Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin: Biography iyo shuqullo

Nikolai Karamzin, kuwaas oo Biography bilaabmaa December 1, 1766, waxa uu ku dhashay gobolka Simbirsk in qoyska saboolka ah oo sharaf leh ee waalidka waxbarashada iyo iftiimiyey. waxbarashada kowaad ee dugsiga gaarka ah Professor Shadena. Ka dib markii in, sida dad badan oo kale oo cilmaani ah oo dhallinyaro ah, ayuu u tegey in ay u adeegaan ee ilaalada, kaasoo lagu arkaa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu wanaagsan.

Waxay ahayd waqti this, Nikolai Karamzin, Biography gaaban kaas oo la soo bandhigay warqad this markii ugu horeysay si cad u ogaadaan baahida jidkooda, kala duwan oo ka caadiga ah: xirfadiisa guul, xaalad bulsho, darajo iyo sharaf. Waxaas oo dhan ma soo jiidan qoraa mustaqbalka. Ka dib markii ciidanka hal sano ka yar, wuxuu ku dhex jiraa darajo hooseeyo ee Sarreeye ee 1784 ayuu iska casilay oo ku soo laabtay dalkiisa hooyo ee Simbirsk.

Nolosha Simbirsk ah gobolka

Dibadda Karamzin hagaagsanayn noolaa, nolosha kala firdhay oo nin, oo ifaysa dhaqan magaalooyinka waaweyn iyo dhaqan geesiyaasha la Xaakimkii. Nikolai Mikhailovich dharka moodada, daawashada muuqashadii, turub. At kubbadaha gobolka uu ahaa cavalier xariif ah oo cajiib ah. Laakiin waxan oo dhan - kaliya daliilka dibadda ee dabeecadiisa.

Wakhtigan, Karamzin, kuwaas oo Biography waa hodan ku markooda arrin lama filaan ah dhacdooyinka, iyo si xun u fikirto meeshoodii nolosha, oo akhrinaya badan, la kulmay dadka oo xiiso leh. Waxa uu hore u heshay waxbarasho wanaagsan, laakiin waxa ay weli xuubsiiban isku sargooyaan aqoonta cusub ee beeraha oo kala duwan. Inta badan Karamzin xiiso taariikhda, suugaanta iyo falsafada.

saaxiib Qoyska Ivan Petrovich Turgenev, Mason iyo qoraa, lagu qabtay saaxiibtinimo oo weyn, Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov (oo sidoo kale ahaa Mason ah, wariye talented, publisher kitaabka iyo satirist), wuxuu door nolosha qoraaga. At uu soo jeedin, Nikolai Mikhailovich dhaqaaqay Moscow oo la kulmay goobada of Novikov. Sayidka bilaabay muddo cusub ee uu noloshiisa, oo daboolaya muddada u dhaxaysa 1785 1789 sano. Ha gooni gooni ah ayaa sheegaya in dhawr eray ku saabsan.

Aqoon wastaadyadii

The xiriir afar sanno ah goobo ka mid ah iyo wastaadyo, runtii jidka Karamzin, naftiisa iyo fikirka bedelay. Ogsoonow in taariikhda Freemasonry ee Russia aan weli si buuxda u fahamsan yahay. Waxaa muddo dheer loo tixgeliyo sayniska sida muhiimad socodnimo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sanadihii ugu dambeeyey, hal dhibic of view on dhaqdhaqaaqa this waa xoogaa kala duwan.

qolladaheeda jooggo jira wareegyada gaar ah moral iyo diinta, ku salaysan markii ugu horeysay ee England ee qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad, iyo dambe ee dalalka kale, ay ka mid yihiin dalkeena. The salaysan Xeerka, taas oo qirashadeeda wastaadyadii, waa loo baahan yahay oo kaamil ah ruuxiga ah ee nin. Waxay ahaayeen qorshahiisa siyaasadeed, inta badan la xidhiidha diinta iyo anshaxa. Waayo, hawlaha Freemasons ayaa lagu gartaa dhaqan a masrixiyada, qarsoodiga, suulkiisii iyo cibaadaysi kale, isagoo la xidhiidhaa a asalka ah. Waxay waxaa ka buuxay caqligoodu iyo ruuxa, lagu gartaa mabaadi'da moral sare iyo halista. Wastaadyo gooni loo hayo. In noocan oo kale ah ku tilmaamay in jawiga guud hareereeyeen tan Karamzin. Waxa uu bilaabay inuu dadka la xiriiraan xiiso leh: Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov (eeg sawirka hoose) iyo Alekseem Mihaylovichem Kutuzovym. Saamaynta shakhsiyaad gaar ah sida dar dar geliyay awood horumarinta tayo suugaanta iyo aayo-ka hal abuur leh uu.

First Karamzin tarjumaysaa khayaali Ruush, iyo ka dib wuxuu bilaabay inuu qoro magazine "Reading Carruurta" ka, publisher ah taas oo ahayd Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov, shuqulladiisa gabay ugu horeysay. Waxa ay ahayd inta lagu jiro xilliga this in uu ogyahay tayadiisa sida qoraa.

Laakiin halkan dhamaado muddada aayo-ka, iyo waxa ay la tahay muddada u jooggo nolosha qoraaga dhallinyarada. qolladaheeda Frames jooggo noqday dhow isaga, inuu doonayo inuu nolosha la ogaado in ay qaninimo, oo ay kala duwanaanta iyo kala duwanaanta. Si ay u noqdaan qoraa xirfadle, aad rabto in aad la kulmaan gacanta ugu horeysay dhinacyadeeda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun. Sidaa darteed, Karamzin, kuwaas oo Biography waxaa loo tixgeliyaa qaabka guud ee qoraalkan, ka tago wastaadyadii iyo khamaartay Safar ah.

Safraya Europe

Si arrintan loo sameeyo, Nikolai Mikhailovich dhigay uu taluk iyo go'aansadeen in ay lacag dhan ah safar uu ku tago Europe ku qaataan, markaas si aad u sharaxdo. Waxa ay ahayd talaabo aad u dhiirran oo aan caadi ahayn markii ugu. Ka dib oo dhan, waayo, Karamzin waxaa loogu tala galay la siiyo ilaa nolosha ku soo baxa oo ka mid ah xaafadaha kala dhaxlo iyo naftooda by shaqada ee serfs. Haddaba Nikolai Mikhailovich lahaa si ay u helaan nolol hawl iyaga u gaar ah qoraaga xirfadeed.

Abroad, wuxuu ku saabsan sanad iyo bar ah ku qaatay, ayaa u safray Switzerland, Germany, England iyo France. Karamzin, kuwaas oo Biography waxaa lagu tilmaamay in this article, bartaan dadka oo xiiso leh iyo wax garadka dalalkaas, ma dareensan tahay sida gobolka ah, oo ka dhigan aan waddan aad u istaahilo. Waxa uu daawaday, ay dhegaysan, oo la duubay. Nikolai Mikhailovich jiidatay dadka guryahooda, goobaha taariikhiga ah, warshado, jaamacadaha, ciidaha wadada, makhaayadaha, arooska lagu duubay.

Waxa uu ahaa si ay u qiimeeyaan oo isbarbardhigaan shaqsiyadaha iyo caadooyinkii dhalashadiisa gaar ah, bartay sifooyinka hadalka, ku qoray in goobaha uu buugga wadada ku tilmaamay, dhawray rikoor ah waraysiyo kala duwan oo shakhi iyaga u gaar ah. In dayrta ee 1790 Karamzin in Russia ku soo laabtay, ka dibna wuxuu bilaabay inuu daabacaan "Moscow Journal", taas oo ka dhigeysa articles ah, sheekooyin, gabayo. Waxaa la daabacay, iyo "Waraaqo musaafir ah Ruush" caan ah, oo waxay u keeneen warkiisii weyn, "Poor Liza".

daabaco insaykalobeedhiya

In ka badan dhowrkii sano ee soo socda, Nikolai Mikhailovich daabacdaa anthologies, ka mid ah taas oo ahayd aqooneed saddex mugga "Aoide", qoraal ah ee ku xusan aayadda, iyo sidoo kale ururinta ah "kuwa tiimbashada xumaanta My", oo ay ku jiraan noocyo kala duwan oo sheekooyinka iyo gabayada. Si Karamzin yimaado fame. Waxa uu la og yahay oo jeclaa ma aha oo kaliya in labada caasimadaha (Moscow iyo St. Petersburg), laakiin dhan Russia.

novel The taariikhiga ah "Marfa Posadnitsa"

Mid ka mid ah oo shuqulladaadii hore ee Karamzin, ku qoran tiraab, waxaa lagu daabacay 1803. "Marfa Posadnitsa" (sifayn ah - sheeko taariikhi ah). Waxaa dheer qoraal ah ka hor hamiday ee tixaha ugu Valtera Skotta bilaabay in Russia. In this story Karamzin jiidashada muuqata in Qarniyadii hore, Classics sida ugu fiican ee la haleeli akhlaaqda, ayaa la qorsheeyey sida ugu horreysa ee ay 1790s bartamihii in waxbaa la "nolosha reer Ateenay ah."

In Tacaddi ah, foomka hore ee halganka of Novgorod iyo Moscow ayaa lagu soo bandhigay in uu shaqada, Nikolai Karamzin. "Guddoomiyaha ayaa xaaska" su'aalo falsafadeed oo muhiim ah: oo ku saabsan Boqortooyada iyo Jamhuuriyadda, dadka iyo madaxda "rabbaani ah" qadarka taariikhiga ah iyo caasinnimada shakhsiga isaga. The tacsiyadaynaynaa qoraaga si cad u ahaayeen dhinaca ah Novgorodians iyo Maarta, oo aan Moscow ee monarchical. Sheekada Tani ayaa la ogaado iyo is burinaya fikirka qoraaga. Runta waxa ay taariikhiga ahaa, dabcan, dhinaca Novgorod. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Novgorod lagu qiimaynayo, Baaskoodu wuxu xun yihiin barametereka burburinta degdegga ah ee magaalada, oo ka dib ay ku kulmeen.

Sheekada "Poor Liza"

Laakiin guusha ugu weyn waxay ahayd sheekadii "Poor Liza", waxaa lagu kaas oo dib u daabacay 1792. Waa caadi in suugaanta reer galbeedka ee qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad, sheekada sidii ridayeen a Sirkaalkii qalday ama ganacsade yar yar, suugaanta Ruush hore u samaysay sheekada Karamzin. Biography damiir nadiif ah, gabdhaha qurux badan, iyo fikirka ah in masiirka naxdin leh oo la mid ah ayaa sidoo kale waxaa laga heli karaa xaqiiqada dhabta ah ee ku xeeran, ka qayb qaatay guulaysiga weyn ee wax soo saarka this. Sidoo kale muhiim ahaa xaqiiqada ah in nm Karamzin ( "Poor Liza" ahaa "kaarka ganacsi") baray akhristayaasha uu aragto quruxda dabiiciga ah hooyada iyo jeclahay iyada. orientation bini'aadamnimada shaqada ayaa qiimo suugaanta waqtiga.

SHEEKADII "Natalia, Gabadhay ku Boyar ee"

In isla 1792, ayuu waxa uu ku dhashay on sheekada "Natalia, Boyar gabadhiisii." Ma aha sidoo kale loo yaqaan "Poor Liza", laakiin waxay ku lug leedahay su'aalo moral aad u muhiim ah in la welwelay saffarro uu nm Karamzin. Mid ka mid ah shaqada ugu muhiimsan waa dhibaatada of sharaf.

Alex Natalia la jecel yahay, wuxuu ahaa nin daacad ah, kuwaas oo u adeegeen Tsar Ruush. Sidaas daraaddeed wuxuu qirtay oo uu "dambiga" in la afduubtay gabadhii ugu jecel yahay Matthew Andreyev Boyar Qaranimo. Laakiinse boqorku wuxuu ku duceeya guurkooda, markay arkeen in Alex - nin hufan. Waxay ka dhigaysa iyo gabadha aabbaheed. Gaba sheekada, qoraaga qoray in labada lamaane ay ku noolaayeen si farxad oo ay wada aasay. Waxaa loo kala duwanaayeen jacayl aan labaweji iyo saa'ixiinta ah Emperor ah.

In sheekada, kaas oo abuuray by Karamzin ( "Boyar ee Gabadhay"), arrinta sharaf lagama sooci karo adeeg boqorka. Waxaa faraxsan kii jecel yahay Emperor ah. Sidaa darteed, nolosha qoyska this yeesho si fiican, maxaa yeelay, wuxuu kugula waxaa abaal.

aqoonsi u qalantay

dhalinyarada Gobolka tiriyey shuqullada Karamzin. Jireenka shuqulladiisa fudud, wada sheekaysiga, style ah dabiiciga ah, xarrago leh oo isku mar hab dimoqraadiyada farshaxanka ahaayeen kacaan marka la eego aragtida ah ee hawlaha guud. First sameeyay fikradda ah ee xiiso leh, reading xiiso leh, iyo waxa la caabudo ee qoraaga suugaaneed.

Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, Biography iyo hal-abuur ah oo soo jiidata dad badan, wuxuu jecel yahay dadka weyn. In Moscow soo jiidata dadka dhalinyarada xamaasad leh ka dalka oo dhan oo kaliya si aad u aragto qoraaga jecel. Lysine balli, caan dhacdooyinka sheekada "Poor Liza" ka socda halkan, oo ku yaalla tuulada hareeraheeda ah ee Kolomenskoye, uu bilaabo inuu u ciyaaro doorka meel calaamad, halkan iman, in lagu dhawaaqo a jacaylka ama aad keligaa barooran.

Shaqo on the "History of State Ruushka"

Muddo ka dib Karamzin maratay iyo si lama filaan ah uu naftiisa u badala. Leaving khayaali, waxa uu u qaatay sida shaqo taariikhiga weyn - ". The History of gobolka Ruush" Ujeedadu shaqada this, sida muuqata, ayaa muddo dheer qaan in uu maanka.

Qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad hore bilaabay inuu boqortooyada ee Alexander I, awow u jecel yahay ee Catherine II. markii ugu horeysay, waxa uu ahaa taliye deeqsi ah oo iftiimiyey. Qisada The taariikhiga ah xitaa soo galay magaca sida "Alexander Spring".

Karamzin saaxiib iyo macalin hore ee Emperor dhallinyarada, MN Ants Shafeeceene, in Nikolai Mikhailovich loo magacaabay taariikhyahan maxkamadda. Magacaabistani waxaa aad muhiim u ahayd Karamzin, iyo muujin isaga fursad weyn. Hadda waxa uu helay hawlgabka ah (sida aynu ognahay, siyaabo kale oo ka mid ah hab-nololeedka qoraaga ma ahaa). Laakiin ugu muhiimsan, waxa uu leeyahay helitaanka archives taariikhiga ah, waxay ahayd muhiimadda ugu weyn. Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, kuwaas oo Biography la soo bandhigay in aad fiiro, muquurtay shaqada: wuxuu akhriyey qoraal gacmeedyada iyo buugaag ku saabsan taariikhda, falanqeeyay masalka qadiimiga ah, heshiiska, marka la barbar dhigo.

Waa ay adag tahay in la qiyaaso shaqada weyn sameeyey taariikhyahan Karamzin. Ka dib markii uu abuuray oo ka mid ah laba iyo toban muda ah uu "History of State Ruushka" ku qaatay saddex iyo labaatan sano oo shaqo adag, ka 1803 si ay u 1826 bandhigga ee dhacdooyinka taariikhiga ahaa kala duwan, intii suurtogal ah, dhex-dhexaadnimada iyo isku halaynta, iyo sidoo kale qaab farshaxan qurux badan. Qisada ayaa waxaa la keenay "waqti dhibaatooyin" ee taariikhda gobolka Ruush. Dhimashada Nikolai Mikhailovich looma oggola in ay fuliyaan qorshaha baaxad weyn oo ah in dhamaadka.

shaqada Karamzin, wuxuu qoray in tegey laba iyo toban Muga, raac mid kale, sababay jawaabaha akhristayaasha badan '. Waxaa laga yaabaa in markii ugu horeysay ee taariikhda ee buugga ku daabacan ayaa ka xanaajisay xowli ah miyir qaran ee muwaadiniinta Ruushka. Karamzin dadka helay sheekadiisa iyo sharaxay inuu la soo dhaafay.

content ee shaqada gartay halkii la xarfaha hore. Sidaas darteed, dadka dhallinyarada ah xorriyadda-jecel ayaa leexdeen inay ku murmi taageerada boqortooyada, taas oo muujisay in bogagga "The History of State Ruushka" Karamzin taariikhyahan. A dhalinyaro ah Pushkin xataa qoray a epigrams geesi on taariikhyahan qadariyo gelin sannadahaas. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, shaqadan ayaa cadeeyay "sida loogu baahan yahay -Raaxaysta- iyo soo jiidashada ee karbaashka."

Karamzin, kitaabkii aadan ka tagi doono la taag daran, isagoo ka jawaabayay eedeymo ayaa had iyo jeer low-muhiimka ah, oo xawaal arko Jees jees ah iyo ammaan.

Opinion on the "History of State Ruushka" A. Pushkin

Dhaqaaqay St. Petersburg, uu, tan iyo 1816, lagu qabtay xagaagii kasta oo Tsarskoye Selo oo la socda qoyskiisa. Karamzins - ciidammadu dhawayn qaata ee ku nool gabayaaga sida caanka ah sida Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky iyo Batyushkov iyo dhalinyarada waxbaratay. Waxaa badanaa jira yaraa ee AS Pushkin xiiso dhagaysto akhriya gabayada ka weyn, daryeelka naagtiisa, nm Karamzin, mar dambe dhallinyarada, laakiin naagtii soo jiidasho badan iyo caqli badan, kii uu dhicin inuu xitaa soo diri cadayn jacaylka. trick falsan iyo khibrad Karamzin cafiyey ninkii dhallinyarada ahaa sida uu epigrams geesi on "History".

Toban sanno ka dib, Pushkin, horay nin bisil, eegno kala duwan ee shuqulkii weynaa oo Nikolai Mikhailovich. In 1826, halka dibedda ee St Michael ee, uu ku qoray "Notes on waxbarashada dadweynaha" in taariikhda Ruush waa in la baro sida ay Karamzin, iyo u wac shaqo ma ahan oo kaliya shaqada ah taariikhyahan weyn, laakiin sidoo kale feat ah nin daacad ah.

On qayb ka mid ah Alexander, waxa aan ahaa tilmaam u ah daacad maamulka ee rajada cafis iyo soo laabashada ka soo masaafuriyey. Ma aha oo dhan, maxaa yeelay, sannad ka dib, ka dib markii soo laabtay Pushkin mar kale aan u "History" ku noqon, mar kale maqsuud ay sare.

sano ee la soo dhaafay ee uu noloshiisa

dabeecad Karamzin ma noqon doono dhamaystiran oo aan sharaxaad of sano ee la soo dhaafay ee uu noloshiisa. The toban sano ee la soo dhaafay ayaa ahaa mid aad u faraxsan. Wuxuu ahaa saaxiib la ah Tsar ah, Alexander I. Saaxiibada inta badan wada socday Park ka, waqti dheer la hadlaya, si nabad ah iyo si tartiib tartiib ah. Waxaa macquul ah in ashtakooday boqorka, isagoo garanaya ah deeqsinimada iyo hufnaan Nikolai Mikhailovich, isaga u sheegay oo ka sii badan intii ka tirsan madaxtooyada. Karamzin inta badan diiddan doodaha iyo fikradaha of Alexander I. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isagu ma uu qaadan dembi u at, iyo si taxadar leh ay dhegaysan oo qoranay. "Note A on Russia ee qadiimiga ah iyo cusub", kaas oo uu qoraagu ku soo bandhigay ashtakooday boqorka, waxaa ku jira tiro dhibcood oo taariikhyahan ah isku mid ma ahayn la siyaasadda dawladda waqtiga ay.

Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, kuwaas oo buugaag ahaayeen kuwo aad u caan ah intii uu noolaa, ma u furan tahay in ay wax abaalmarinta, mana sababo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in la sheegay in uu lahaa a dhex-xidh, oo uu, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mar walba loola dhaqmo si sarbeebta iyo kaftanka.