Waa maxay la ruxruxo gravitational?

taariikhda rasmiga ah ee furitaanka (ogaanshaha) mawjadihii gravitational waxaa loo arkaa inay February 11, 2016. Waxaa markaas lagu qabtay Washington on shir jaraa'id, madaxda iskaashi LIGO, waxaa lagu dhawaaqay in kooxda cilmi ku guulaysteen markii ugu horeysay ee taariikhda aadanaha si uu u xaliyo this ifafaale.

Waxsii Einstein weyn

Xaqiiqada ah in ay hirarku gravitational jiraan, xitaa bilowgii qarnigii la soo dhaafay (1916) soo jeediyay Albert Einstein loo habayn qaabka guud ee General Relativity (GR). Mid ka mid ah la yaabsanahay karaa oo keliya ugu kartida xariif ah ee jirka dadka caanka ah, kuwaas oo ahaa awoodaan si ay u sameeyaan gunaanad xeel dheer sida la yaraan xogta dhabta ah. Waxaa ka mid ah ifafaale kale oo badan oo jirka saadaaliyay in xaqiijinta helay qarnigii soo socda (hoos gaabis dhererka waqtiga, isbeddel ah ee shucaaca electromagnetic jihada of beeraha gravitational, iwm) Ku dhawaad ogaado jiritaanka noocan ah ee dhexgalka la ruxruxo ee jirkooda, ilaa dhawaan macquul ma ahan.

Cuf - khayaal ah?

Guud ahaan, iftiinka aragtida of relativity cuf Dhawa ciidan. Tani waa natiijo ah oo ka mid ah perturbation ama dhaf ah sii-time meesha bannaan ee. Tusaale wanaagsan in lagu muujiyo postulate this laga yaabaa in lagu soo taagay gabal maro. Under miisaankiisu yahay kaalinta uu saaran yahay meel ka mid ah wax badan ayaa la sameeyay fasaxa ah. walxaha kale ee mooshinka dhow logu talagalay this beddeli doonaa dhabbihii ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqa, sida ay ahaayeen "jiidatay". Iyo ugu weyn miisaanka shayga (dheer dhexroor iyo dhaf qoto dheer), ugu weyn ee "xoog ah soo jiidashada." Markay ku dhaqaaqdo in ka badan oo dhar ah, oo aad ka daawan kartaa bixitaanka "cod aqlabiyad ah" kala duwan.

Wax la mid ah ka dhacaya meel dunida. Qof kasta oo si degdeg ah u dhaqaaqin arrin adag yahay isha ay ka degidda cufnaanta ee meesha iyo waqtiga. ruxruxo A gravitational la Ilodanimada weyn, sameeyay maydadka la tacsida aad u weyn ama marka la accelerations weyn wadista.

caddaymaha jirka

Degidda ton-time bannaan ee isu muujin sidii isbedel duurka ku gravitational. Tani waxay ifafaale waxaa kaloo loo yaqaan cod aqlabiyad ah-time bannaan. ruxruxo gravitational saameeyaa jirka iyo waxyaabaha la kulmeen, Tuujiya iyo iyaga iskala. lacagta ka dhur aad u yar tahay - amarka of 10 ^-21 ee size asalka ah. dhib oo dhan ogaanshaha of this ifafaale waa in cilmi u lahaa in ay bartaan sida loo cabbiro oo diiwaan isbedeladan la isticmaalayo qalabka ku habboon. Awoodda shucaac gravitational sidoo kale waa mid aad u yar yahay - nidaamka oo dhan qoraxda, waa kilowatts yar.

Xawaaraha faafinta hirarka gravitational yar ku xiran tahay sifooyinka dhexdhexaad ah ee la qabanayo. Ilodanimada inayan The oscillation la meel fog ka soo isha tartiib ah u yaraanaya, laakiin ma Gaadho eber. inta jeer waxay ku taalaa kala duwan ka tobanaan dhowr boqolaal Hertz. xawaaraha hirarka gravitational in dhexdhexaad ah ee interstellar dhawaado ah xawaaraha iftiinka.

daliil daruufaheeda

Waayo, markii ugu horeysay xaqiijin ah afka baarkiisa ah jiritaanka hirarka gravitational suurtagashay in ay hesho astronomer Maraykanka Joseph Taylor iyo Russell Hulse caawiyihiisa 1974. Waxbarashada Caalamka via xoqad observatories Arecibo (Puerto Rico), cilmi helay pulsar ku PSR B1913 + 16 oo ka dhigan nidaamka binary xiddigaha neutron oo isku shaandheyn ku wareegsan xarunta caanka ah ee mass at a xawaare angular joogto ah (case naadir). Kasta muddada daawaynta sano waa 3.75 saacadood hore, hoos u dhigay 70 Ms. Qiimaha Tani waa waafaqsan gabagabadii isleegyo GTR in la saadaaliyo korodhka xawaaraha of wareeg nidaamyadan ah ay sabab u tahay isticmaalka tamarta ee jiilka of hirarka gravitational ah. Later more pulsars double iyo dhsan cad dhaqanka la mid ah ayaa laga helay. xiddigaha Radio D. Taylor iyo R. Hulse Nobel Prize in Physics for helitaanka fursadaha cusub ee barashada beeraha gravitational waxaa la guddoonsiiyey 1993.

Xatooyo la ruxruxo gravitational

War saxaafadeedka ayaa marka hore lagu ogaan karo hirarka gravitational ka University of Maryland cilmiga Dzhozefa Vebera (USA) helay 1969. Ujeedada this waxa uu u adeegsaday labada anteenooyinkooda gravitational ay design gaar ah, kala fogaan ah laba kiiloomitir. qalabka The resonant ahaa gariirka-go'doonsan gabal wanaagsan dhululubo-foot aluminium, qalabaysan transducers piezoelectric xasaasi ah. Ilodanimada inayan The oo ka mid ah isbedbedelka Weber lagu eedeeyay go'an cadeeyay inuu yahay jeer ka badan hal milyan ka badan tahay ayaa la filayaa. Isku dayo by cilmi kale iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab la mid ah inuu ku soo celiyo ee "guusha" ee jirka dadka American ka natiijo wanaagsan ma ay koreen. dhawr sano oo shaqo Weber ee ku yaala goobahan ka dib markii lagu aqoonsan musallif, laakiin dar dar geliyay horumarinta "kaca gravitational" for wacaya ee ku yaala goobahan waxbarasho khubaro badan. By habka, Dzhozef Veber ilaa uu dhintay wuxuu ahaa hubi inaad qaadato hirarka gravitational.

Hagaajinta qalabka soo dhaweynta

In saynisyahan 70s Bill Feyrbank (USA) ayaa soo saartay design ka mid ah antenna gravitational-ruxruxo, la qaboojiyey by helium dareere ah, iyadoo la isticmaalayo SQUIDs - magnetometer supersensitive. Jira waqti technology aan la oggol yahay si ay u arkaan hindisa ee wax soo saarka, ogaaday in ay "biraha".

Sida ay mabda 'tani waxaa la sameeyey Auriga baare ah gravitational in lenyarskoy National Laboratory (Padova, Italy). Dhismaha salaysan dhululubo aluminium-magnesium iyo dherer ah 3 mitir iyo ballaciisu yahay ee 0.6 m. miisaanka The unit aqbalana 2.3 tons ayaa ganaax ku maqan ee go'doon ah, la qaboojiyey si buuxda u dhow qolkii eber vacuum. Waayo, qardarin iyo eegmo arko resonator ka kiilo kaabayaal iyo nidaam qiyaaseed ku salaysan kombiyuutarada. dareen The sheegay qalab 10 ^-20.

interferometers

The salaysan hawlaha oo ka mid ah qalabka la ruxruxo gravitational interferometric daro mabaadi'da la mid ah in waxa loo isticmaalaa at interferometer Michelson ah. Timaada by isha ku jirase aad laser wuxuu u qaybsan yahay laba durdurrada. Ka dib markii shakhi badan oo safarka ku saabsan qulqulka qalabka garbaha soo wada celiyey, iyo sanamkii la final faragelinta garsoore waxaa saameeya haddii koorsada of rays ee qas kasta (tusaale ahaan, la ruxruxo gravitational). qalab noocan oo kale ah loo abuuray in dalal badan:

• GEO 600 (Hannover, Germany). Dhererka tunnel vacuum 600 mitir ah.
• TAMA (Japan) la garbaha at 300 m.
• VIRGO (Pisa, Italy) - mashruuca si wadajir ah Franco-Talyaani, bilaabay in 2007 leh sugnan dheer saddex kiiloomitir.
• LIGO (United States, Coast Pacific), taasoo keentay ugaarsiga loogu hirarka gravitational 2002.

Last tixgalin mudan in faahfaahin dheeraad ah.

LIGO Advanced

Mashruuca ayaa la bilaabay by saynisyahano ee Massachusetts iyo California Institute of Technology. Waxaa ka mid ah laba observatories kala 3 kun. Km, Louisiana iyo Washington (magaaladiisii Livingston iyo Hanford) saddex interferometers isku mid. Dhererka tunnel vacuum dadab waa 4 kun. Mitir. Tani waa ugu weyn in ay taariikhda ku dhismayaasha la mid ah ee jira. Ilaa 2011, isku day badan si loo ogaado hirarka gravitational aan iminka natiijooyin wax. casriyeyn A la taaban karo (Advanced LIGO) kordhay dareen qalabka ee Hz kala duwan 300-500 ka badan shan jeer, iyo gobolka low-soo noqnoqoshada (ilaa 60 Hz) waa ku dhawaad amar of magnitude, gaarey qiime sida heel 10 ^-21. Mashruuca ayaa updated bilowday bishii September 2015, iyo dadaalka badan kun shaqaale ah iskaashi la abaal marin natiijada.

hirarka gravitational waxaa laga helaa

September 14, 2015 hormartay qalabka LIGO in 7 Ms bareeg duubay u soo degin inuu hirarka gravitational dhulkeenna ee ka dhacdooyinka ugu weyn in meel oo faraqa caalamka arki karo - midowga laba godad madow badan oo la tacsida ah 29 iyo 36 jeer ka badan mass qoraxda weyn. Inta lagu jiro maxkamadda, taas oo ka dhacay in ka badan 1.3 Ga ka hor, in xoogaa ilbiriqsiyo ah in ay shucaac gravitational ruxruxo u qaatay oo ku saabsan saddex tacsida qoraxda ee arrinta. inta jeer go'an hirarka horudhac ah gravitational at 35 Hz, iyo qiimaha ugu sarreysa ugu badan ee heerka gaaray 250 Hz.

Natiijada helay ayaa si joogta ah u sakhiray in ay baaritaanka iyo daaweynta dhamaystiran, si taxadar leh ka gooyay tafsiiro kale ee xogta. Ugu dambeyntii, on February 11 sanadkii la soo dhaafay on ogaado si toos ah ifafaale u saadaaliyay by Einstein, waxaa lagu dhawaaqay in bulshada dunida oo dhan.

Xaqiiqada muujinaysa shaqada Titanic ka mid ah cilmi-: Ilodanimada inayan gacanta oscillation of size waa 10 ^-19 m - qiimaha this sida marar badan ka yar dhexroorka eb, sida aadka ah uu leeyahay orange yar.

rajada mustaqbalka

Daahfurka ayaa mar kale ayaa xaqiijiyay in aragtida guud ee relativity - ma ahan oo kaliya set oo ah qaaciidooyinka aan la taaban karin, oo eegno cusub ee nuxurka hirarka gravitational iyo maamuus oo dhan.

Baaritaano dheeraad ah, saynisyahano leeyihiin rajo weyn ka on mashruuca Elsa: abuurka interferometer a orbiting Rafaa la garbaha ku saabsan 5 million km, awood lagu ogaan karo xitaa perturbations yar ee beeraha gravitational. Nooleynta shaqada jihada this waa awoodaa inaad u sheegto wax badan oo ku saabsan marxaladaha aasaasiga ah ee horumarinta ah ee caalamka, habka, daawashada in guutooyin dhaqanka adag tahay ama aan macquul ahayn. Shaki kuma jiro in godadka madow, hirarka gravitational, kaas oo la hagaajin doona mustaqbalka, hadal badan oo ku saabsan dabeecadda.

Waayo, daraasadda ee shucaaca gravitational relic, ay awoodaan in ay ka hadlaan oo ku saabsan daqiiqado ugu horreeya ee dunida ka dib markii Bang Big ah, u baahan doonaa alaab muusiko oo dheeraad ah oo xasaasi ah meel. ), но его реализация, по заверениям специалистов, возможна не ранее, чем через 30-40 лет. Mashruucan waxa ka jira (Big Bang Observer), laakiin hirgelintiisa, ku hagayey khubaro ah, waxaa suurtagal ah in aan sidii hore ka badan 30-40 sano.