Saamaynta Mossbauer: saamaynta ka mid ah helitaanka iyo muhiimadda

wadahadalo maqaalka ku saabsan waxa ay saamayn Mossbauer ah. Sidoo kale shaaca fikradaha sida heerarka galmada tamarta ee la eb iyo xuduntii ah qaaradda, adag oo quasiparticle wadajir dhexdeeda.

madadaalo xisaabeed

horumar degdeg ah A ee physics ka dhacay tobanka sano ee hore ee qarnigii labaatanaad, saynisyahano dalbaday aqoon dhab ah in xisaabta. daahfurtay in badan ayaa laga soo saarey, sidaas si la hadasho, caaradda qalinka: marka hore ay xisaabiyaa aragti ka dibna laga helay dhaqanka.

Tusaale ahaan, jiritaanka hirarka gravitational saadaaliyay by Einstein ee 1910, waxay ahaayeen awoodin in ay xaqiijiso experimentally kaliya ee 2016. midowga laba xiddigood neutron ayaa abuuray gariir bannaan in physics jidhadhka dhulka qabsado oo go'an by furitaanka Zaman ee cabbirka gravitational in sayniska ee aadanaha. No cuf yaab halkan ku xusan, waayo, waa barashada sida uu yahay qiimaha saamayn Mossbauer ah. Laakiin tani waa marka laga reebo halkii xukunka. Inta badan, aragtiyaha iyo experimenters talaabo on kasta oo kale ee u gaddoomaysaan Cidhibtiinii, mid waxbarasho siiyey kor u qaada baahida loo qabo in ay sharaxaad xisaabta, iyo gabagabo kasin noqdo malo ah ee cusub, aanan weli helin tiirsanaanta. saamayn Mössbauer ahaa mid ka mid ah ifafaale ah sida. Noocan oo kale ah "kooxda" Arrintan waa siday maleeyeen iyo Planck Max muujiyay dhamaadka 1900. Waxa uu sheegay in dunida oo dhan ee electrons iyo nuclei qaaradda, oo dhan tiro qaadan kartaa oo keliya qiimaha Discrete, in uu yahay quantized. Iyo, in uu ra'yi u gaar ah, waxay ahayd oo kaliya trick xisaabeed, taas oo ka dhigtay xisaabinta fudud. Ilaa iyo dhamaadka ee uu noloshiisa uu rumeysan yahay in galmada ah, ama qaybta ugu yar ee suuragalka ah ee, tusaale ahaan, iftiinka - hab oo kaliya ku haboon si ay u sharxaan, ma waday dareen oo halis ah jirka.

dunida oo galmada

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, culimada kale xiiseynaya in description ku filan oo waxa dhacaya on baaxadda atamka, tixgeliyaa iman kara ee gabagabada noocan oo kale ah, oo intay soo qaadeen for siiyay in wax walba waa quantized. electrons ku wareegsan xuduntii noqon karaa oo keliya on Galaatiya gaar ah nuclei naftooda oo keliya ku yeelan karaan heerarka tamarta gaar ah. Gefo therebetween, nuclei dhalin rays gamma. saamayn Mossbauer sheegayaa in ficilkan waa in ay curiyaan nooc ka mid ah saamaynta, laakiin tani ma ka dhacaya. Guud ahaan, dhammaan tiro in lagu qeexo dhaqanka nanoworld waxay ku xiran yihiin quantization - in uu yahay Discrete. Laakiin ha iloobin in dardarta in macrocosm la muujiyay sida wax soo saarka ee heerka of mass in ay qayb ka hoose waa wax aasaas kala duwan, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in uu, aad, waa quantized. Sidaas warbixinta in sayniska, taas oo isagga Maks dheefayo uu formula caan ah oo ka kooban qiimaha h, ama saamayn yar, furay marxalad cusub. Tani waxa ay ahayd xilligii of physics galmada. Mossbauer saamayn, fasiraad, taasi oo markii dambe la siiyey this ifafaale, ayaa noqotay mid ka mid ah Dhacdooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee sayniska ee qarnigii labaatanaad.

helitaanka saamayn Mössbauer ah

Sida aan kor ku xusay, gabagabadii akhriska ee gacanta ku bexeen gacan la tijaabo ah. gunaanad Qaar ka mid ah wax ku ool ah cadaato on dhirta macno ururiyey "on jilibka ah" oo ka mid ah qalabka duugoobay. Seynisyahanno ay awoodaan in ay soo bandhigaan ma aha oo kaliya caanaha, laakiin sidoo kale xir sibraarkii, gooyaa guddiga in ay la shaqeeyaan biraha iyo soo ururin rakibo. Dabcan, madaxa laboratories kaliya koobayaa natiijada qaybaha ay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, experimenter walba sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa injineer, sida ay hindiseen waxaa loogu talagalay ujeedooyin gaar ah, oo si toos ah in nidaamka cilmi baadhista. Waxaan jirin marka laga reebo iyo saamaynta Mossbauer ah. Furitaanka ma dhici doono haddii phD madax Rudolf Mossbauer ma beddelmin habka ay u qiyaaso goob qaboojinta, halkii ay u kulaylinta, sida taliyay agaasimaha sayniska.

adag

Fikradda, oo annagaa ku sheegi doonna akhristayaasha qaybtan, waxa ay u muuqataa cad at jaleecada hore. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sidoo kale waxaa loo yaqaan, ay fududahay in mar walba gaaro dadaalka cajiib ah. Oo sidaas daraaddeed waxaan hadda ay awoodaan in ay u sheegto in erayada fudud waxa saamayn Mossbauer ee Kadaabad macno ahaan, mar shaqeeyay shaybaar oo dhan.

Under adag waxaa badanaa loogu tala galay walax ee gobolka crystalline ah. The nuclei of atamka kiiskan u sameeyaan a daaqaddii wareegsan adag, halka electrons ee heerar kala duwan soo koobay. Dabcan, kiristaalo bir sameeyay bond macdan aad u gaar ah kaas oo ka jira xuduntii sida ay u kala soocaan ka electrons guud. daruur electron ku nool ay sharci oo madax banaan, oo aan bixinta si ay dhaqanka daaqaddii crystal dareenka. The kiristaalo oo soo bandhigaan bonds more dhaqanka Madbacada qaranka iyo covalent, electrons ka badan si dhow ula xidhiidha "ay" nuclei. Laakiin waxaa ay si xor ah u kala qanjidhada deriska badan ee gaaska ama dareere waa.

guryaha set adag ma aha oo kaliya xubno ka kiimikada oo iyaga ku jira, laakiin sidoo kale dhabanada ee qorshaha of atamka eego midba midka kale. Tusaalaha classic of dhismeedka carbon a abuuraa graphite jilicsan, iyo kuwa kale oo - wax ugu adkaa ee dabiiciga ah - diamond. Sidaas nooca xidhiidh, iyo dhabanada ka mid ah unugyada unugga macnaheedu badan oo jidhka ah oo adag. The sifooyinka adag oo ay tahay siidaynta waxa saamayn Mossbauer ah. Its dabiiciga ah waxaa lagu sharaxay sida soo socota: dhammaan atamka ee adag a la xidhiidha.

quasiparticles wadareed

Haddaba qiyaasi daaqaddii ku filan weyn oo saddex geesood ah. Wixii model cusbo ugu haboon: Na iyo cl ku yaalaan ee geesaha ka mid ah xabadaha, mid kale ka dib. Haddii bartey ah midkood qabso eb iyo isaga jiid in ay jebiyaan meesha caadaysi dheelitirka, mahad xiriir ku filan adag, ka dib markii ay soo jiidayaa atamka deriska ah. Xisaabaha ayaa muujinaya, in isbeddelka jagada muhiimka ah ee uu leeyahay ugu yaraan wax saamayn ah ku deriska ah si saddexaad. Taas macnaheedu waa in haddii "qabsoomayn" sodium, daba jiido deriska atamka chlorine, atamka sodium oo daba socday mid ka mid daaha laabka ah chlorine. Saamaynta of this u badan tahay in la kordhiyay in jiho kasta. Waxaa sida caadiga ah la sheegay in afaraad ee amarka deriska perturbation yihiin dayac badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma ay joogaan eber.

Sidaas awgeed, haddii bartey "garaaca" crystal xoog (tus, inaan isaga diro laser ama electron dogob), daaqaddii baraf "hirarka" Doono. dhaqdhaqaaqa wadajirka noocan oo kale ah marka atamka badan oo deriska ah ee baraf aad isku baddalo dareemaan, tus, kor ama hoos, loo yaqaan phonons. Available in lagu qeexo waxa saamayn Mossbauer ee caagagga, annagu kala ma tegi doonaa faahfaahinta waxa keliya ee aad u sheegto in phonons waxaa laga helay in ay u dhaqmaan sida Qurub hoose. Tusaale ahaan, ay tamar waa quantized, waxay hantiyi dardar Milanello oo ay awoodaan si ay ula falgalaan midba midka kale. Sayidka, phonons ah waxaa loo yaqaan quasiparticles wadareed. Waxay tirada iyo tayada jidhka adag la siiyo qaab-dhismeedka a, taas oo ay ka dhacaan. Xisaabi waxay noqon kartaa, iyagoo og baaxadda, dhabanada iyo noocyada atamka ee gacanta unugga. On dhacdo ee phonon sidoo kale saameyn ku dherer ah iyo nooca la xidho dhexeeya udhigo ee daaqaddii baraf.

aragti band

Tan iyo markii ay adag koobaya dhammaan electrons, iyo orbitals (iyo sidaa ay tamar) waa in sidoo kale la guud. First, waa in aan xasuusano electrons waxaa iska leh class this of Qurub yeedhay fermions. Fermi, Dirac iyo Pauli wada ogaaday in mid ka mid ah gobolka waxaa laga yaabaa in nidaamka, kaliya hal qayb oo kale. Haddii aan si tusaale ah ee cusbada ku soo laabto, crystal kasta, taas oo aan maraq ama hilib ku rushaysaa, oo ka kooban xaddi cajiib ah sodium iyo chloride udhigo. Oo mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waxay leedahay tiro la mid ah electrons, kaas oo isku shaandheyn ku Galaatiya isku mid. Sidee u noqon karaan? adag A baxa xaaladda sida soo socota: tamarta ee electron kasta orbiting agagaarka xuduntii, wax yar ka mid ah electrons tamarta kale ay leeyihiin falagiisuu isla eb kale oo kala duwan. Sidaasay u helay, in baraf ka jira heerar tamar aad u badan kuwaas oo midba midka kale ku filan yar yar ku kala duwan yihiin si ay u sameeyaan aag Tifaftirayaasha. The perturbations oo soo bandhigo phonons yar, sababtoo ah mid ka mid safafka eb ma yihiin kuwo aad u xoog badan. All in arrimaha waa mooshinka wadajir ah oo dhan. Sidaa darteed, tamarta phonon ah, maadaama ay ahaayeen "diri" degaanka ee tamarta. Iyada oo ku saleysan taas oo saamayn Mossbauer ah.

qiyaasta electromagnetic

dhaqdhaqaaqa qayb eedeeyay waxaa ku weheliyay duurka ah electromagnetic. Dhab ahaantii Tani geliya, tusaale ahaan, su'aasha ah sababta ka mid ah caalamka oo satalayt qabsanaysaa iyaga, halka kuwa kale - ma. hirarka electromagnetic la kala qaybsanyihiin karaa fasalada sida ay inta jeer oo sidaas daraaddeed tamarta. Labadan sifooyinka yihiin kuwo isku xiran oo ay ku xiran tahay Milanello. waa saameyn Mossbauer waxa si kooban oo kaliya, bixin karaa in qofka akhrinaya uu fahmo halka ay qiyaasta electromagnetic waxa uu ku yaalaa shucaaca gamma. Sidaas daraaddeed, furo baaxadda hawada. Fikrad ahaan xaddido ay Milanello - cabbir caalamka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tamarta shucaaca sida uu noqon doono si yar in ay tahay wax aan macquul aheyn in ay iska diiwaan gelin. inta jeer ee wax yar sare ee shucaaca terahertz ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa, iyo hirarka raadiyaha waxaa lagu arkay xaalad aad u gaar ah, Iscelin of electrons duurka a magnetic, vibrations laalaab of polymers, dhaqdhaqaaqa excitons ee adag ee. qayb More cad xiga ee spectrum ee electromagnetic - shucaaca infrared. Waxaa ku wareejinaya tamarta foomka kulaylka. tamarta Xitaa sare iftiinka arki karo. qayb ka mid ah qaybaha kala ah in isha aadanaha arkaa waa mid aad u yar marka la barbar dhigo baaxadda oo idil.

iftiinka Red leeyahay tamarta ugu hooseeya, iyo guduud - ugu sarreeya. In xiriir this, waxaa la ogsoon yahay liddiga: biyaha more qabow tilmaamay in buluug ah, kuwaas oo tamar uu ka badan yahay in iftiinka cas. Ka dib markii in qayb ultraviolet ee heerka electromagnetic ayaa durbaba leh inta jeer ku filan sare si ay u dhexgalaan galay adag ka. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in dadka, sida xayawaanka kale ee ku nool dhulkeenna, ma Oga iftiinka ultraviolet, ay muhiimadda shaqaynaya saxda ah ee noolaha noolaha waa weyn. Isha ugu weyn ee waxbarasho ultraviolet waa qorraxda. tamar sare oo awood u leh inay gasho waxyaaba badan oo ay leedahay X-ray. Isha ee shucaaca sida waa deceleration ee electrons ee beeraha electromagnetic. electrons wuxuu noqon karaa labada xidhxidhan, i.e. iska leh atamka iyo free. The qalabka caafimaadka ku jira hindisooyin by electrons free. Ugu dambeyntii, ugu adkaa iyo mowjadaha gaaban ugu waa shucaaca gamma.

X-rays iyo gamma

saamayn Mossbauer iyo codsiga in physics iyo injineernimada u baahan yahay in la kala saaro rays gamma iyo X-rays. By heerka tamarta iyo, sida, Milanello ay ku jiraan kala duwan oo aad u balaadhan oo xirmi. Taasi waa, waxaa jira gamma iyo X-rays la Milanello a of 5 picometres. habab kala duwan oo ay u diyaarinta. Sida kor lagu soo sharxay, ee X-shucaaca waxay dhacdaa marka deceleration ee electrons. Waxaa intaa dheer, in geedi socodka qaar ka mid ah (oo ay ku jiraan nuclear) baaba'aa electron qolof dhexena atamka culus ku filan sida uranium. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, electrons kale u muuqdaan in ay meeshiisii qaadan. guurka noocan oo kale ah, oo ay noqoto il X-rays. rays gamma yihiin natiijada xuduntii kala gudbaysa gobolka sare faraxsanahay. shucaaca waxa uu leeyahay awood sare cabaar iyo ionizes atamka si ay taas macaamila. War sidee marka ray gamma duqeeyo xuduntii eb, waa in kickback ah ee loo yaqaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku dhaqanka waxa ay ka leexatay in dhexgalka ee rays gamma la xuduntii eb ka tirsan jirka oo adag, saamaynta uu maqan yahay. Tan waxaa loo sharxay by xaqiiqada ah in tamarta dheeraad ah, maadaama ay ahaayeen "lahu" by guutooyin electronic baraf, abuurista phonon ah.

isotopes

saamayn Mossbauer iyo codsiga ula xiriira mid ka mid xaqiiqda ah la yaab leh: ifafaale uusan u dhaqmaan on dhammaan qaybaha kiimikada ee miiska wareegsan. Waxaa intaa dheer, waa la taaban karo oo kaliya qaar ka mid ah isotopes walxaha. Haddii akhristaha waxaa si lama filaan ah illoobay waxa isotopes yeeray. Waxaa la og yahay in la eb walba waa koronto dhexdhexaad ah. Taas macnaheedu waxa weeye in xuduntii of protons wanaagsan sida ugu badan ee qolof electron ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xudunta ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jira a neutron, walxaha lacag la'aan. Haddii aad bedesho tirada in xuduntii, dhexdhexaadnimada korontada aan xad, laakiin sifooyinka la eb yar beddelay. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa dhacaya in isotope culus tahay shucaac iyo waa u nugul suuska, halka arrinta caadiga ah waa wax deggan. liiska ilaa xad ah ee xubno la taaban karo iyo isotopes ay, kuwaas oo lagu gartaa saamaynta Mossbauer ah. Ogaanshaha of ⁵⁷ Fe, tusaale ahaan, waxaa guud ahaan ku kalsoon by this ifafaale.

Isticmaalka saamaynta galmada

waayo-aragnimo Produce, kaas oo la xaqiijiyay in mid ka mid ah ama fikrad kale ee la xiriira dunida cqaadir, inta badan waa fudud ma. Intaa waxaa dheer, haddana ma cadda waxa faa'iidooyinka keeni karo saameyn la mid ah Mossbauer? Isticmaalka waxaa ka mid ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa balaadhan oo ku filan. Baaritaanka of sifooyinka crystalline qalabka, amorphous cunnooyinka adkaha ah iyo budo jar comminuted dhacdaa, oo ay ku jiraan via ifafaale galmada this. xogta noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo baahan yahay in si cadaalad ah fog ka soo qaybaha dhaqanka (physics teori), iyo nidaamo nin aad ugu dhow - sida daawada. Sayidka, saamayn Mossbauer iyo isticmaalka waa in la tixgeliyaa oo tusaale u ah helitaanka afka baarkiisa, kaas oo keenaya badan oo ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka, iyo tan iyo nolol maalmeedka.