Meesha of USSR. Republic, dadka magaalada

dalka ugu weyn dunida oo dhan - Midowga Jamhuuriyadaha Socialist Soviet mashquulin lix ka mid ah caalamka. Aagga Soviet Union - afartan boqolkiiba Eurasia. Midowga Soofiyeeti waxay ahayd US 2.3 jeer ballaaran oo qayb ilaa xad ah in ka yar qaaradda of North America. Aagga Soviet Union - waa qayb weyn oo ka mid ah waqooyiga Asia iyo Europe bari. About rubuc ka mid ah dhulka in qayb ka mid ah Yurub ee dunida ku dhacay, ka kale ee saddex-meelood loo dhigay Asia. meesha ugu weyn ee Midowga Soofiyeeti qabsadeen Russia, saddex-meelood meel ka mid ah dalka.

The harooyinka ugu waaweyn

In Midowga Soofiyeeti, oo hadda Russia waa u gudubno ugu qotada dheer oo saafi ah oo adduunka ah - Lake Baikal. Waa kaydka ugu badan ee biyo nadiif ah, ku abuuray by dabiiciga ah, iyadoo dhirta iyo ugaarta u gaarka ah. No yaab qof ayaa muddo dheer loo yaqaan gudubno this badda. Waxay ku taalaa bartamaha Asia, halkaas oo soohdinta reer Republic of Buryatia iyo gobolka Irkutsk ah, iyo kordhiyay muddo lix boqol iyo labaatan kiiloomitir ee bilaha Rafaa. hoose ee u gudubno, ka hooseysa heerka badda 1167 mitir, iyo ilaa muraayad ay 456 mitir. Qoto - 1642dii mitir.

Kale ee Lake Russia - Ladoga - waa weyn Europe. Waxay la xidhiidhaa weysada Baltic (badda) iyo Atlantic (Ocean), waqooyiga iyo xeebta bari ee waa in Jamhuuriyadda Karelia, iyo galbeed, koonfurta iyo koonfur-bari - Gobolka Leningrad ee. degaanka ee Lake Ladoga Yurub, iyo sidoo kale deegaanka Soviet ee adduunka, waxay leedahay ma loo siman yahay - 18 300 oo kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran.

Webiyaasha ugu weyn

webiga ugu dheer ee Europe - Volga. Waxaa dheer in dadka dega xeebaha ay, magac u bixiyeen kala duwan. Wuxuu la barwaaqaysan ee qaybta Yurub ee dalka. Tani waa mid ka mid ah biyaha ugu wayn dhulka. In Russia, qayb weyn oo ka mid ah dhulka ku xeeran, waxa uu, u yeedhay gobolka Volga ah. Oo dhererkeedu wuxuu ahaa 3690 kilomitir, iyo inta hoos ku - 1.36 million kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran. On Volga u taagay afar magaalo iyo dadka ka mid ah in ka badan hal milyan oo qof - Volgograd, Samara (USSR ah - Kuibyshev), Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod (ee Midowga Soofiyeeti - qadhaadh).

In muddo ah ka soo 30meeyada u 80s ee qarnigii labaatanaad ku Volga siddeed kaalimo korontada weyn dhisay - qayb ka mid ah Cascade Volga-Kama. Webiga, oo barwaaqaysan ee Western Siberia - umuliya ayaa in ka badan buuxa durduri, inkasta oo yar yar. Laga bilaabo Altai ka soo biirto ee Biya iyo Katun, ayay waddaa guud ahaan dalka ee 3650 Sea Kara ka kiiloomitir, iyo meelaha ay bukaano ah 2.990.000 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran. In qaybta koonfureed ee webiga waa umuliya Sea nin-dhigay a, sameeyay inta lagu guda jiro dhismaha saldhigga korontada Novosibirsk ah, meel la yaab leh oo qurux badan.

Dhulka USSR

qaybta galbeed ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ka badan qaatay ka badan kala bar oo dhan of Europe. Laakiin haddii aynu tixgeliyaan aagga oo dhan of USSR in ay burbur ee dalka, qaybta galbeed ee dhulka oo kali ahaa rubuc ka mid ah dalka oo dhan. Waxyaabaha lagu raaxeysto habase yeeshee ahaa si weyn sare: ku selilos territory bariga baaxad weyn oo keliya siddeed iyo labaatan boqolkiiba dadka.

Si galbeed, oo u dhexeeya webiyaasha oo Ural iyo Dnepr, Empire Ruush uu ku dhashay iyo waxa ay halkan waa in ay jiraan dhammaan shuruudaha ee bixitaanka iyo barwaaqo ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. degaanka ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ilaa burburkii dalka waxaa si joogta ah beddelay: biiray meelaha qaarkood, tusaale ahaan, Western Ukraine iyo Western Belarus, Maraykanka bari. Tartiib tartiib, ee shirkadaha ugu weyn ee beeraha iyo warshadaha abaabulay in qaybta bari, sababta oo ah joogitaanka waxaa of kala duwan oo hodan ku ah macdanta.

Xadka oo dherer ah

Soohdimaha Midowga Soofiyeeti, sida dalkeena iyo haatan, ka dib markii ay kala tagaan ka afar iyo toban Jamhuuriyadda, ugu weyn dunida oo dhan, waa mid aad u dheer - 62 710 kiiloomitir. Xagga galbeed, Midowga Soviet kala si bari toban kun oo kiiloomitir - toban qaybood waqti ka gobolka Kaliningrad (Curonian tufi ah) Ratmanova in jasiiradda in Strait Bering ah.

Oo xagga koonfureed iyo ilaa xagga woqooyi ee Midowga Soofiyeeti dareerayay shan kun oo kiiloomitir - ka Kushka si Cape Chelyuskin. By dhulka soohdinta lahaa laba iyo toban dal - lix ka mid ah Asia (Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Shiinaha iyo North Korea), lix in Europe (Finland, Norway, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania). xuduudaha badaha ee territory USSR waxay ahayd oo kaliya Japan iyo Maraykanka.

Borderlands ballaaran

Laga soo bilaabo waqooyiga ilaa koonfurta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti kala for 5000 km ka Cape Chelyuskin Degmada Madaxa Bannaan Taimyr of Territory Krasnoyarsk in gobolka Kushka Mary magaalada Central Asian ah buurayn Turkmen ah. Land xuduud Midowga Soofiyeeti 12 dal: 6 Aasiya (Korea, China, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Iran iyo Turkey) iyo 6 in Europe (Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Norway iyo Finland).

On badda soohdimaha USSR la labada dal - Maraykanka iyo Japan. Wadankaas ayaa waxa maydhay laba iyo toban badaha ee Arctic, Pacific iyo Atlantic ee badaha. Kii saddex iyo tobnaadna Badda - Caspian, inkastoo oo kale waa u gudubno, a. Taasi waa saddex-meelood laba ka mid ah xuduudaha u saaray badaha, sababtoo ah degaanka ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee hore lahaa xeebta ugu dheer dunida sababta.

Republic of USSR ah, ururka

In 1922, waqtiga USSR ah, waxaa ka mid ah afar Jamhuuriyadda - SFSR Ruushka, Ukraine buurayn, buurayn ee Byelorussian iyo SFSR Transcaucasian ah. Dheeraad ah oo ku jiro Dhaafida iyo badalkooda. In Central Asia, Turkmen oo Usbakis Soviet Socialist Republic waxaa la sameeyay (1924), ee Jamhuuriyadda of USSR waxay ahayd lix. In 1929, oo ku yaalla Jamhuuriyadda goboleedka RSFSR la beddelaa Tajik sii buurayn ee, kuwaas oo halkaas hore u toddoba ahaa. In 1936, Transcaucasia waxaa loo kala qaybiyey saddex Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ayaa loo qoondeeyay ka Federation: Azerbaijan, Armenian iyo Joorijiyaan sii buurayn.

Isla mar ahaantaana laba kale oo Central Jamhuuriyadda goboleedka Asian in ay qayb ka yihiin RSFSR ah, waa la kala sidii Kazakh iyo Kyrgyz sii buurayn. Total Jamhuuriyadda ahaa kow iyo toban. In 1940, Midowga Soofiyeeti qabsaday Jamhuuriyadda yar, iyo lix iyo toban wadan oo ay u saxeexi inay sii buurayn ee Moldavian ah, Lithuanian buurayn, Latvia buurayn iyo Istooniyaan sii buurayn. In 1944 uu ku biiray Tuva, laakiin gobolka Banaan sii buurayn ee Tuva aan sameeyey. xaaladda Karelia-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) bedelay dhowr jeer, sidaas oo kale ayaa shan iyo toban Jamhuuriyadda ahaa in 60 ka. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira dokumentiyo muujinaya in 60 sano oo ku tiirsan Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka baryay Bulgaria, laakiin fadlan saaxiibka Todor Zhivkov in aanu ku qancin.

Jamhuuriyadda USSR burbur

Laga soo bilaabo 1989 ilaa 1991 Midowga Soofiyeeti dhacay waxa loogu yeero parade ee sovereignties. Lix ka mid ah shan iyo toban Jamhuuriyadda diiday inuu ku biiro xiriirka cusub - Midowga Jamhuuriyadaha Soofiyeeti Sovereign oo sheegatey madaxbannaanida (Lithuanian buurayn, Latvia, Istooniyaan, Armenian iyo Joorijiyaan), iyo sidoo kale sii buurayn ee Moldavian ku dhawaaqday inay kala guurka si madax-bannaanida. Iyada oo dhan of this tiro ka mid ah Jamhuuriyadda goboleedka go'aansaday inuu sii joogo Midowga. Waxaa Tatar, Bashkir, jejniya ee-gobolka Ingushetia (oo dhan - Russia), Taiwan and iyo Abkhazia (Georgia), Transnistria iyo Gagauzia (Moldova), Crimea (Ukraine).

burburkii

Laakiin burburkii USSR la ansixiyay xasuuqday Schalke ah ee dabiiciga ah, iyo in 1991 naadiyey madaxbannaanida ku dhowaad dhammaan Jamhuuriyadda Soviet. Confederation sidoo kale abuuri ku guuldareysatay, inkastoo Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan iyo Belarus go'aansaday in lagu gabagabeeyo heshiis noocaas ah.

Markaas, Ukraine lagu qabtay afti on xornimada iyo saddex aasaasay Jamhuuriyadda ayaa Belovezhskie saxiixday heshiis ku saabsan kala diridda ee Confederation ah, u abuuray CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) heerka ururka inter-state. RSFSR, Kazakhstan iyo Belarus ee aftida madaxbanaanida aan ku dhawaaqay oo aan weliba oofiyey. Kazakhstan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu sameeyey ka dib.

Joorijiyaan Soviet Socialist Republic

Waxaa la aasaasay bishii February 1921 ka yar magaca Socialist Soviet Jamhuuriyadda Joorijiyaan. Tan iyo 1922 oo qayb ka ah SFSR Transcaucasian sida qayb ka mid ah USSR ah, iyo kaliya in December 1936 oo markiiba wuxuu noqday mid ka mid ah Jamhuuriyadda Midowga Soofiyeeti. In Socialist Soviet Jamhuuriyadda Joorijiyaan ka mid ah gobolka South Ossetian Banaan, madaxa Banaan Jamhuuriyadda Abkhazia, Adjara Banaan Republic. In 70-mada ee Georgia kordhay dhaqdhaqaaqa mucaaradka gacanta ugu Zviad Gamsakhurdia iyo Miraba Kostavy. Perestroika keenay madaxda cusub ee xisbiga shuuciga ah ee Georgia, doorashada ay badiyay.

Taiwan and iyo Abkhazia sheegatey madaxbannaanida, laakiin Georgia kama dheregto, duulaankii bilaabay. Russia ka qeyb qaatay khilaafka dhinaca Abkhazia iyo Taiwan and. In 2000, ee u dhexeeya Russia iyo Georgia la joojiyay nidaam visa. In 2008 (siddeedaad ee August) waxaa uu ahaa "dagaal shan maalmood", iyadoo ay sabab u taasoo Madaxweynaha Ruush saxiixay amarrada ku saabsan ictiraafka Jamhuuriyadda Abkhazia iyo South, Taiwan iyo karaamo Qaranimo dalalka madax banaan.

Armenia

Buurayn ee Armenian ah waxaa la abuuray November 1920, marka hore, sidoo kale, ay ahayd Federation Transcaucasian ah, iyo in 1936 waxaa gooni oo markiiba qayb ka mid ah USSR noqday. Armenia waxa uu ku yaalaa koonfurta of Caucasus, xuduud la Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran iyo Turkey. aagga Armenia 29 800 oo kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, tirada dadka ee 2.493.000 dadka (tirakoobka ee dadka of USSR ee 1970). Caasimadda ah ee Jamhuuriyadda - Yerevan waa magaalada ugu weyn ka mid ah saddex iyo labaatan (barbardhigaya 1913, iyadoo magaalada ay ahayd in Armenia saddex keliya, mid ka mid ah qiyaasi kartaa mugga dhismaha iyo qiyaasta horumarka Jamhuuriyadda iyadii soo geliyey markii uu ahaa Soviet).

Soddon iyo afar degmo oo la dhisay in lagu daro magaalooyinka siddeed iyo labaatan degsiimooyinka cusub nooca-magaalka. dhul ee ka qeyb ugu buuraleyda, adag, sidaas darted ku dhowaad nus ka mid ah dadka ku noolaa dooxada Araarad ah, taas oo ah lix oo kaliya boqolkiiba territory guud. mugga dadweynaha uu yahay mid aad u sarreeya meel kasta - 83.7 dadka halkii kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, halka dooxada Araarad ah - ilaa afar boqol oo qof. In USSR ah, dhibtii dib ugu ahayd oo keliya in Moldova. Iyo xaaladaha cimilada iyo juquraafi wanaagsan soo jiitay dadka si ay ugu shishaysa ee Lake Sevan ee dooxada Shirak ah. Lix iyo toban boqolkiiba dadka joogtada ah ee Jamhuuriyadda aan la daboolay oo dhan, maxaa yeelay, at Joogga in ka badan 2,500 oo ka sarreeya heerka badda, waa wax aan macquul aheyn in ay ku noolaadaan muddo dheer. Ka dib burburkii dalka ee Armenian sii buurayn ee horeba dal xor ah uu soo maray sano aad u culus oo qaar ka mid ah ( "madow") go'doominta by Azerbaijan iyo Turkey, mucaaradka oo ay leedahay taariikh dheer.

Belarus

Buurayn Byelorussian ayaa waxaa ku yaal galbeed ee qaybta Yurub ee Midowga Soofiyeeti, xuduudaha la Poland. Jamhuuriyadda Square 207 600 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, tirada dadka reer 9.371 milyan oo qof on January 1976. Halabuurka Qaranka ee 1970 tirakoobka: 7.290.000 Belarusians, inta kale ee ka kala qaybsameen Ruush, oo polish, Yukrayn, oo Yuhuud iyo tiro aad u yar oo ka mid ah dadka ka soo jeeda jinsiyado kale.

Mugga - 45,1 dadka halkii kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran. The magaalo ee ugu waaweyn: caasimada - Minsk (1,189,000 deggan), Gomel, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Grodono, Bobruisk, Baranovichi, Brest, Borisov, Orsha. In times Soofiyeeti, waxaa jiray magaalooyinka cusub: Soligorsk, Zhodino, Novopolotsk, Svetlogorsk iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Total ee dalka iyo lix iyo sagaashan magaalooyinka iyo boqol iyo sagaal degsiimo oo nooca-magaalka.

Nature waa nooca u badan flat, in buuraha moraine stretch waqooyi-galbeed (xigtaa Belarus), xagga koonfureed ka hooseeya meelaheeda dhoobada of Polesie Belarus. Webiyada jira dad badan, ugu weyn - Dnieper u Pripyat iyo Sozh, Neman, Western Dvina. Waxaa intaa dheer, ee dalka in ka badan kow iyo toban kun oo harooyinka. Forest degan saddex meelood oo meel dhul ah, waa inta badan dhilka.

History of sii buurayn ee Byelorussian

awood Soviet la aasaasay Belarus, qiyaastii isla markii October Revolution ah, kaas oo uu soo raacay by shaqo: marka hore, Jarmal ah (1918), waxaana ku xiga Polish (1919-1920). In 1922, BSSR ay horey u ahaa qayb ka mid ah USSR ah, iyo in 1939 midoobo Western Belarus ah, Poland, iska dildillaacsaday oo xidhiidh la leh heshiiska. bulshada Socialist Jamhuuriyadda ee 1941 si buuxda u kacay inuu halganka ka dhanka ah soo duulay Jarmal faashistihii: kooxaha dhuumaalaysiga ah fal dhulka oo dhan (waxaa jiray 1255, ku dhawaad afar kun oo qof ayaa ka qaybgalay iyaga oo ku). Tan iyo 1945, Belarus waa Qaramada Midoobay.

dhismaha shuuciga ka dib markii dagaalka uu ahaa mid aad loogu guulaystay. BSSR lagu abaalmariyey laba Amarada of Lenin, Order of Friendship Dadka iyo Kacaanka Oktoobar. Laga soo bilaabo dalka beerolay masaakiinta Belarus waxa uu noqday barwaaqo ah iyo warshadaha, in la dhiso xiriirka dhow la leh Jamhuuriyadda kale Soviet. In 1975 heerka wax soo saarka warshadaha dhaafto heerka 1940, ee kow iyo labaatan jeer, iyo heerka of th 1913 - a boqol iyo lix iyo lixdan. warshadaha culus oo horumaray, injineernimada farsamada. Quwadda dhisay: Berezovsky, Lukoml, Vasilevichi, Smolevichskaia. Peat warshadaha shidaalka (ugu da'da weyn in industry ee) ayaa koray wax soo saarka saliida iyo processing.

Warshadaha iyo heerka nolosha ee dadka reer BSSR ah

injineer ah ee todobaatanaadkii ee qarnigii labaatanaad waxa uu wakiil ka mashiinka-aalad, cagaf (cagaf ah oo si fiican u yaqaan "Belarus"), injineernimada baabuurta (Rafaa "BelAZ", tusaale ahaan), korantada radio. Developed oo wuxuu u xoogaystay warshadaha kiimikada, cuntada-, nuurka. Standard nool si tartiib ah u kacay, dakhliga qaranka ee tobanka sano ka 1966, dalka ayaa koray jeer laba iyo badh, halka dhabta ah per capita dakhli labanlaab. isbeddelkaas ganacsiga tafaariiqda ah ee ganacsiga gobolka iyo iskaashiga (la cuntada) wuxuu dhalay toban jeer ka badan.

In 1975, xaddiga lacag dhigaal ah ee bangiyada kaydka gaaray ku dhowaad saddex iyo badh billion rubles (1940 wuxuu ahaa toddoba iyo toban milyan oo doolar). Jamhuuriyadda noqday bartay, weliba, formation of maalinta la joogo uusan waxba iska badalin, sababtoo ah ma aysan shakiya caadiga ah Soviet. World ammaanay dadaalka ah in ay mabaadi'da: kulliyadaha iyo jaamacadaha Jamhuuriyadda jiidatay tiro badan oo ardayda caalamiga ah. Waxaa jira laba af oo u dhiganta isticmaalo: Belarus iyo Ruush.