. Uu qaddar ahaa ka duwan yahay ka soo horjeeda taliska Soviet (Pasternak iyo Solzhenitsyn), maxaa yeelay waxa ay taageertaa gobolka. Mikhail Alexandrovich (1905-1980) waxa uu ku dhashay ee Don ah. Waxa uu markaas ku tilmaamay Veshenskaia, dalkiisa yar, in shuqullo badan. Mikhail Sholokhov dhammeeyey dugsiga kaliya 4. Markaasuu wuxuu soo kaxaystay qayb firfircoon ee dagaalka sokeeye taas oo horseeday in ay doortaan Bah hadhuudh ka soo suborder Cossacks hodanka ah. Qoraaga mustaqbalka ayaa waxaa durba dhalinyarada dareemay yeedhistiisu. In 1922 wuxuu ku Moscow yimid, oo dhawr bilood ka dib waxay bilaabeen inay dhex naadiya wargeysyada iyo joornaalada sheekooyinka ugu horeysay. In 1926, waxaa jiray uruuriyaa oo ah "steppe Azure" iyo "sheekooyinka Don". In 1925 wuxuu bilaabay shaqo on novel ah "Oo Deggan qulqulka Don ah", ka go'an in ay nolosha Cossacks ee muddada muhiim ah (Dagaalkii Sokeeye, Revolution, Dagaalkii Adduunka). In 1928 waxay u yimaadeen inay u iftiimin qaybta hore ee shaqadan, oo ku jira da'da 30meeyada ayaa waxaa la buuxiyo oo noqday hal abuur Sholokhov sare. In 1965, qoraaga guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee suugaanta.

Laureates Nobel Ruush ee Dhaqaalaha

Our dalka duurka this cadeeyay inuu yahay wax sidaas u weyn sida suugaanta iyo physics, halkaas oo ay jiraan wax badan oo abaalmarinahaas Ruush. Prize in dhaqaalaha weli ahaa kaliya mid ka mid ah ay isku wadanka yihiin. Noo sheeg dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan.

Kantorovich Leonid Vitalevich

Laureates Nobel Ruush ee dhaqaalaha waxaa matala magaca mid ka mid ah oo kaliya. Kantorovich Leonid Vitalevich (1912-1986) waa dhaqaaleyahan kaliya ee Russia in la siiyay abaalmarinta this. Wuxuu cilmiga ku dhashay qoys dhakhtarka ee St. Petersburg. Waalidkiis waxay haddaba ugu intii lagu jiray dagaalka sokeeye, u cararay Belarus, halkaas oo uu sannad ka qaatay. Vitaly Kantorowicz, Kantorovich ee Aabbahayo wuxuu ku dhintay 1922. In 1926, saynisyahan mustaqbalka galay University midbaa Leningrad, halkaas oo uu ka bartay, marka lagu daro sayniska dabiiciga ah, taariikhda casriga ah, siyaasadda dhaqaalaha, xisaabta. Kuliyadda Xisaabta iyo wuxuu ka qalin jabiyay 18 sano jir, 1930. Ka dib markii Kantorovich hadhay ee jaamacadda sida macallin. At 22, Leonid V. noqdo professor ah, oo sannad ka dib - iyo dhakhtarka. In 1938 waxaa loo doortay inuu warshad shaybaarka plywood taliyaha, halkaas oo hawsha la abuuro hab oo kala duwan qoondaynta khayraadka si loo kordhiyo waxqabadka soo gudbisay isaga ka soo hor. Sidaa daraadeed waxaa la aasaasay habka loo shubay ee barnaamijyada. In 1960 saynisyahan ku dhaqaaqay Novosibirsk, halkaas oo wakhtigaas xarunta computer la abuuray, ugu horumarsan ee dalka. Halkan uu waxbarashadiisa ka sii watay. In Novosibirsk saynisyahan ku noolaa ilaa 1971. Muddadan, kii ayaa loo Prize Lenin ah. In 1975, kii ayaa loo, wada jir ah ula T. Koopmans Nobel Prize, taas oo uu ka helay kaalintii uu aragtida ah ee qoondaynta khayraadka.

Kuwanu waa Laureates Nobel Ruush ugu weyn. 2014 ayaa waxaa ay astaan u hesho this Prize Patrick Modiano (literature), Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, Shuji Nakamura (physics). Zhan Tirol helay abaalmarinta berrinkii dhaqaalaha. iyaga waxaa ka mid ah Laureates Nobel Ruush. 2013 sidoo kale keenay abaalmarintan qaaliga ah, waayo, isku wadanka yihiin our. Dhamaan guuleystay ahaayeen wakiillo ka socda gobollada kale.