Mashiinka Soviet. Baabuurta "Moskvich", "Volga", "shimbir badeed", "Victory"

Midowga Soofiyeeti ee dunida waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay dalka xoog badan. In USSR ah, waxay gaadhay weyn ee sayniska iyo daawada. Waxa uu ahaa Midowga Soofiyeeti ku guuleystay tartanka bannaan oo bilaabay technology ah in jeestay taariikhda oo dhan dunida mustaqbalka. Waa in ay maskaxda ugu fiican ee Midowga Soofiyeeti mahad ka dibna ay bilaabaan inay horumariyaan warshadaha meesha bannaan ee. Oo ay la socdaan technology bannaan, sayniska iyo daawada waxaad fartaan in dal weyn, iyo suuqa baabuurta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo ay horumar la taaban karo suuqa baabuurta ee USSR ee Ree ka dambeeya dunida inteeda kale ka. Laakiin taasi macnaheedu ma aha in mishiinka Soviet - xun. Bartaan wakiilada ugu caansan ee warshadaha ee baabuurka gudaha, taas oo ah waxaa loo arkaa Classics Retro maanta.

dhalashada warshadaha ee auto qoyska

In 1927, madaxa Midowga Soofiyeeti, Stalin dalbaday in inta lagu guda jiro muddada ugu horeysay shan sano - laga bilaabo 1928 illaa 1932 - ee dalka ayaa soo saartay a warshadaha baabuurta xoog leh oo tartan rasmi ah. Waqtigaas, marka la barbardhigo dalalka Yurub iyo Maraykanka, warshadaha baabuurta ee dalka uu yahay dhab ahaan ka maqan, iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti ma ahaa tartan loogu talagalay automakers dunida ee. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jiray in ka badan 3 milyan oo qof oo ku nool view of horumarinta deg deg ah ee warshadaynta by dhexe ee 1928, ku hawlan soo saaridda ee baabuurta.

Marka qorshaha ugu horeysay shan sano dhamaatay in industry gaari ka shaqaysay in ka badan 6 milyan oo qof. Iyada oo qorshahan, Midowga Soofiyeeti sameeyay fasalka bulshada cusub - waxaa u shaqeeya suuqa baabuurta la dakhliga wanaagsan wakhtigaas. Laakiin inkastoo abuuray tiro badan oo shaqooyin iyo kiciyey heerarka nololeed ee baabuur badan oo a ka dibna wuxuu ahaa raaxo ah. mashiinada Soviet iibsaday kaliya bixiyo xoogsatada. Tani ayaa ka fikiraya inuu xaqiiqda ah in awood gaari by 1932 ku gaareen oo ku saabsan 2.3 milyan oo nuqul.

KIM baabuur subcompact

Glavavtoprom in August 1938 soo jeediyay, in la horumariyo iyo bilaabaan wax soo saarka gawaarida rakaabka yar. Qorshihiisa in la dhiso warshad shirka baabuur ee Moscow ee, ka abuuray sharaf of CMM ah.

Waayo, horumarinta waaxda design ka gaari qaabeeya Warshadda. Hanuuniyey ku takhasusay habka nagga A. ku N. Ostrovtsev. On design iyo bodywork ku takhasusay GAZ shaqeeyay. In horumarinta ahaa dhaqso, ay sal u go'aansaday in la qaato Ford American ah Perfect, kambiyuutarro waqtiga UK. Solutions, kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo ee injineerada Ford, waxay ahaayeen fiican u yaqaan in injineero ka USSR ah - ee dalka hore u soo saarta dhowr daydo baabuurta ku salaysan Ford A iyo AA. Inkasta oo ku saleysan oo ka mid ah Ingiriisi iyo gaari laga qaaday, design jirka - si buuxda Soviet. khubaro GAZ shaqeeyay waxa on. In geeddi-socodka, waxay ku abuureen labada kala duwanaansho - model la jirka u xiran yihiin iyo laba albaab oo Phaeton furan. Waa maxay xiiso leh, gaariga waxaa laga dhigay on qalab ka Maraykanka.

Waayo, qorshaynta wax soo saarka in ay ku xidhmaan noocyo kala duwan oo dhirta ee USSR. Sayidka, ZISe sameeyey qaab dhismeedka, ilo, forgings. Gas sameeyey qeybaha jirka aasaasiga ah iyo castings. Tiro weyn ee warshadaha oo kala duwan ahayd si ay u bixiyaan dukaan shir kasta aad u baahan tahay - muraayad, taayirada, qalabka dahaarka, iyo sidoo kale faahfaahin oo dhan waa on Kim si ay u sameeyaan oo kaliya kari waayeen.

bannaanka

model waxaa lagu magacaabaa KIM-10, iyo waqti in uu ahaa talaabo weyn ee warshadaha oo dhan baabuurta.

Imaansho gaariga soo baxday in cusub ah oo cusub, ka duwan baabuurta kale ee Soviet. qaabka jidhka iyo design guud ahaan ma aha wax badan oo kala duwan oo ka daydo shisheeye. jirka ah ee gaariga oo intaasu waxay ahayd mid aad u horumarsan ee ay waqti.

Dhuunta ayaa la furay oo ahayd nooca taxadirayo. Si aad u furtid, samaynta ayaa abuuray magac ah. dhinaca surta ayaa fairing in laydhkaaga ah. size ee albaabada waxay ahaayeen ballaaran ku filan, sii qalabayn jeestay hawadu. daaqadaha Kooxda loo dhigi karaa.

Features design

Waxa intaa dheer in fikrado casri ah daqiiqad abuurniinta gaariga iyo sida loo isticmaalo ee xal muxaafidka ah. Sayidka, hoose ee engine-waalka ma laha habab ay sixitaanka. xira saa'idka ul Babbitt. nidaamka Thermosyphon qaboojinta waa dhacsan, laakiin waxaa loo isticmaali jiray in ka-CMM 10. Sidoo kale ka mid ah xal muxaafidka ah - Nidaamka ganaax caadiga ah, bareegyada farsamo. markooda laambad waa nooca semaphore.

astaamaha farsamo

baabuurka waxaa lagu heli karaa laba nooc jirka - sedan laba albaab oo chaise ka dhanka. afar rakaab ah la dhigay gaariga.

oo dhererkeedu wuxuu ahaa Body 3960 mm, width - 1480 mm, height of -1650 mm. Ground ansixin - 210 mm. taangiga shidaalka The geli karaan 100 litir oo shidaal ah.

engine ayaa waxaa kaalinta hore ee longitudinally ah. Waxa ay ahayd 4-dhululubo afar-stroke carbureted powerplant ah. Its mugga ahaa 1170 mitir oo saddex jibbaaran. cm. Engine siiyey 30 litir. a. rev. 4000 kun. motor waxa lagu lamaaneeyey gudbinta Buugga saddex-xawaare. Gaariga lahaa drive gadaal-wheel, iyo isticmaalka shidaalka ay ahayd oo kaliya oo ku saabsan 8 L per 100 km.

Taariikhda baabuur this dhamaaday 1941.

GAZ-13 "Chaika"

Baahida loo qabo baabuur this muuqday 50s ka. Sidaas darteed, Midowga Soofiyeeti ay ahayd in la abuuro matalaad heer-mashiin, taas oo noqon doonta waafaqsan sida ay arrimuhu fashion waqtiga ay. samaynta Project yeelatay gaaska iyo Zisa iyo ZIL. Intaa waxaa dheer, ee ZIL-111 waa dhacsan.

Natiijo khabiiro shaqada GAZ bandhigay dadweynaha ee 1956. wax soo saarka The serial gaariga bilaabay ilaa labo sano ka dib, ee 59aad ee. In ka badan 22 sano in ka dhigay model this, dhan 3189 nuqullo ayaa la soo saaray. On design halyeeyga gaariga ku tilmaamay shaqeeyay magac weyn naqshadeeye Eremeev. On dusha ka mishiinka la ogan karo muuqaalada warshadaha gaari American.

GAZ-13 "Chaika" waxa uu noqday waxa ay ka dib soo xusuustay, oo aan si degdeg ah. Iyada oo ka shaqeeya on jidhka loo abuuray labo ikhtiyaar. From daydo-soo-saarka waa la kala duwanaayeen laambadihii badhidii, iyo laambadahoodii yaryaraa booska hore, moldings iyo meelaheedii dednaaba waxay wheel in jir ah muraayadda.

astaamaha farsamo

gaariga waxa uu leeyahay cabbirada cajiib ah. Layout - perednemotornaya iyo drive gadaal-wheel. Waxa la yaab leh, oo xataa ka dibna baabuur this la dhigay saddex-yada gudbinta hydro-farsamo.

Waxaa jiray laba motor - GAZ-13 iyo GAZ-13E. sideed dhululubo Tani matoorada V-qaabeeya ee 5.5 litir. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaybta hore xisaabiyaa on the shidaalka A-93, oo kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa on - A-100. Sidoo kale, engine labaad ayaa ratio riixo sare ah oo awood of 215 hp unit kowaad waxaa awood ah 195 litir. a. design motor-abuurnimo oo kala duwan - oo ah madaxa dhululubo aluminium iyo khaanadaha.

engine ayaa lagu qalabeeyey dareere ah la qaboojiyey iyo carburetor ah, oo ka kooban afar unugyada. Engine la isugu gudbiyo si toos ah u dardar-karaa gaariga in ay 160 km. 100 km ee baabuurka la kala firdhiyey 20 ilbiriqsi.

Iyadoo la tixgelinayo isticmaalka shidaalka ee mishiinka wareega isu geeyey baabbi'iyey 18 litir oo 100 kiiloomitir. gudbinta Automatic bixiyaa saddex gudbinta - waa dhexdhexaad, marsho ugu horeysay, dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo dhabarka. Waxaan u lahaa in iyaga beddelaan isticmaalaya badhamada ku dhoweeyaa.

beddelka

Sayidka, ka GAZ-13 - taasi waa model salka. Inside, gadaal ku lahaa saddex saf oo kursi, iyo noocooda ah si weyn u khilaafeen on qalabka wax soo saarka.

GAZ-13A - waa nooc ka mid ah oo aasaasi ah, laakiin qol la rakibay xijaab u dhexeeya rakaabka iyo darawalka.

13b - baabuur la top baad, badalaada this waxaa loo isticmaalay in parade ciidamada.

13C - baabuur ah. Tani waxay ka beddelid ee taxanahan ma uu tegin. Total soo saaray oo ku saabsan labaatan ka mid ah mashiinada kuwan.

baabuur Compact "Moskvich" -400

Tani waa model soo socda ka dib markii uu KIM-10-52. Work on gaariga bilowday dagaalka ka dib, horraantii 1946. warshadda ayaa sidoo kale ka dib markii dagaalka ay magaceeda u "Moskvich" bedelay. Waa baabuur dadka, taas oo ahayd in lagu abuuray dagaalka ka hor.

gaariga ayaa waxaa lagu soo saaray in image ee Opel Kadett K38, kaas oo la horumariyo by General Motors ee '38. qalabka oo dhan ayaa laga dhoofiyey Jarmalka, ma aysan suura gelin in uu badbaadiyo stamps soo saarka ee jirkooda, sidaa darteed waa inaan si ay u abuuraan iyaga u gaar ah, Soviet.

Developed gudaha gaariga iyo injineerada Jarmal. Qiimaha mishiinka, sida laga soo xigtay ilo kala duwan - ka 8000 si ay u 9000 rubles. Waxay ahayd lacag aad u badan, oo marka hore wax yar uun awoodi kari waayay a "Moskvich" cusub -400, laakiin 50 daryeelka dadka ayaa kor u kacay, iyo mishiinka qarka u liiska sugitaanka.

bannaanka

Sida saldhig isticmaalo Opel Kadett K38. Mashiinka waa mid aad ugu faraxsanahay in Stalin, oo wuxuu ku amray in Midowga Soofiyeeti dhigay nuqul ah saxda ah. Waa in la sheegay in Opel waxaa la abuuray Germany dagaalka ka hor, iyo qaab-dhismeedka oo dhan si wadajir ah ula design waa dhacsan 40eeyaha ku. Opel waqtigan soo saaray model u xiiso badan, laakiin in la Stalin ku doodi, dabadeed ninna kuma dhicin. Later cusbooneysiin doonaa fiiriyaan yara, laakiin jidhku kama beddelayso.

engine

Tan iyo Germany jirto cadayn unit awood ma, injineerada Soviet horumariyo motor cusub. Vehicle, waaxana vosmiklapannym afar-unit, kuwaas oo awoodda ay ahayd oo keliya 23 litir. a. marka mugga shaqo 1100 mitir oo saddex jibbaaran. cm. motor ayaa ka daadanayo iyo labo ka mid ah saddex-yada gear buugan. unit Awoodda loo abuuray oo hoos shidaalka A-66. Heerka socodka waxa uu ahaa 8 litir oo 100 kiiloomitir ee xawaaraha ugu badan oo ah 90 km / h.

GAZ

At warshad this soo saarta badan oo lagu daydo u xiiso badan oo kala duwan. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah - gaaska A. a Taariikhda baabuurta bilaabmaa Detroit. Waxay ahayd markaa in odeyga Genri Ford go'aansaday in Ford T fudud rajo dhacsan. Oo iyana wuu qabsaday off line kiniisadda. Halkii, aan ordi model A. ku Tallaabada ugu horreysa ee wax laga badalay engine - ka dib markii isbedelka xoogga waxa uu ka bedelay 23 litir. a. si 40. mugga The kordhay 3.2 litir. Waxa kale oo ay ahayd xajin a-hal saxan qalalan ee gaariga.

Ford markaas sameeyey oo ku saleysan baabuurta iyo gaari xamuul ah - AA, oo markaas ka tegey on AAA mashiinka triaxial conveyor ah. Waa this gaari midaysan iyo guud ahaan boosaska badan sida madaxda Soviet. Ku salaysan waxaa la go'aamiyay in la abuuro fudud, lagu kalsoonaan karo iyo teknoolajiyada sare baabuurta Soviet. Sayidka ayaa ku dhashay ee lagu daydo GAS A. soo saaray 1932 ilaa 1938.

design

Go'ay wakiil hartay labo strips adkeysi bir. hiitarka waxaa lagu dahaarka leh kula nickel iyo qurxiyey geedkuu calaamadda ugu horeysay GAZ. giraangiraha ayaa lagu rakibay Afayeen silig - feature a iyaga ka mid ah waa in aanay u baahan yihiin sixitaanka.

Muraayadda codsatay galaas Saddex. furaysto taangiga shidaalka ayaa lagu rakibay ee isaga ka soo hor. taangiga Sam ku taalla derbiga dambe ee qol engine ah - sidaa u suurtagashay in ay ka horjoogsanaya in ka design bamka batroolka. Baatrool galay carburetor ah by cuf dhacay.

Waxa la soo saaray mishiinka Soviet xagga dambe ee "Phaeton" at 5 goobood. In case of roob ay suurto gal ahayd in ay jiid teendhada shiraac.

salon

isteerinka ahaa madow, oo waxay u adeegeen sidii wax a for haabniim ah. Near signal ku saabsan samaynta isteerinka yeellay kabaal gaar ah - la waqtiga ugu horeysay nidaamsan suuroggalaan, iyo tan labaad oo loo adeegsaday gaaska. Mitir xawaare wakiil tiro durbaanka. Hoos baydalka gaaska lagu rakibay mawqif gaar ah ciribta.

Features design

Haddii aad guuriso gaariga, ka dibna ku qortay oo kaliya 21 dhalista. Sidoo kale jejebiyey band ahaa codsatay, waxaa jiray macquul ma si ay ula qabsadaan waalka, shahaado yar oo engine riixo - 4.2. Sida laga codsadaa guga ganaax transverse.

Wax yar ka dib, qaabkani beddeli doonaa sedan GAS M-1, kaas oo sidoo kale ku saleysan yahay Ford A ah, laakiin casriyeeyo dhul off-road. Sidaas darteed, kor u xoog jirka, xoojiyeen ganaax. Dhameystiray barakac engine voracious of 3.2 litir si ay awood u korodho 50 litir. a.

In taxanahan ka mid ah limousine off-road GAZ M-1 hit ee 1936. Released in ka badan 60 000 oo nuqul. Waxay ahayd model ah mid aad loogu guulaystay.

GAZ-21

Tani baabuurta Soviet in a "sedan" nooca jidhka. wax soo saarka The serial gaariga bilaabay in '56, iyo waxa aan ahaa ilaa '70s. Tani waa model ugu guulaha badan ee warshadaha ee baabuurka gudaha.

Horumarinta bilaabay 1952. Markii hore waxaan ka shaqeeyeen lagu daydo ee M21 ee. Waxaan soo shaqeeyay on design ee artist ee Leonid Eremeev iyo Williams. In 1953, ee lagu daydo ugu horeysay ee M21 ayaa la abuuray, mashruuca aan Williams soo dhawaaday. noocooda hore ee "Volga" GAZ-21 oo markaas guga ee sanadka 1954 ayaa la soo ururiyay.

baaritaano lagu fuliyay, inta lagu guda jiro kaas oo baabuurta muujiyeen natiijooyin fiican. The cusub "Volga" soo baxay dhaqaale, inta ka sareeya ka badan oo ku saabsan sifooyinka firfircoon ee GAZ M-12 ZIM. Intaa waxaa dheer, gaariga qoreysa design gaar ah.

Habku horeysay dhameystirtay la heshiis motor nizhneklapannym, waxaa la shaqeeya mugga of 2.4 litir. awood Engine hore u 65 litir ahaa. a. Waa motor ka mid ah "Victory", taas oo lagu qasbay in warshadda. In la kala dhantaalay unit awood u shaqeeya saddex-yada gear buugan.

milkiilayaasha baabuurta "Volga" (GAS-21) ee ku yidhi iska caabin ah daxalka sare ee jirka ka mid ah baabuurta patency wanaagsan. Maanta waa Retro oo arag wakiilada ay noqon kartaa in uu uruuriyaa oo gaar loo leeyahay.

GAZ-24

Later, ee 1968, iyadoo ay ku saleysan gaariga GAZ-24 ayaa la sii daayay. mishiinka waxaa laga heli karaa laba Hababka jirka - nooca yaryar iyo baabuur. Ugu hal mar waxay ahayd gaariga ugu qiimaha badan. In la sameeyo model isla markiiba bilaabay ka dib markii bilowgii wax soo saarka 21-aad "Volga". Gaariga maamula si ay u noolaadaan saddex restyling, sifooyinka design keentay in ay baabuurta American. Laakiin waxaa jiray in muuqaalada bannaanka iyo asalka ah, si degdeg ah siinaya jidhka.

astaamaha farsamo ee gaariga

GAZ-24 ayaa la soo saaray, sida aynu hore u sheegnay, in labada jirkooda. Ansixin ahaa 180 mm. engine ayaa waxaa kaalinta hore ee longitudinally ah. engine The shidaalka ee 2.4 mugga L loo doortay sida unit xoog ah. Oo dhumucdiisuna waxay ahayd 95 litir. a. Waxa uu ka soo shaqeeyay tusmo gudbinta afar buugan. Shiidaalka isticmaalka - 13 litir 100 km. Iyada oo cutubkan xawaare ugu badan waa 145 km / h.

On saldhig u ku tilmaamay in ay "Volga" ka dibna badan oo beddelka kala duwan ayaa la soo saaray. Waxa kale oo aanu soo saari daydo in loo dhoofiyo. Dhammeeyey sii daayo ee 1985.

Waa in la sheegay in mishiinka Soviet waa badan kuwa xiiso badan la sameeyey maanta. Waxaa hadda dhammaan dadka casri ah u muuqdaan uninteresting, laakiin markaas model kasta oo cusub oo ahayd dawayn dhab ah dunida gaariga. mashiinada hadda ku jira filimada, waa in matxafyada iyo ururin gaar ahaaneed, ee gaariga zis-110 waa mid aad u caan ah oo dibadda, oo ay ku jiraan Maraykanka iyo Europe. darawallada badan oo ku siin idiina weyn ee iibka iyo dib u soo celinta ee mashiinada sida. Waxaa hadda Retro. Oo ha dhaleeceeyay warshadaha ee auto gudaha, laakiin wuxuu weli joogay dalka ogaa sida loo sameeyo baabuurta wanaagsan.