Hawlgalka East Prussian (1945). hawlgallada Strategic weerar of War Great Patriotic

Guud ahaan weerar baaxad weyn hore ee Midowga Soofiyeeti waxaa la fuliyay in xilliga qaboobaha 1945. Ciidamada dhuftay foori awood jiho kasta. Command qaadeen Konstantin Rokossovsky, Ivan Chernyakhovsky, Alexander Vasilevsky, iyo Ivan Bagramyan iyo Vladimir Tributs. ciidammadoodii oo ku hor yiil Ujeedada taatikada iyo istiraatiiji ah ugu muhiimsan.

January 13 bilaabeen hawlgal East-Prussian caanka ah ee 1945. Ujeedada waxay ahayd mid fudud - si ay u burburin iyo baabbi'in kooxda ka hartay Jarmal ee Bariga Prussia iyo qaybta waqooyi ee Poland, si uu u furo jidka loo Berlin. Guud ahaan, hawsha ahaa mid aad u muhiim ah ma aha oo kaliya in iftiinka tirtiridda haraadiga iska caabin ah. Maanta, waxa la malaysan in Germany waxay mar hore ku dhowaad ku guuleystay. Tani ma aha sidaas.

shuruudaha muhiim u ah hawlgalka

First, East Prussia ahaa line awood difaaca, kuwaas oo ilaa xad si guul leh u qabsan bilo badan, siinta Jarmalka waqtigii leefo nabarrada. Labaad, Madaxda sare Jarmal isticmaali kartaa sugina wax tirtiridda jirka ah Hitler iyo bilowgii wadahadalo nabadeed oo gooni ah leh our "sokeeye" (waxaa jira wax badan oo caddaynta qorshayaasha sida). Waxa ay ahayd wax aan macquul aheyn in ay ka fogaadaan mid ka mid ah xaalado kuwan. Iyada oo cadowga waa in dhakhso oo go'aan leh si loo soo afjaro.

muuqaalada gobolka

sakaraad ayaa aad u bari ee Prussia ahaa gobol aad u khatar ah, kuwaas oo la horumariyo shabakad waddooyin iyo airfields badan oo kuu ogolaanaya in aad si deg deg ah u wareejiyo iyada oo tiro badan oo ciidamo iyo hub culus. Goobtani waxa ay u eg tahay Dabiicadda qudheedu dhisay in difaaca ee la soo dhaafay. Waxaa jira harooyinka badan, webiyo iyo bogs, taas oo ka dhigi weerar aad u adag oo ku qasbi cadowga in ay raacaan qabsato oo sii xoogeeyaan "wadiiqooyinka".

Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay hawlgallo weerar ah Army Cas baxay Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa sidaas ma aha mid adag. Ever tan iyo wakhtigii Order Teutonic ee degaanka waxaa ka buuxay dhismeedka daafaca, kuwaas oo qaar badan ahaayeen kuwo aad u awood badan. Isla markii 1943, markii dagaalka ee 1941-1945 waxaa ka adkaaday, at Kursk, Jarmalka markii ugu horeysay soo maray suurtagalnimada ee soo gaartay. On shaqada si loo xoojiyo khadadka waxay ahayd in iska dhigno dhammaan dadweynaha awood lixaad qaba iyo tiro badan oo ah maxaabiista. Marka la soo koobo, naasiga waxay isku diyaariyeen inay ammaan.

Ka gaabinta - harbinger ka mid ah guul

Guud ahaan, weerar jiilaalka aha kii ugu horreeyey ee, mana aha hawlgal hore iyo aad u East-Prussian. 1945 oo keliya in ay sii wadaan waxa lagu bilaabay ciidamada bishii October 1944, markii ciidamada Soviet ay awoodaan in ay u guurto degaanka deyrka lahayd oo ku saabsan mid ka mid boqol oo kiilomitir. Sababtoo ah ee iska caabin Jarmal xoog ku guuldareystay inay soo gudbiyaan.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, failure waxaa loo arkaa adag. Waa midda koowaade, saldhig lagu kalsoon yahay waxaa la aasaasay. Marka labaad, taliyayaasha ciidanka iyo khibrad qiimo oo ay awoodaan si ay u dareemaan liitaan qaar ka mid ah cadowga. Intaa waxaa dheer, xaqiiqda ah in bilaabin qabsaday dhulka Jarmal shaqeeyay naasiga aad u nixiyay (in kastoo had iyo jeer ma aha).

Ciidamada of Wehrmacht ah

Difaaca qabtay Army Group "Center", hoos amarka Georg Reinhardt. On hubka ahaayeen: oo kulligeedna saddexaad Panzer Army Erhard Raus, biirey Fridriha Hossbaha, iyo Valtera Vaysa.

Ciidamada Our isla markiiba ka hor 41 Division, iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo ciidamada ka soo inta badan xubnaha awoodda difaaca ee Volkssturm maxalliga ah qortaan. Jarmalka oo dhan waxaa ka joogay ugu yaraan 580,000 oo shaqaalaha military, iyo sidoo kale 200 oo kun oo folksshturmovtsev. By khadka daafaca naasiga jiido 700 taangiyada iyo qoryaha is-baasuukayaal, in ka badan 500 diyaaradaha dagaalka oo ku saabsan 8.5 kun. Cadad madaafiic iyo hoobiyeyaal heerkiisa waaweyn.

Dabcan, taariikhda dagaalkii Patriotic ee 1941-1945. Waan ogahay dheeraad ah oo xiriir Jarmal dagaal-diyaar, laakiin meesha aad bay u sahlan tahay difaaca, laakiin sababta oo ah ciidan noocan oo kale ah uu ahaa ku filan.

amarka Jarmal go'aansaday in aan heyno gobolka, iyadoo aan loo eegin tirada khasaaraha. Waxaa arrin xaq, maxaa yeelay, Prussia ahayd goobtii qumman, waayo horay dheeraad ah oo ka mid ah ciidamada Soviet. On lid ku ah, haddii ay Jarmalka u suurtagashay in ay fuliyaan hore qabsaday aagga, waxay u oggolaan inay u isku dayaan in ay counterattack. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khayraadka aagga this ogolaan lahaa in cimrigiinnu ku xanuunsan ee Germany.

Maxay ahaayeen ciidamada ee ay qubo, amarka Soviet kii qorsheeyay East-Prussian hawlgalka 1945?

Ciidamada USSR

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhyahanadu ciidamada dalalka oo dhan waxay rumaysan yihiin in Xadgubo dagaalka naasiga oo fursad u lahayn. Madaxda ciidamada Soviet si buuxda u tixgeliyaan failure ee weerarka ugu horeeyay, taas oo goob joog ka ahaa ciidanka ee Front Byelorussian ku Saddexaad mid keliya. Xaaladdan oo kale, waxaa la go'aamiyay in la isticmaalo xoogga ah Panzer Army oo dhan, shan taangiga Asluubta, Labadii Col hawada, taas oo, marka lagu daro, xoogaystay 2 Belorussian Front.

Intaa waxaa dheer, weerar uu ahaa si ay u taageeraan diyaaradaha ee Baltic koowaad ee Front. Guud ahaan, ka badan qalliinka ka badan nus milyan qof ayaa ka shaqeeya, in ka badan 20,000 oo qoryaha iyo madaafiic waaweyn-heerkiisa, dhowaayeen afar kun, taangiyada iyo qoryaha is-baasuukayaal, iyo sidoo kale aan ka yarayn saddex kun oo diyaaradaha. Haddii aad xusuusan dhacdooyinkii War Great Patriotic, weerar on East Prussia, ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn wuxuu noqon doonaa.

Sidaas darteed, ciidamada (maleeshiyada laga reebo) Ciidamada Jarmalka -Arday saddex jeer ka badan dadka madaafiic in 2,5 jeer, taangiyada iyo diyaaradaha - ku dhawaad 4.5 jeer. Meelaha faa'iido horumar degdeg ah waxaa sii baaxad weyn. Intaa waxaa dheer, ciidamada Soviet soo rideen, ciidamada waxay ahaayeen awood EC-2 taangiyada, taladadii ISU-152/122/100 oo sidaas waxaa jiray shaki ku jirin in guul. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sidii khasaaraha sare, sida madaxda sare ee Wehrmacht on this site gaar ah u diray barbariyiintiina of Prussia, kuwaas oo si ba'an u dagaallamayey in ay la soo dhaafay.

dabcan ugu weyn ee howlgalka

Tan iyo bilowgii hawlgalka East Prussian 1945? January 13, bilowday weerar, kaas oo ay taageerayaan weerarada cirka iyo haanta. Ciidamada kale ee taageeray weerarka. Waa in la ogaadaa in bilowgii lama ugu dhiirigalin, guusha deg deg ah ma aysan dhicin.

First, maalin "D" qarsoon ee ku guuldareystay in uu badbaadiyo. Jarmalka ayaa u suurtagashay in ay qaado talaabo pre-rebshedaha by jiidaya in goobta la soo jeediyay ee horumar degdeg ah tirada ugu badan ee suurto galka ah ee ciidamada. Second, waxa ay kor u soo koobay cimilada, kaas oo ahaa sahla isticmaalka hawada iyo madaafiic. Rokossovsky ka dib loogu yeeri in cimilada eegay sida xabbad adag ee ceeryaanta qoyan, interspersed baraf qaro weyn. Shil diyaarad ahaayeen dhibic kaliya, taageerada buuxda ee ciidamada horumarinta guuldareystay. qarax maalintii oo dhan ku wareegsan fadhiya, maadaama ay ahayd wax aan macquul aheyn in la sameeyo baxay jagooyinka cadowga.

dhacdooyinka noocan oo kale ah ee dagaalkii labaad ee dunida ma ahaayeen wax aan caadi ahayn. Waxay inta badan ka qarxay dardaaranka shaqaalaha baahsan oo ballan qaaday khasaare dheeraad ah.

"General Xagaa"

Gunners ayaa sidoo kale nasiib daro: aragti ahaa sidaas u xun in sixitaanka dabka aan suurto gal ahayd, oo sidaas daraaddeed lahaa in ay toogtaan kaliya ee kala duwan dhibic-bannaan 150-200 mitir. ceeryaanta waxa uu ahaa sidaas qaro weyn in this "qasan" badiyay xitaa dhawaaqa qaraxa, oo ku dhacay oo keliya diirada at dhan in lagu arko.

Dabcan, waxan oo dhan ayaa saamayn xun ku xawaaraha ee weerarka. lugta Jarmal on the lines labaad iyo saddexaad ee difaaca aan khasaare halis ah oo sii waday in ay si carro dab xigtay. Meelo badan, waxaa bilaabay Fowdadii a kulul, iyo xaaladaha qaarkood cadowga ka hortag sameeyay. degsiimooyinka badan oo maalin kasta ay toban jeer ka soo qaado gacantii maray in ay gacanta. Aad iyo cimilada xun jirtay dhawr maalmood, inta lagu guda jiro kaas oo lugta ah Soviet sii waday in ay hab jebiso difaaca Jarmal.

Guud ahaan, weerar Soviet in muddo this horeba lagu gartaa diyaarinta a madaafiicda dhamaystiran iyo isticmaalka baahsan ee diyaaradaha iyo gawaarida gaashaaman. The dhacdooyinka wakhtigaas on kulaylka gudaheedana sinaba uma ay liita dagaallada 1942-1943., Markii gabada dagaalada ka soo qaadeen isaga qudhiisa on lugta fudud.

ciidanka Soviet si guul ah ku shaqeeya, January 18, Ciidamada Chernyakhovsky jebin karo difaaca iyo in la abuuro width waddada 65 kiiloomitir ah, isagoo u qoto dheer galay jagooyinka cadowga kiiloomitir kaliya 40. Waqtigaa cimilada ay degto, oo sidaas daraaddeed keentay in xal socda gawaarida gaashaaman culus, oo ay taageerayaan diyaaradaha weerar cirka ah oo ka tirsan. Sayidka bilaabay weerar baaxad weyn oo ka mid ah (Soviet) a.

xaqiijinta guusha

January 19 la qaatay Tilsit. Tani lahaa ciidanka dab seef Neman ah. Ka hor inta aan January 22 waxaa xiraan gebi ahaanba instersburgskaya group. Iyadoo ay taasi jirto, Jarmalka caabiyay rogaal dirirayay ayaa muddada dheer. Kaliya on habab qaar ka mid ah si ay u Gumbinnen askarteenna ku eeliyey isla markiiba toban counter-weyn. Our gaaray, iyo magaalada ku dhacay. Horeba January 22 suurtagashay in ay Insterburg.

Labada maalmood ee soo socda keeneen guulaha cusub: Lama jebin oo difaaca degaanka Heylsbergskogo. By 26 January, ciidamada aan u cirifka waqooyi ee Konigsberg yimid. Laakiin weerar ee Koenigsberg ka dibna ku guuldareystay maxaa yeelay, labadooduba magaalada fadhiistay ciidankii xoogga leh ee Jarmalka iyo shan ka mid ah ay kala ahaayeen xad cusub.

Wajiga koowaad ee weerarka ugu adkaa ee ahaa guul u soo dhammaystay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, guusha ayaa waa qayb, maxaa yeelay, hareerayn iyo baabbi'in laba Asluubta gaashaaman ee ciidamada ku guuldareysatay, oo iyaga cadowgu gawaarida gaashaaman dhaqaaqay difaaca diyaar-dhigay.

dad rayid ah

Waayo, markii ugu horraysay ee rayidka ah halkan askari our ma gaadhin. Jarmalka ayaa si deg deg ah ka carareen sida noqonin Khaa'in u haray ku dhawaaqay oo inta badan toogteen isaga u gaar ah. geeddiga waxaa soo abaabulay si xun in ku dhowaad dhammaan hantida hadhay ee guryaha la dayacay. veterans Our xusuustaa in East Prussia 1945 ka sida lamadegaan oo kale ah bakhtiyeen, oo waxay lahaayeen in ay nastaan guryahooda si buuxda u qalabaysan, halkaas oo miiska weli maacuunta iyo cunto, laakiin kooxda Jarmalka ay naftooda uga baxeen.

Ugu dambayntii, sheeko ah "barbariyiintiina duurjoogta ah iyo dhiig-oomman Bari ee" ciyaaray Goebbels kaftan xun, dadka rayidka ah ee argagaxa noocan oo kale ah in ay ka baxaan guryahooda, kuwaas oo gabi ahaanba ku shuban oo dhan links tareenka iyo jidka, oo sababtay in Jarmal ciidamada ka heleen naftooda ay adkeyd oo si deg deg kari waayay si ay u badasho booska.

horumarinta weerar

By 20 January, ciidanka, amray by Marshal Rokossovsky, ayaa isku diyaarineysa inay si Vistula tagaan. Isla mar ahaantaana ah Tartannada u yimid si ay u bedesho dulinka ah ee weerarka, iyo kala iibsiga ee dadaalka ugu weyn ee dhameysatay hore off cadowga East Prussian. Ciidamada lahaa inuu ka soo leexdo xagga woqooyi. Laakiin aan taageerada koox ka haray ciidamada si guul leh loo nadiifiyaa soo baxay magaalada cadowga.

Sidaas daraaddeed, dacay ay awoodaan in ay jabiyaan Allenstein Oslikovskogo iyo gebi ahaanba jabin ciidankii cadowga. magaalada on 22 January dhacay oo dhan, meelaha deyr leh ee nawaaxiga ay burbureen. Isla markiiba ka dib, kooxaha Jarmal weyn waxaa loogu gooddiyey Buuloburde ayaa, oo sidaas daraaddeed wuxuu bilaabay inuu dhaqso u Dumayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay dib u gurasho ka socday xawaaro mulaca ah, sida wadooyinka oo dhan la hor istaagay qaxootiga. Taas darteed, Jarmalka soo gaaray khasaare culus, iyo ballaaran u qaatay sida la haystayaal. By 26 January Soviet gaashaaman xiraan gebi ahaanba Elbing.

Wakhtigan, ciidamada ayaa dhex maray si aad u Fedyuninskogo Elbing, oo waxay gaadhay tan habab si Marienburg, waayo tuuro sii muhim qabsaday bridgehead badan oo ku saabsan Dhiniciisa Midig, Vistula ah. January 26, ka dib markii weerar madaafiic xoog badan, dhaceen Marienburg.

Hay'adda Hallo guuto ka mid ah ciidamada sida si guul leh ula qabsan lahayd hawlihii loo xilsaarnaa iyaga. biyagaleenka ahuba Masurian Degmada ayaa waxaa si deg deg ah ay ka gudbaan, si ay u tagaan in ay ka gudbaan Vistula ay awood, ka dibna Army 70aad on January 23 Tagay Bydgoszcz, Torun isku hor istaagay.

German-tuuro

Sidaas darteed, kooxdan ciidammadu "Center" ayaa si buuxda uga wada gooyo sahayda iyo lumay ay sabab u tahay dhulka Jarmal. Hitler ayaa ka carooday, ka dibna bedelay taliyaha kooxda. Loo magacaabay in ay this post Lothar Rendulic. Soon, qaddar la mid ah ku dhacay Taliyaha Ciidanka afaraad ee Hossbach, kaas oo lagu bedelay in Mueller.

In dadaal lagu doonayo in jebin hareeraynta iyo soo celinta sahay kalen, Jarmalka abaabulay a counter-weerar ka dhacay degaanka Heylsberga, isku dayayaan si aad u hesho in Marienburg. Guud ahaan, howlgalkan ku lug sideed kala qaybsanaanta, mid ka mid ah taas oo ahayd haan. Waxay ku guulaysteen Habeenka January 27 si ay wax miiran badan xoogga our 48aad Army. Waxaan ku dhuftay dagaalka madax adag, kaas oo socday afar maalmood oo xiriir ah. Sidaas darteed, cadowga ahaa awoodaan in ay jebiyaan galay 50 KM u galay jagooyinka our. Laakiin markaas yimid sirkaalka wax qora Rokossovsky: ka dib markii weerar ballaaran Jarmalka kala jejebiyey oo dib u jagooyinka ay hore u dhacay.

Ugu dambeyntii Baltic Front in January 28 gabi ahaanba qaaday Klaipeda, Lithuania ugu dambeyntii laga xoreeyay ciidamada Nazi.

Natiijooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee weerarka

By dhamaadka bisha Janaayo, inta badan Peninsula Samland la si buuxda u qabsadeen, taasoo keentay in mustaqbalka Kaliningrad ahaa in goobo nuskeed ah. Waxaan si buuxda ayaa la hareereeyey by xubnihii kala firdhiyey oo ciidanka saddexaad iyo kan afraad, kuwaas oo la xukumay. Waxay noqotay inay mar dagaalamaan dhowr jiho, dhammaan ciidamada ku difaacdaan ugu dambeeyey ee xeebta, kaas oo amarka Jarmal weli bartey soo qaadaan sahayda iyo inaad ka qaxdo.

meel ka mid ah Ciidamada ka harsan tahay aad bay u adag by xaqiiqada ah in dhammaan kooxaha ciidammadoodu Wehrmacht ayaa isla markiiba dissected saddex qaybood. On Peninsula Samland ah, waxay ahaayeen hadhaagii oo afar qaybood ee Königsberg fadhiistay ciidanku awood badan oo ah shan kooxihii dheeraad ah. Ugu yaraan shan kooxihii ku dhawaad burbursan yihiin khadka Brownsburg-Heylsberg, oo waxay u riixriixan oo badda iyo suurtagalnimada in ay weerar aan lahaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira wax ay lumiso oo ay Ma doonayo inaan iyaga siiyo.

qorshayaasha muddada dheer ee cadowga

Ma loo baahan yahay in ay iyaga ka fiirsan jiriin daacad Hitler: waxay lahaayeen qorshe bixiya difaaca ee Konigsberg ka dibna kor u istagaan magaalada oo dhan qaybo ka badbaaday. Haddii guul, waxay awoodi doonaan in si loo soo celiyo xiriir dalkii soo dhex Königsberg, Brandenburg. Guud ahaan, dagaalkiina wuxuu ku fari ka qodneyn, ciidammadiisa Soviet daal loo baahan yahay joogsadeen iyo badalkooda. Baaxadda ay leedahay ay frazzled in dagaalo kulul ay muujinaysaa ugu yaraan xaqiiqada ah in weerar kama dambaysta ah ee Konigsberg ma bilaabi ilaa April 8-9.

Hawsha ugu wayn ee ciidamada ayaa lagu fuliyay: waxay awoodaan in ay jebiyaan xarunta awood badan oo ka tirsan kooxda cadowga ahaayeen. All ee difaaca Jarmal awood loo jebiyey oo wuxuu qabsaday Königsberg hareeraysnayd jiray fog oo aan gaadiidka rasaas ah iyo cunto, iyo dhamaystirka wax Ciidamada Nazi ee degaanka ayaa gebi ahaanba go'doonsan midba midka kale iyo si adag u dhiban daallanna dagaalka. Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah East Prussia, la khadadka xoog leh ay difaaca ayaa lagu qabtay. Jidka, askarta Ciidanka Soofiyeeti xoreeyay meelaha waqooyiga Poland.

hawlaha kale si loo baabi'iyo haraadiga naasiga la dul dhigo ciidankii jabhada Byelorussian iyo Baltic First Saddexaad. Ogsoonow in 2 hore Belarus diiradda on jihada Pomeranian. Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in inta lagu guda jiro weerar ku dhex marey ciidamada Zhukov iyo Rokossovsky sameeyay farqiga ah, taas oo ku dhuftey laga yaabaa inuu ka Eastern Pomerania. Oo maxaa yeelay, dhammaan dadaalada ku xiga ayaa la faray in ay duwo weerarada ay si wadajir ah.