Muddo Devonian ee xilligii Paleozoic

muddo Devonian Geological (420 - 358 milyan oo sano ka hor) waa bilowga Paleozoic ee dambe. Waagaas waxaa jiray dhacdooyin badan oo biotic si weyn u saamayn horumarinta dheeraad ah oo nolosha on Earth. nidaamka Devonian lagu rakibay ee 1839 by saynisyahano Adam Sedgwick iyo Roderick Murchison ee gobolka Ingiriisi ah ee Devonshire, kii ka dib markii la magacaabay.

Biota

Habeeynimadii of eynu ku Devonian mass ka dhacay dunida organic. noocyada badan, gaar ahaan baahsan ee dunida, si fudud iska yaraaday oo la waayay. In ay meesha waxaa jira kooxo cusub ee dhirta xoolaha. Waxaa kuwaas loo ogaado waxa u muuqatay sida dhirta iyo ugaarta muddada Devonian ay waa.

Waxaa jiray kacaanka dhab ah. Haddaba nolosha ayaa sameeyay ma aha oo kaliya in badaha iyo hay'adaha biyaha saafiga ah, laakiin sidoo kale dhulka. vertebrates dalka baahsan iyo Dhirta jidhadhka dhulka. muddo Devonian, ee dhirta iyo ugaarta oo sii waday in ay xuubsiiban, by ah ee reer Cammoon ugu horeysay calaamadeeyay (cephalopods). Waxaa soo maray ay bryozoans talinaysay, rugosa, noocyo ka mid ah brachiopods muujiya.

Nolosha badda

On horumarinta dunida organic ayaa saamayn ma aha oo kaliya horumar dabiiciga ah, laakiin sidoo kale cimilada xilliga Devonian, iyo sidoo kale dhaqdhaqaaq tectonic daran iyo saameynta ay meel (guud ahaan) isbeddelka ka dhacay shuruudaha hoygii. Life badda waxa uu noqday kala duwan marka loo eego Silurian ah. muddo Devonian ee xilligii Paleozoic waxa lagu gartaa horumarinta dega noocyada kalluunka kala duwan (saynisyahano qaar ka mid ah oo sameeyey wac "muddada kalluumaysiga"). Isla mar ahaantaana waxa ay bilaabeen engegay tsistoidey, Nautiloidea, trilobites iyo graptolites.

Tirada ugu badan ee dhalmo gaadhay brachiopods muujiya. Gaar ahaan kala duwan ahaayeen spiriferidy, atripidy, rinhonellidy iyo terebratulidy. qaninimada Species iyo tirayn degdeg ah in waqti is khilaafeen brachiopods. Koox Tani waa waxa ugu muhiimsan for paleontologists iyo Haseyeeshee ku lug dissection faahfaahsan ee kayd.

muddo Devonian, oo xayawaanka iyo dhirta waxaa kala duwanaayeen kala duwanaanshaha weyn marka la barbardhigo jireen waagii ee la soo dhaafay, soo baxday in ay muhiim u tahay horumarinta shacaab. Wada jir ah ula bryozoans stromatoporoideyami oo waxay bilaabeen inay ka qayb qaataan dhismaha Qoryaale. Waxay la caawiyay by noocyo kala duwan oo algae calcareous, taas oo la wada degganaa badda Devonian ah.

Xawayaanka iyo vertebrates

Ka mid ah xawayaanka ah waxaad fartaan Wannaagga ostracods, merostomes, tentaculites, blastoids, ubaxa oo badda, urchins badda, buushka, gastropods iyo Conodonts. Sida laga soo xigtay hadhaagii khubarada ee la soo dhaafay ayaa maanta si loo ogaado da'da dhagaxyadii ku aasan.

muddo Devonian by muhiimadda ay leedahay sii kordhaya ee vertebrates calaamadeeyay. Sida kor ku xusan, waxa uu ahaa "Century kalluunka" - gaashaaman, lafaha iyo kalluunka cartilaginous booskaasi ku xukuma. From Scroll mass this kooxda New. Waxay ahaayeen noole Kalluunka sida jawless. Maxaad vertebrates kuwaas oo la Shafay? Tusaale ahaan, plastinokozhih ah iyo kalluun gaashaaman jir hore iyo madaxa waxaa qariyey qolof ilaaliya qaro - dood muhim in halgankii ay u noolaadaan. makhluuqaadka khilaafeen hab nololeed yah. In dhexe ee Devonian ay yihiin kuwo aan carjawda oo keliya, laakiin Akulovo. booska ugu badan ay degan iyo ka dib - in Mesozoic ah.

Dhirta

At soo noqdo, laga soocay muddada Silurian Devonian, xoojiyey helaan warshad inay dalka. Waxay bilaabeen in ay dib u dejinta degdeg ah iyo la qabsashada in nolosha kuwa dhulkuna cusub. Hore iyo Sredniy Devon maray hoos imanayey xukunka dhulka dhirta vascular heer hoose Rhyniophyta in koray meelaha swampy. By dhammaadka muddada way bakhtiyeen meel kasta. In Devonian Dhexe ay horey u jirey dhirta spore (chlenistostebelnye, Lycopodiaceae iyo ferns).

gymnosperms marka hore u muuqday. Geed waxaad fartaan Wannaagga geed. Gaar ahaan si aada faafin ferns heterosporous. Asal ahaan dhulka daaqsinka horumariyo ee gobollada xeebta, halkaas oo waxaa jiray cimilada diiran, khafiif ah oo qoyan. Distance ka badaha dhulka waagaas weli ka jiraan aan wax ka.

cimilada

Muddada Devonian waxa lagu gartaa saarridda cad oo cimilada la bilowgii Paleozoic la barbar dhigo. East Evopeyskaya madal iyo Ural ahaayeen aagga Equatorial (heerkulka celcelis ahaan 28 - 31 ° C), Caucasus - suunka kulaylaha (23 - 28 ° C). Xaaladda A la mid ah ka jira Western Australia.

cimilada ee Biyo-yaroodka (cimilada qalalan cidla ah) aasaasay Kanada. Wakhtigan ee dhulka gobollada ee Saskatchewan iyo Alberta, iyo sidoo kale in weysada Mackenzie River ahayd habka firfircoon ee raasamaal cusbo. sumadda Tani waxay kala ee North America tegey muddada Devonian. Macdanta ururtay in gobollada kale. On Platform Siberian mar tuubooyinka kimberlite u noqday kayd weyn oo diamond.

gobollada qoyan

In Devonian goor dambe in Eastern Siberia humidification kordhay bilaabay, sababtoo ah taas ayaa waxaa u muuqday layers hodansiin oxides manganese iyo hydroxides bir ah. Isla mar ahaantaana cimilada qoyan ahaa caan meelo ka mid ah Gondwana (Uruguay, Argentina, South Australia). Waxa uu kala duwanaayeen huurka badan, oo ku dhacda roobab ka sii weyn tahay kaydkii karo carrada iyo uumi.

Meelahaas waxaa gobollada (iyo sidoo kale in waqooyi-bari iyo koonfur Asia) degeen Arrays jabalo ururtay limestones jabalo. In Belarus, Kazakhstan iyo Siberia si ay u dejiyaan qoyaan a variable. Horraantii Devonian sameeyay tiro badan oo ah barkadaha semi-go'doonsan iyo go'doon gudahood oo kaxeynayo la go'doomiyay dubato. By dhammaadka muddada farqiga u dhexeeya iyo bilowgii ilaa qasayo.

macdan

Devonian ee gobollada la cimiladu qoyan ayaa sameeyay ugu qadiimiga ah ee dun dhuxusha dunida. kayd waxaa ka mid ah kayd ee Norway, iyo Timan. By ka jahooyinka saliidda iyo gaaska sita Devonian yihiin gobollada Pechora iyo Volga-Urals. Isla ayaa laga odhan karaa oo ah kayd la mid ah Maraykanka, Kanada, Sahara iyo berkeddii weysada, Amazon ah.

Wakhtigan, ee Urals iyo Tatarstan bilaabay si ay u sameeyaan kayd of iron ore. Gobollada leh cimilada oomane sameeyay ayaa ceegaagta qarada waaweyn oo potash (Kanada iyo Belarus). daliilka Kobenhagen ayaa keentay in raasamaal ee senti copper-pyrite Waqooyiga Caucasus iyo dhaadhacyadii bari ee Urals ah. deposit hogaanka-zinc iyo bir-manganese kasta ee Bartamaha Kazakhstan.

tectonics

By bilowgii Devonian ee gobolka North Atlantic, iyo qaab-dhismeedka buurta Hidiya ayaa bilaabay (Northern Greenland, Northern Tien Shan, Altai). Euramerica wakhtigaas waxaa ku yaalla latitudes Equatorial, Siberia, Korea iyo China - ee latitudes dhawraa. Gondwana ahaa gebi Hemisphere ka Koonfureed.

Euramerica la aasaasay bilowgii Devonian ah. Sababta ay dhacdo ahaa kulanka mid ah Yurubta Bari iyo North America. qaarada Tani waxay la kulmeen ururinta daran (ilaa xad xigtaa ugu weyn qaybinaya). Products ay nabaad (foomka of korsiiya clastic cas) ururtay in Britain, Greenland, Spitsbergen iyo Scandinavia. Iyada oo qaab-dhismeedka cusub duubnaadaan buur (nidaamka laab ah Appalachians Northern iyo Newfoundland), waqooyi-galbeed iyo koonfurta Euramerica wareejiyey.

Inta badan Bariga Platform Yurub waa watersheds buur ah yar yar yahay. Kaliya ee waqooyi-galbeed suunka mobile British-Scandinavian kaalinta buuraha yar yahay iyo buuro badan oo u dhow. In qeybtii labaad ee muddada Devonian, qaybaha tan oo ka mid ah madal Bariga Yurub ayaa daadadku by badda. On the dhulka hoose ee xeebta faafin cas-midab. Under xaaladaha salinity sare ee qaybta bartamaha ee kayd dolomite, gypsum, cusbo weysada badda ururtay dhagax weyn.