Naqshada Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich: shaqada

Dhamaadkii October 1812 news dabka laga cabsado qarxay Moscow ka dib markii laga soo galo ee ciidanka Napoleon ee, uu si Ryazan yimid. fikradda ah in saddex-meelood laba ka mid ah dhismayaasha Moscow halaagnay ahaa gaar ahaan loo dulqaadan karin mid ka mid ah caasimadda ah ee qaxootiga, maxaa yeelay, naqshadeeyaha ugu Kazakov ayaa maal talanti oo dhan in decoration Pervoprestolnoj dhismayaasha quruxda badan ee style ee classical iyo "Ruush Gothic".

naqshada Runtii Ruush

Wuxuu ku dhashay 1738 in qoyska kuwaas oo ka serfs u yimid, dallacsiiyey in a darajo HK weyn. Iyada oo mudnaanta aabbihiis of naqshadeeyaha ugu Matvei Kazakov ee 1751 qirtay inuu dugsiga ka mid ah naqshada caanka Dmitriya Vasilevicha Uhtomskogo (1719-1774), kuwaas oo la dhisay badan dhismayaasha xilligii of Queen Elizabeth. Waxaa intaas dheer in dugsiga farshaxanka weyn Kazakov heleen xirfado wax ku ool ah ee ururka dhismaha, doorashada qalabka iyo teknoolajiyada. Waxa uu noqday tayada uu astaamaha.

sawiro sax ah oo khafiifa, tiradaasi kalsooni doorsoon qaybo - waxay ahayd asalka ah ee odayga ka da 'yar. Uu xirfad graphic uu ku dhaqma on tusaalooyinka ugu fiican ee dhaxalkooda naqshadda ee la soo dhaafay, waxbarashada amar Giriigga ee hore. Kazakov dhise noqday taageeraha ugu weyin ee dareenka ah in ay si faahfaahsan style classical organic.

The tijaabo ugu horeysay

In guga ee 1763 dab daran halaagnay Tver. Dib u dhiska magaalada baray oo xerta ahaa ayaa Butros Ukhtomskogo Romanovich Nikitin. Matvey Kazakov - naqshada ka mid Nikitin ee kooxdiisa, ka shaqeeya mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan - guriga madaxa kiniisadda Tver. Catherine nafteeda mahad II soo celiyo qorshaha cusub ee magaalada, wacaya quruxda Tver labaad (ka dib markii St. Petersburg) ee Russia.

guriga Bishop ee, kaas oo noqday guriga boqorka, taas oo hakad Catherine on yimid magaalada dhawaan la dhisay, magac dhise caanka ah ee, iyo naqshadeeyaha ugu Kazakov bilaabay in ay helaan guddiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ka mid ah dadka Ruush qanisan uguna caan. Sidaas daraaddeed, Waayo, Naschokina PF ay dhisteen dubaan wayn Rye Semyonovskoe on webiga Nara ah, at Serpukhov.

Kazakov iyo Bazhenov

Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov (1738-1799) - dhise Ruush weyn, kuwaas oo ahaa da'da Kazakova isku. By markii ay kulan Bazhenov ayaa hore u maray dugsiga ee naqshadaha Yurub ka dib markii Academy of Fine Arts, isagoo sanado badan ku qaatay France iyo Italy. Waxa uu u ciyaaray model ah ee St. Peter ee Rome iyo balbalooyinkii. Louvre ee Paris, barareyso ilaa aqoonta iyo waayo-aragnimo oo ka mid ah sayidkooda keenta classicism Faransiis: Claude-Nikola Ledu, Jacques-Zhermena Sufflo iyo kuwa kale.

Si ka duwan Bazhenova Kazakov aan marnaba ka tagay Russia, sidaa darteed isku day in aad ku darto si uu waayo-aragnimo wax ku ool ah iyo fikradda Bazhenov ee naqshadaha sida farshaxan sare, si uu u furo quruxda cusub ee isku muda, go'aamada qorshaynta, in Hadba ee Qurxinta. Works Matthew Fedorovich jeclaa Bazhenov, oo wuxuu u yeedhay isaga, in iskaashiga ka badan amarada wayn ka Empress nafteeda helay.

"The duulaan Kremlin"

Ekaterina Velikaya lahaa Moscow dareen adag. Too weyn farqiga u dhexeeya St. Petersburg - caasimadda weyn ee Europe - iyo Carshiga koowaad, halkaas oo uu ka ahaa lahayn Byzantine, ruuxa Asian, taas oo u muuqatay in ay iyada shakhsiyaynta ee Kremlin. Waxay ahayd halkan ayay doonayay inuu ku soo bilowdo Europeanization ah Moscow, aaminteen mashruuca ee dib u dhiska ah ee bartamaha magaalada Bazhenov.

Mashruuca hami, la soo jeediyey ee "duulaanka dhismaha Palace Kremlin", xitaa Empress u muuqday mid aad u xagjirka ah. Bazhenov soo jeediyay in ay ku burburiyaan dhismaha jirka iyo dhiso gurigii a multi-dabaq weyn, wajahayaan guriyo haybad webiga, laakiin marka la eego la xirrira dhow ee tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee jidadka radial ee Moscow.

Muddo shan sano ah, mashruuca la dhameeyey, dhigay model ah oo waaaweyn ee Kremlin Grand ee Palace. Xitaa saarin weyn ee dhismaha cusub iyo burburiyay qayb ka mid ah derbiga, laakiin markaas ma uusan helin. Catherine lumay daneyntii mashruuca, ka dhigaysa Moscow hanjabay weynaanta caasimada waqooyiga iyo dalbaday in kharashka oo waaaweyn. Ka dibna waxa loo magacaabay in uu hoggaamiyo dib u dhiska ah ee Kremlin, Ji Cossacks (naqshada la ballaaran gacan-ku-aragnimo badan Bazhenov) si loo soo celiyo qeyb ka burburiyeen derbiga, oo halkaasuu ka dhisay on diyaar u ah bilowga goobta dhismaha dhismaha dowladda cusub - Senate ka. Laakiin marka hore, waxa uu sii waday in ay la Bazhenov shaqeeyaan.

Dhalashada "Ruush Gothic"

In 1775, Emaraadka ee Catherine ee Moscow qabtay xaflad oo ku beegnaa ah ee badhkood of Crimean iyo gabagabeeyo Kuchuk Kainarji Turks. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, at Khodynka ayaa ka taagay taambuug alwaax ku meel gaar ah iyagoo muujinayay in magaalada Turkish. Bandhigyada shuqulkan laga aaminay in ay "duulaan Kremlin" hogaaminayo Bazhenov, saaxiib dhaw kaas oo mar ahaa naqshadeeyaha ugu Kazakov.

Sidaas darteed, xidhiidhka ka mid ah xubno bariga yaab iyo Joogaba, classic dhashay xafladda, si ula kac ah masrixiyada, style madaxtooyada, oo la yidhaahdo dacayadeed ama "Ruush Gothic". Wuxuu jeclaa Catherine Empress ah, oo waxay u bixiyeen si ay u soo celiyaan in wax ka badan waarta, dhismaha dhow Khodynka Field Road Palace, u baahan yahay in la nasiyo ka dib markii muddo dheer ka Northern Capital safarka. Mashruuca maareeyaan loo magacaabay Kazakov. Petrovsky Palace ayaa noqday mid ka mid ah danbow ah "Ruush Gothic" by samaynta naqshada ku hogaaminaya Ruush Kazakov.

dhismaha Senate ee Kremlin

Marka waxaa jiray baahi loo qabo dhismaha weyn dadweynaha, dabcan, in uu design waxaa la soo sawiray M. F.Kazakov ee Moscow - muhandas, waa gebogabeeyey ah oo magac iyo tayo ee uu Ra'iisul. Oo weliba waxay dhiseen saddex xagal ah in la eego dhismaha ee Senate ahaa peak cusub oo uu hal-abuurka.

Qorshaha Kazakov ee ma lahayn baaxadda Palace Weyn Bazhenov, laakiin ma uusan u dhali uu waxbarasho tayo, si kaamil ah wadarta xal iyo qaybaha. qubbad kor ku hoolka, taas oo ahayd in la qabto fadhiyo dowladda, saameysa le'ekaanshaha iyo dil farsamo. Siinta Senate oo dhan u iid iyo haybad, la arki karo oo ka Red Square, waxa fiican in wax dhis ku haboon dhismaha dadweynaha classic in square weyn ee galidoonaan ee gudaha iyo hareeraha xarunta magaalada.

Epic in Tsaritsyno

madaxtooyada iyo park galidoonaan The, loo yaqaan "Tsarina" waxaa la dhisay dhulka ka iibsadeen by Catherine ee 1775. Waxa uu ahaa in ay wax ugu horeysay sida uu ku yaalaa meel ka baxsan St. Petersburg. Mashruuca ayaa loo sameeyey by Bazhenov iyo isticmaalka loogu talagalay of style khiyaali ah, loo yaqaan dacayadeed ama "Ruush Gothic" iyo Bazhenov loo yaqaan "jilicsan" Gothic.

Waayo, mashruucan naqshadeeyaha ugu qaaday taarkan oo dhan, muddo toban sanadood ah lagu qaaday dhismaha dhismaha, laakiin in ay ku dhameysan dhismaha mar kale lahaa Kazakov. Waxaa ka mid ah sababaha cadhada boqornimada, oo ka dhacay Bazhenov kaddib markii ay booqasho Tsaritsyna Ekaterinoy ah, loo yaqaan dhise lahaayeen oo ah "Freemasons" - Empress ku arkay ciidamo xoorta awoodaan in ay enthrone wiilkeeda - Paul I. Waxaa jira fikrado kale, waa waxa runta - waa wax aan macquul aheyn in la ogaado laakiin ku dhameysteen daaraha waaweyn shaqada iyo deegaanka M. Kazakov. Naqshadle isku dayeen in ay si taxadar leh ula dhaqmaan saaxiibka iyo mentor, tegaayo dhawrsan dhismayaasha qaarkood Bazhenov. joogitaanka magaalada hareeraheeda Moscow oo ka mid ah tsars Ruush Tsaritsyno oo dhintay, laakiin nooleeyey qaab casri ah, waa meel caan ah oo fasax iyo mid ka mid ah indhaha ee Moscow.

Masterpieces "dopozharnoy" Moscow

Tan iyo markii ay todobaatanaadkii soo daahay ee naqshadeeyaha ugu qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich dhab noqoto waxa maanta waxaa lagu magacaabaa dhise sare ee Moscow. Ka mid ah dhismayaasha ay meelo badan oo ka mid ah cibaadada, dhismayaasha presences iyo guryaha gaarka loo leeyahay. Qaar badan oo ka shuqulladiisa lumeen in dabka duulaankii Napoleonic, qaar ka mid ah ayaa la dhisay, laakiin qaar ka mid ah tusaalooyin fiican ee uu shaqada la bogi karin maanta.

"Ruush Gothic" ahaa jajuubi ka mid ah macaamiisha taajir iyo reer boqor, iyo Kazakov, inta badan ka dhisay qaab caan ah classic. Kanu waa Church of Metropolitan Philip in Sloboda Meshchansky ah. Waa isku darka xiiso qarka u saaran inuu ku wareegsan oo kale oo kasta oo la eego mugga iyo tayada sare ee decoration qotontay ah, taas oo tayo gaar ahaan la arki karo Kazakova-rinjiile.

masterpiece Wonderful - Church of Cosmas iyo Damian on Maroseyka - kala duwanaayeen isku darka cajiib ah Muga qalooca iyo hab ku dhowaad casri ah si ay minimalist ee Qurxinta. Waxa intaa dheer in tiro badan oo ah daaraheeda waaweyn, kaniisadaha, guryaha gaarka loo leeyahay, dhismayaasha dugsiga, wuxuu ka dhisay saddex isbitaal, kuwaasoo mid walba uu noqday decoration ah Moscow.

xarunta A gaar ah Kazakov Moscow ee - dhismaha Golaha Sharafta leh - House of Ururada. Guriyo in wakhti dheer dib u dhiska, laakiin gudaha ee dhowr jeer (Suite ah, iyo waxa ugu muhiimsan - Hall Column ah) gudbiyo fikradda ah naqshada ee foomka ku dhow asalka. Xaddi weyn, taas oo qaadi karta ilaa 5000 oo qof, waa mid cajiib ah, in a classically habboonaanta.

Abuuraha reer XVIII qarnigii Moscow

Waxa intaa dheer in dhismayaasha kale ee loo yaqaan dhaxalka naqshadeeyaha ugu - kala duwan oo cajiib ah sayidkooda, macallin ka ahaa naqshadeeyaha ugu Kazakov. Works I. V. Egotova, AN Bakareva, O. I. Bove, IG Taman ayaa la sheegay in loogu talagalay dib u soo kabashada ku xiga ee Moscow, waqti isku mid waxtar leh in ay shaqada kale Kazakova 13 albums qorshaha, sarreeya iyo qaybaha dhismaha ugu weyn ee Moscow .

Waxa uu ku dhintay, aan awoodin inuu qaado fikirka dhimashada magaaladii la jeclaa, laakiin tayo fantastik ah iyo shaqo adag Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov laga yaabaa in aanay lumin oo aan wax raad ah, iyo Renaissance Moscow weli xajiya xusuusta oo ka mid ah kuwii ku dhisayna weyn.