Nin cilmiga nafleyda barta British kelli, iyo barnaamijkan hal biophysicist Frensis KRIK: Biography, guulaha, daahfurtay iyo xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

Francis Crick Harri Compton ahaa mid ka mid ah laba bayoolajiga kelli kuwa fagi qarsoon side dhismeedka of macluumaad hidde acid deoxyribonucleic (DNA), sidaas bilaabin biology casriga kelli. Ka dib markii this daahfurka asaasiga ah uu kaalin muhiim ah in fahanka ee code hidaha iyo shuqulkii hiddo, iyo sidoo kale in neurobiology. Waxa uu la wadaago abaalmarinta Nobel Prize in daawada ee 1962 la James Watson iyo Maurice Wilkins for aayahiisu ee qaab-dhismeedka DNA.

Frensis KRIK: Biography

Anigoo odayga ah oo ka mid ah laba wiil, Francis, waxa uu ku dhashay qabiilka reer Harry Crick iyo Elizabeth Ann Wilkins June 8, 1916 in Northampton, England. Waxa uu ka qayb galay dugsiga naxwaha deegaanka iyo ka da'da hore noqday xiiso tijaabo, inta badan la socda qaraxyo kiimikada. In iskuulka, waxa uu ku guuleystay abaalmarinta ah ururinta ubaxa. Intaa waxaa dheer, wuxuu ahaa Waali tennis, laakiin aan wax badan xiiso kulan kale iyo cayaaraha. At 14 jir, Francis helay dugsiga deeq waxbarasho ee Mill Hill, waqooyiga London. Afar sano ka dib, at 18 jir, wuxuu ka diiwaangashan University College. Waalid inuu u qaangaarnimada ka Northampton dhaqaaqay in Mill Hill, iyo waxa la oggol yahay Francis in ay ku noolaadaan, halka waxbarashada guriga. Wuxuu ka qalin sharaf in Physics.

Ka dib markii undergraduate Frensis KRIK by Costa Andrade da at University College keentay sameeyey nafwaayay cilmi oo biyo ah cadaadis iyo heerkul sare. In 1940, Francis helay xafiiska rayidka ah ee Admiralty, halkaas oo uu ka soo shaqeeyay on design ee miinooyinka anti-markab. Horaantii sanadkaan, Crick guursaday Ruth Doreen Dodd. Waxa ay ina Michael waxa uu ku dhashay inta lagu guda jiro weerar hawada on London November 25, 1940 ah. By dhamaadka dagaalka, Francis ayaa loo xil saaray in ay baaritaan batrool ku sayniska ee xarunta maamulka Ingiriiska ee Whitehall, halkaas oo uu diiradda lagu saaray horumarinta hub.

Ayaa qarka u saaran nool iyo nonliving

Ogaaday in ay u baahan yihiin tababar dheeraad ah si uu u raali sida ay u doonayaan in ay galaan cilmi aasaasiga ah, Crick go'aansaday in ay ka shaqeeyaan degree sare. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, uu daawan jiray labada qaybood ee biology - soohdinta u dhexeeya kuwa nool iyo kuwa nonliving iyo hawlaha maskaxda. Creek doortay hore oo kale, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in uu wax yar oo ku saabsan mowduuca ogaa. waxbarashada hordhaca ah ee University College ee 1947 ka dib, ayuu joojiyey barnaamij shaybaarka ee Cambridge hoos jihada of Artura Hyuza, oo la xiriira in ay ka shaqeeyaan guryaha jirka ah ee dhaqanka cytoplasm of fibroblasts digaag.

Laba sano ka dib, Crick ku biiray kooxda ee Golaha Cilmi baarista Caafimaadka Laboratory Cavendish ee. Waxaa ka mid ahaa aqoonyahano British Maks Peruts iyo Dzhon Kendryu (guuleysatay Nobel Prize mustaqbalka). Francis bilaabay inay la shaqeeyaan iyaga la, Xaamid inaad wax ka barato dhismeedka protein, laakiin dhab ahaan in ay la shaqeeyaan Watson on qaabka soo oogayaa DNA.

galool double

In 1947, Frensis KRIK furay Doreen iyo 1949 guursaday Odile Speed, ardayga, artist, kii uu la kulmay markii ay soo shaqeeyay ciidamada badda intii uu hawsha Admiralty ah. Guurka The beegantay bilowgii shaqadii musharax ay ku borotiinada diffractometry X-ray. Qaabkan ah barashada qaab-dhismeedka crystal ee u taagoo ah, jidaynayey si ay u qeexaan waxyaalaha aasaaska ah ee ay qaab-dhismeedka saddex geesood ah.

In 1941 shaybaarka Cavendish ee madax Sir William Lawrence Bragg, kuwaas oo ahaa horyaal ah habka diffraction X-ray, afartan sano ka hor. In 1951, Crick by Dzheyms Uotson, American ah oo booqanaya, kuwaas oo bartay takhtarka Talyaani Salvador Edward Luria oo ahaa xubin ka mid ah koox ka mid ah physicists wax ku bartay fayrusyada bakteeriyada, oo loo yaqaan bacteriophages biiray.

Sida saaxiibadii, Watson ahaayeen xiiso siidaynta ee halabuurka ah ee hiddo u maleeyeen in qaab-dhismeedka xal of DNA waa xalka ugu wanaagsan. iskaashi aan rasmi ahayn oo u dhexeeya Crick iyo Watson soosaaray hami la mid ah iyo geedi socodka fikirka la midka ah. Khibradooda dhameystirta kasta oo kale. By markii ugu horeysay ee ay ku kulmeen Crick ogaa badan oo ku saabsan diffraction X-ray iyo qaab-dhismeedka of protein ah, iyo Watson ahaa ogyahay bacteriophages iyo genetics bakteeriyada.

Franklin Kuwani

Frensis KRIK iyo Dzheyms Uotson ka warhayaan shuqulka Kimisteriga Maurice Wilkins oo Rosalind Franklin ee College King ee London, kuwaas oo iyaga oo gargaar ka diffraction X-ray baarayaa qaabka DNA. Creek, gaar ahaan, loo yaqaan Group ee London si ay u dhisaan lagu daydo, sida kuwa samaysay Laynus Poling ee dalka Mareykanka si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatada of galool Alfa protein ah. Pauling, fikradda aabbihiis bond kiimikada muujisay in borotiinada ku leeyihiin qaab-dhismeedka saddex geesood ah oo aadan si fudud toosan silsilad amino acid.

Wilkins iyo Franklin, ku simaha madax banaan, ka jeeclaadeen habka simulating teori hab tijaabo dheeraad ah oo miyir Pauling, oo hogaansamey Francis. Tan iyo markii kooxda at King ayaa College jawaab kama bixin in ay soo jeedinta, Crick iyo Watson qayb gooni loo sooco muddada labada sano ah ee wada hadal iyo dood. Horraantii 1953, waxay bilaabeen inay dhisaan model ah DNA.

Qaab dhismeedka DNA

Isticmaalka xogta laga diffraction X-ray Franklin, by badan oo maxkamad iyo qalad, waxay ku abuureen model ah Britain acid deoxyribonucleic, taas oo waafaqsan gabagabadii ee Group London iyo biochemist xogta Erwin Chargaff. In 1950 dambe ka muujisay in cadadka qaraabo ah afarta nucleotides uu ka samaysan yahay DNA, socota xeerarka gaar ah, mid ka mid ah taas oo u dhigma tirada adenayn (A) tirada thaymiin (T) iyo xaddiga gu'anayn (G) tirada saytosayn (C). isgaarsiinta noocan oo kale ah ay ku lug leedahay ka garab ka mid ah A iyo T iyo C iyo G, qaarka fikradda ah in DNA - waa wax ka badan tetranucleotide ah, in uu yahay Britain fudud oo ka kooban dhammaan afar saldhig.

In guga iyo xagaaga ee 1953, Watson oo Crick qoray afar articles ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka of acid deoxyribonucleic iyo muuqaalada filayay, qaybta hore oo u muuqday in Macalester Nature on 25 April. Publications raacay by shuqullada Wilkins, Franklin, iyo asxaabtii ay soo bandhigay caddaymo tijaabo for model ah. Watson ku guuleystay tuurid iyo ugu horeysay ku riday la odhan ah, sidaas weligiis la xiriirinaya guusha sayniska aasaasiga ah la labo ka mid ah Watson-Crick.

code genetic

In ka badan dhowrkii sano ee soo socda, Frensis KRIK ahaa waxbarashada xiriirka ka dhexeeya DNA iyo code hidaha. Isaga oo la kaashanaya Vernon Ingram keentay in dibad ee 1956, oo sideeda oo faraqa ku haemoglobin ee anemia sickle cell-ka caadiga ah ee ka mid ah amino acid. Daraasaddu waxay ku caddeeyeen in cudur hidde la xidhiidha laga yaabaa in la ratio DNA-protein.

Ilaa waqti isku mid ah si ay u Crick at Laboratory Cavendish ee ku biiray Biology Hidaha iyo kelli ah ee Sydney South Afrika Brenner. Waxay bilaabeen inay la "dhibaatada sireed" qabtaan - qeexidda isku xigxiga ee saldhigyada DNA foomamka isku xigxiga ee acids amino in borotiinka. Shaqada markii ugu horaysay soo bandhigay 1957 under horyaalka "On ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee borotiin." Waxaa Crick diyaariyey postulate aasaasiga ah ee biology kelli, sida ay taas, macluumaadka lagu kala qaado by protein dhabarka dambe. Waxaa la saadaaliyay in mishiinku Avv borotiinka by gudbinta macluumaad ka DNA si RNA iyo RNA in borotiinka.

Salk Institute

Sanadkii 1976, inta lagu guda jiro fasaxa ah Crick la siiyaa booska joogtada ah ee Institute of Research Biological Salk in La Jolla, California. Wuxuu isku raacay iyo inta kale ee uu noloshiisa uu ku soo shaqeeyay Institute Salk ah, oo ay ku jiraan agaasimaha. Waxaa Creek waxay bilaabeen inay bartaan shaqaynaya ee maskaxda, taas oo xiiso waxaa in ka bilowdo xirfadiisa cilmi ah. Waxaa inta badan ku hawlan miyir iyo isku dayeen in ay weeraraan dhibaatada iyada oo loo marayo waxbarasho ee aragtida. Creek ayaa daabacay Wargeysyada dhowr ah oo ku saabsan hababka kuteen ah oo riyooyin iyo dareenka, laakiin, sida uu ku qoray buugiisa, weli uu lahaa in ay dhalaan aragti kasta, kaas oo lahaa waqti isku mid ah uu ahaa cusub oo qancisa sharxi xaqiiqooyin badan oo tijaabo ah.

"Panspermia Amray" dhacdo An xiiso leh ee dhaqdhaqaada ee Institute Salk ahaa horumarinta fikradaha uu. Oo ay la socdaan Leslie Orgel, wuxuu daabacay buug taas oo uu ku soo jeediyay in microbes ku ridan in meel bannaan, si ay ugu danbeyn dhulka gaaraan oo waxay beeran, iyo in la sameeyo iyada oo sababtu tahay Action, "qof." Sidaas Frensis KRIK diiday aragtida ah ee creationism, taasoo muujinaysa sida ay suurto gal tahay inay soo bandhigto fikradaha kuteen.

Awards saynisyahan

Intii uu mustaqbalkiisa theorist firfircoon ee biology casriga Frensis KRIK soo ururay, dhexsameeysmo jirka iyo in la hagaajiyo shaqada tijaabo dadka kale iyo keenaan natiijooyinka ay caadi ahayn si wax looga qabto dhibaatooyinka asaasiga ah ee sayniska. Isaga oo dadaal aan caadi ahayn, marka lagu daro Nobel Prize, isaga guuleystay abaalmarino badan. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid Award Lasker ah, abaalmarinta of Academy Faransiis ee Sciences of Charles Mayer ka iyo billadaha of Society Royal ee Copley. In 1991 wuxuu la aqbalay sida xubin ka mid ah Order ee Merit.

Crick dhintay July 28, 2004 magaalada San Diego ee da'da 88 sano. In 2016 Francis Crick Institute la dhisay ee waqooyiga London. Dhismaha kharashka 660 million pounds uu ahaa xarunta ugu weyn ee cilmi Biomedical ee Europe.