Malleability oo naxaas ah. Astaamaha u gaarka ah copper

Malleability yeedhay nuglaato ee biraha iyo Alloys waayo, soona bandhigi iyo noocyada kale ee daaweynta cadaadis. Tani waxay noqon kartaa sawir, jediyay, diidanaa ama adiga oo riixaya. malleability copper Waxaa lagu gartaa ma aha oo kaliya iska caabin lahayo ku ah, laakiin sidoo kale moldability. Waa maxay plasticity? Tani waxay awood u bir ah in la beddelo contours ay cadaadis aan jabiyay. Biraha malleable ka mid ah naxaas, birta, duralumin iyo copper kale oo gaar ah, magnesium, nickel, Alloys aluminium. Taasi waxay leeyihiin heer sare ah plasticity lagu daro iska caabin yar in lahayo ku.

copper

Waxa xiiso leh, waxay u muuqataa caan ku copper? Waxaa la og yahay in ay tahay qayb ka mid ah group 11 4 waqtiyada xubno ka kiimikada D. I. Mendeleeva. Its la eb leedahay 29 qol oo waxaa muujinaysaa calaamad CU. Dhab ahaantii, tani waa casaan caaga biraha KMG ah iyo brown dahabka. By jidka, waxa uu leeyahay midab casaan, haddii film xabagta ku maqan yahay. From wakhtiyadii hore, element this waxaa loo isticmaalaa by dadka.

story

Mid ka mid ah macdanaha ugu horeysay in dadku bilaabay inay si firfircoon u isticmaalaan in ay dhaqaalaha, waa copper. Indeed, waxa sidoo kale loo heli karaa rasiid ka ore, waxayna leedahay hal dhibic barafku yar yahay. Waxaa muddo dheer loo yaqaan Dadka Toddoba biraha, kaas oo sidoo kale ka mid ah copper. In dabiiciga ah, element this badan yahay tahay lacag, dahab ah ama bir. ilbaxnimooyinkii hore ee slag copper, ayaa markhaati ka ah in ay dikhaw of senti. Waxay la helay intii lagu excavations of dejinta Çatalhöyük. Waxaa la og yahay in Age Copper u ballaaran joogay ayaa waxyaalahaas copper. ayuu soo socota dhagax ee taariikhda dunida.

S. A. Semonov shaqaalaha sameeyay waxbarashada tijaabo ah in lagu ogaaday in qalabka copper marka la barbardhigo lacagta dhagax siyaabo badan. Waxay leeyihiin a xilka baneeyey xawaaraha sare, qoditaanka, jarida iyo qori rinjiga leh. daaweynta A of mindi copper lafta socdaa sida badan, iyo dhagaxyo. Laakiin copper waxaa loo arkaa bir jilicsan.

Inta badan, wakhtiyadii hore waxaa la isticmaalaa halkii daawaha copper leh iyo waxa daasadda - naxaas ah. Waxay ahayd lagama maarmaan u ah soo saaridda hub iyo waxyaabo kale. Sidaas daraaddeed, si ay ugu bedesho Age Copper u yimid naxaasta ahayd. Naxaas ah markii ugu horeysay heshay ee Bariga Dhexe ee 3000 sano ka BC. e:. dadka sida xoogga iyo ductility u fiican oo ah naxaas. From ee naxaasta ahayd oo keentay tegey qalab weyn oo soo ugaadhsaday, suxuunta, qurxinta. All of qalabkaan waxaa laga helaa excavations qaddiimiga ah. Dheeraad ah, Age Bronze siiyey si ay birta.

Sida loo helo copper ku waayeen wakhtiyadii hore? Markii hore, waxa aan la soo bixiyay tayadda iyo ka ore malachite. Indeed, kiiskan, si ay u galaan in ka cayrinta hordhac ah ma loo baahan yahay. Waayo, kanu ore iyo dhuxusha isku dar loo dhigay weel dhoobo ah. Markabkan ayaa waxaa lagu wadaa in god-gacmeed oo isku dar ah waa u gubta. Next bilaabo in uu soo saaro carbon monoxide, taas oo qeyb ka dib u soo celinta oo ah naxaas free malachite.

Waxaa la og yahay in Cyprus ee Millennium saddexaad CH la dhisay miino copper, on taas oo lagu fuliyay dikhaw.

On dalalka Russia iyo dalalka deriska ah miinooyinka copper ayaa ka soo baxay in ka badan laba tobankii BC ah. e. meelahoodii burbursanaa oo ku sugan Urals, iyo Ukraine, iyo Caucasus, iyo Altai ah, iyo in Siberia fog.

copper barafku Warshadaha ayaa waxaa looga faa'iideysan qarnigii saddex iyo tobnaad. Oo shan iyo Cannon Yard la aasaasay Moscow. Waxay ahayd halkaas in naxaas ah qoryaha kabka ee calibers kala duwan. lacagta cajiib ah oo ah naxaas lagu kharash gareeyay saarka ee dawanno. In 1586, ee naxaasta ahayd oo waxaa lagu tuuray Tsar Cannon, in 1735 - Bell Tsar ee 1782. faras Maarta waxaa loo abuuray. In 752, sayidkii soo saaray heer sare taalada Big Buddha in macbudka Todai-ji macbudka. Guud ahaan, liiska xagga shuqullada macdantu tahay waa dhammaadka lahayn.

In qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad dadka helay korontada. Waxay ahayd markaa in xaddi weyn oo ah naxaas bilaabay inuu ka tago saaridda of silig iyo waxyaabaha la midka ah. Qarnigii labaatanaad, oo silig ka barteen si ay u sameeyaan aluminium, laakiin copper injineerinka korontada weli lahaayeen muhiimad weyn.

Asalka magaca

Oo waxaad ogaan waxa Cuprum - waa magac Laatiin ah naxaas, oo ka soo jeeda magaca jasiiradda Cyprus? By habka, in copper Strabo halkosom magacaabay - magaaladii Halkida on Euboea dambi ah asalka ah ee magaca. Inta badan magacyada Greek copper iyo naxaas ah waxyaabaha ku dhacay waxay ka timid erayga this. Waxaa si weyn loo isticmaalaa in blacksmithing, ka mid ah oo ildheer oo ridaya alaabta. Mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan copper Aes, taas oo macnaheedu yahay ore ama miinada.

Erayga "copper" Slavic aan kaga hadlay oo eray. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay tahay jir. Laakiin waxaa marar aad u badan waxaa laga helaa ka taxadiri ugu qadiimiga suugaanta ee Russia. V. I. Abaev maleeyey in eraygan ka yimaado magaca dalka of Media. Copper Alchemists loo yaqaan "Venus". Waagii hore waxaa la odhan jiray "Mars".

Meeday copper ah ee dabiiciga ah?

qolof ah ayaa heysta (4,7-5,5) x 10 ^-3% copper (by miisaanka). biyaha webiga iyo badda biyaha aad u yar yahay: 10 ^-7% iyo 3 x 10 ^-7% (by miisaanka) siday u kala horreeyaan.

In dabiiciga ah, waa mid aad u badanaa xeryahooda copper. warshadaha wuxuu isticmaalaa CuFeS ₂ chalcopyrite yeedhay pyrites copper, bornite CU ₅ FeS _4, chalcocite CU ₂ S. Isla dadka ka heli iyo macdano kale copper cuprite CU ₂ O, CU azurite ₃ (CO _{3) 2} (OH) _2, malachite CU ₂ CO ₃ (OH) ₂ iyo covellite CuS. Inta badan, miisaankiisu yahay shaqsi ee ay kooxahaasi copper ilaa 400 tons. sulfides Copper loo sameeyay inta badan ee xididdada hydrothermal-heerkulka dhexdhexaad ah. Inta badan dhagaxyada dhexdooda ku aasan ka heli kartaa lacag dhigaal ah copper - Shale iyo copper sandstones. The kayd ugu yaqaan waa in Territory Trans-Baikal Udokan Zhezkazgan ee Kazakhstan, Mansfeld ee Germany iyo suunka nectariferous of Central Africa. Kale deposit copper hodan ku yaalla Chile (Kolyausi iyo Escondida) iyo USA (Morensi).

Inta badan copper ore ku miino by hab furan. Waxaa ku jira ka soo 0.3 si 1.0% copper.

guryaha jirka

akhristayaasha badan oo xiiso u sharaxaad ka mid ah copper ah. pink caag iyo bir dahab ah. On ay dusha hawada dhakhso daboolay film xabagta, taasi waxay siinaysaa nooc ka mid ah cado u daran cas-jaalle. Waxa xiiso leh, filimka khafiif ah oo copper yihiin midabka buluuga ah-cagaaran.

Osmium, cesium, copper iyo dahab in midabka ay leeyihiin midab isku mid ah, ka duwan biraha boor ama lacag kale. midab midabka Tani waxay muujinaysaa joogitaanka gudubka electron dhexeeya afraad bar madhan oo ah orbitals saddexaad qaaradda ka buuxsamay. Dhexdoodana waxaa jira farqi u tamarta gaar ah oo u dhiganta Milanello ee orange midabka. nidaam la mid ah ayaa mas'uul ka ah midabka gaar ah oo dahab ah.

Waa maxay dabeecad dheeraad ah la yaab leh oo ah naxaas? biraha Tani waxay ka dhigan daaqaddii fool-xuddun u cubic, koox meel Fm3m, a = 0,36150 nm, Z = 4.

copper A more caanka ah ee conductivity korontada iyo kulka sare. Sida laga soo xigtay hayo hadda waxaa ka mid ah biraha ee kaalinta labaad. Waana mid ka, copper Rafaa ayaa Wehliyaha heerkulka iska caabin ah oo kala duwan heerkulka, iriddu waa weyn ku dhowaad madax banaan tilmaamayaasha ay. Copper waxaa lagu magacaabaa diamagnetic.

Alloys Copper waa kala duwan. Dadka bartay biiriyo zinc iyo naxaas, nickel lacag iyo nickel iyo Babbitt hogaanka, naxaas iyo qasacad, iyo macdanaha kale.

isotopes copper

Copper wuxuu leeyahay laba isotopes deggan - ⁶³ CU iyo ⁶⁵ CU, kaas oo ay leeyihiin heerka a of 69,1 iyo boqolkiiba 30.9 qaaradda siday u kala horreeyaan. Guud ahaan, waxaa jira in ka badan laba darsin isotopes isagoo lahayn. The isotope dheer ku noolaa waa ⁶⁷ CU nolosha ah nus ka mid ah 62 saacadood.

Sida loo helo copper ah?

Production oo naxaas ah waa hab aad u xiiso badan. biraha Tani waa la diyaariyey ka senti copper iyo macdan. Hababka aasaasiga ah ee diyaarinta yihiin hydrometallurgy copper, pyrometallurgy, iyo electrolysis.

Ka fikir habka pyrometallurgical. Sida laga soo xigtay habka, copper ka senti sulfidic, sida chalcopyrite, CuFeS _2. feedstock chalcopyrite waa 0,5-2,0% CU. First, ore hore waa sabeynta. Markaas, oksidheeyeyaal waxaa galidda heerkulka a of 1400 degrees. shancosbitaal dheeraad gubtay galaa dikhaw in matte. Waayo, ku qabanaya xabagta birta ee dhalaalid ee lagu daray silica.

silicate keentay sida slag socota illalintanada oo kala. Qeybta hoose ee weli matte - sulphides CU daawaha ₂ S iyo FeS. Dheeraad ah, waxaa la dhalaalay by habka of Henry Bessemer. Si taas loo gaaro, Converter waa daadanayaa matte la shubay. Markaas weel la nadiifiyaa oxygen. tayadda bir A, kaas oo la oxidized si xabagta isticmaalaya silica laga saaro habka sida silicate ah. tayadda Copper waxaa oxidized si xabagta copper ma aha si buuxda, laakiin markaas hoos u copper macdan ah.

copper The fin helay jira 90,95% ka mid ah biraha. Next, waxaa la hoos geliyey wax lagu nadiifiyo electrolytic. Waxa xiiso leh, elektrolytka waa xal ah acidic oo naxaas ah sulfate.

Waxaa la aasaasay on copper ah electrolytic cathode taas oo uu leeyahay inta jeer sare ah oo ku saabsan 99.99%. Waxyaabaha of copper soo saaray aad u kala duwan ka sameeyey, oo silig ka dhigeen, qalabka korontada, Alloys.

Habka Hydrometallurgical waa xoogaa kala duwan. Waxaa macdanta copper-fureen kala diri ee acid sulfuric ama xal ammoniacal. Laga soo bilaabo dareere diyaar Leexin biraha bir ah copper.

guryaha Chemical of copper

In xeryahooda of copper muujinaysaa laba dowladood lagu qayilo +1 oo +2. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah hidde u noqon munaasab ahayn oo ah mid deggan oo kaliya in ay xeryahooda beelaya ama kaxeynayo. Waana mid ka, copper xarunta Biyuhu.

Dawladdu waxay qayilo ee +2 ka xasilloon. Taasi waxay siinaysaa buluug cusbo iyo cyan. Xaaladaha aan caadi ahayn waxaa laga yaabaa in loo diyaar garoobo xeryahooda la degree ah lagu qayilo ee +3 iyo +5 xataa. dambe waxaa caadi ahaan laga helaa cusbada kupraboranovogo anion helay 1994.

copper saafi ah hawada ma beddelmin. Tani wakiilka yaraynta daciif ma fal la aashito lagu milo iyo biyo. Oxidized nitric ku urursan iyo acids sulfuric, halogens, oksijiin, iyo "regia aqua", oxides ee non-birta, chalcogens. Marka kululeeyo, waxa ay sameynayso la halides hydrogen.

Haddii hawada waa qoyan, copper la oxidized, la xirrira carbonate copper aasaasiga ah (II). Waxaa si fiican u sameynayso la kulul iyo qabow acid sulfuric cokan, ammooniya sulfuric acid kulul.

Iyada oo copper aashito lagu milo sameynayso in joogitaanka oxygen.

copper chemistry Analytical

Qof walba waa ogyahay in chemistry this. Copper in xalka waa u fududahay in la ogaado. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, silig platina a qoysid xal imtixaanka, ka dibna waxa ay sii kordhineysaa in ay olol gubi Bunsen. Haddii copper joogo in xal, olol baa la midab doonaa cagaaran iyo buluug. Waa in aad ogaato in:

• Caadi ahaan, xaddiga copper in xal imaanshada acidic waxaa lagu cabbiraa hab tayadda hydrogen, waayo, waa isku qasan oo leh walaxda. Sida caadiga ah, tayadda copper ah precipitates.
• In kuwa xal meesha aan udhigo fara, copper ogaado complexometric, potentiometric ama potentiometrically.
• Xoogaa yar oo copper in xal lagu cabbiraa hababka spectral iyo ogeed.

Isticmaalka copper

heshii waxbarasho Copper waa wax aad u madadaalo. Sayidka, biraha firfircoon ayaa resistivity hooseeyo. Wacan tahay tayada this of copper loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee korontada iyo xarkaha kale, fiilooyin iyo kirishbooyada kale. silig Copper isticmaalo ee windings ee gudbiyeyaasha xoogga iyo drives korontada. In la abuuro ee articles biraha sheegnay xulay aad u nadiif ah, tan iyo markii ay nijaasta isla yareeyo conductivity korontada. Haddii copper waxa ay joogtaa 0.02% of aluminium, ay conductivity korontada inuu hoos u dhacay 10%.

Muuqaal kale oo faa'iido leh waa conductivity kaamerada wanaagsan oo ah naxaas. Sababo la xiriira hantida waxaa loo isticmaalaa noocyo kala duwan oo exchangers kulaylka, tuubooyinka kulaylka, qalabka teplootvodnyh iyo coolers computer.

Oo halkaas waxaa loo isticmaalaa engegnaantiinna oo ah naxaas ah? Waxaa la og yahay in tube copper aan xuduud lahayn ee wareeg iskutallaabta qaybta xoog farsamo fiican. Waxay sidoo kale waa u adkeysan maaraysay farsamo oo loo isticmaalo in lagu dhaqaaqo cabitaanno iyo gaasaska. Sida caadiga ah, waxaa lagu heli karaa nidaamyada gaaska iyo biyaha gudaha, nidaamka diirinta. Waxaa si weyn loo isticmaalaa in unugyada qaboojiye iyo nidaamka qaboojinta.

engegnaantiinna aawadeed aad u fiican oo ah naxaas la og yahay in dalal badan. Sidaas darteed, France, UK iyo Australia, tuubooyinka copper loo isticmaalo gaaska dhismayaasha ee Sweden - kulaylinta, ee US, UK iyo Hong Kong - Waa wax ugu weyn ee biyaha.

In Russia, wax soo saarka ee tuubooyinka biyaha iyo copper gaaska caadi Heerka GOST R 52318-2005 iyo Xeerka Federaalka of Practice SP 40-108-2004 dejisa isticmaalkooda. Dhuumaha ka samaysan maar iyo Alloys ay hubkaas ayaa loo isticmaalaa in injineernimada xoog iyo Dhismaha maraakiibta in ay u guuraan uumi iyo cabitaanno.

Ma ogtahay in Alloys copper waxaa loo isticmaalaa noocyo kala duwan oo beeraha of technology? Kuwaas oo kala ah, ugu caansan waxaa loo tixgelinayaa inay naxaas ah oo naxaas ah. Labada Alloys ka mid ah qoyska aadka u badan ee qalabka, kuwaas oo, ka sokow zinc iyo waxa daasadda, ka mid noqon kara bismuth, nickel iyo macdanaha kale. Tusaale ahaan, gunmetal isticmaalaa ilaa qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad for soo saaridda ee qolofka madaafiic, ka kooban copper, iyo qasacad iyo zinc. Its samaynta kala duwan iyadoo ku xiran meesha iyo waqtiga qoryaha saaridda.

Qof walba waa ogyahay processability fiican iyo ductility sare oo naxaas ah. Sababo la xiriira guryaha, cadadka cajiib ah oo naxaas ah ka tago, waayo, wax soo saarka ee gacmo hubka iyo madaafiicda rasaas ah. Waxaa xusid mudan in qaybo ka mid ah waxaa la sameeyey ee Alloys copper-Silicon, zinc, iyo waxa daasadda, aluminium iyo qalabka kale. Alloys Copper waxaa lagu gartaa xoogga sare iyo processing kaamerada hayn guryaha ay si farsamaysan. Ay iska caabin ah ay xirtaan waxaa ka go'an oo keliya ka kooban kiimikada iyo saamaynta qaabdhismeedka. Waa in la ogaadaa in qaanuunkan ma khuseeyo copper beryllium iyo qaar ka mid ah bronzes aluminium.

Alloys Copper leeyihiin modulus ah barti ka hooseeya in bir. Ay faa'iido ugu weyn ee la odhan karaa Wehliyaha a khilaaf yar, marka la isku daro waayo Alloys ugu la ductility sare, conductivity korontada fiican iyo iska caabin ah daxalka u wanaagsan jawi xoqe. Sida caadiga ah, waa naxaas ah, aluminium iyo Alloys copper-nickel. Waana mid ka, waxay ka heli codsigooda in lammaane oo saraysa.

Dhammaan Alloys copper leeyihiin magnitude la mid ah Wehliyaha khilaaf ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iska caabin ah ay xirtaan iyo guryaha si farsamaysan, dhaqanka deeganada xoqe si toos ah ay ku xidhan tahay ka kooban daawaha. ductility The of copper waxaa loo isticmaalaa Alloys-hal wajiga, iyo xoog - laba weji. Melchior (daawaha coppernickel) waxaa loo isticmaalaa Roomaanka qadaadiic ah. Alloys Copper-nickel, oo ay ku jiraan "admiralty", loo isticmaalo in Dhismaha maraakiibta. Of iyaga ka dhigay dhuumaha for condensers, nadiifinta marawaxadaha uumi dhammayn. Waxaa xusid mudan in marawaxadaha waa la qaboojiyey by loogu aaso. Alloys Copper-nickel leedahay iska caabin ah daxalka la yaab leh, si ay u muuqdaan in ay isticmaalaan meelaha la xiriira saamaynta dagaal oo biyo ah badda.

Dhab ahaantii, copper waa qayb weyn oo ka mid ah solders adag - Alloys isagoo dhibic barafku ka mid ah 590 si ay u 880 degrees Celsius ah. Waxaa soo jireenka ah iyaga oo ku Amda weyn in biraha ugu, si ay u dalbato xiriir joogto ah ee qaybaha kala duwan ee biraha. Waxaa laga yaabaa in rakiban ama biibiile ama matoorada diyaaradaha dheecaan, biraha duwana sameeyey.

Hadda qor Alloys taas oo ductility copper waa muhiim. Duralumin ama Duralumin waa daawaha aluminium iyo naxaas. Halkan, copper waa 4.4%. Alloys of copper dahab waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa in dahabka. Waxay lagama maarmaan ah si loo hagaajiyo xoogga sheyga yihiin. Ka dib oo dhan, dahab saafi ah - bir ah oo aad u jilicsan, oo ma noqon karaan adkaysi u stress makaanikada. Products ka sameeyey dahab saafi si deg deg ah doorinaynaa iyo abraded.

Waxa xiiso leh, waayo, abuurista xabagta ah oxides yttrium-barium-copper, copper waxaa loo isticmaalaa. Wuxuu u adeegaa sida aasaas u ah wax soo saarka ee superconductors-heerkulka sare. Copper sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka ee batariyo iyo copper-xabagta unugyada electrochemical.

Meelaha kale ee codsiga

Ma ogtahay in copper waa mid aad inta badan loo isticmaalaa sida Hannaan polymerization ee alxamaad? Sababo la xiriira hantida this of tuubooyin copper loo isticmaalo wareejinta alxamaad waxaa loo ogol yahay in aad dalbato oo keliya marka content copper ah kama badna 64% oo ka mid ah.

Dadka bartay in ay isticmaalaan malleability ee copper naqshadaha. Guriyo iyo saqafyada ka sheet copper aad u dhuuban dhigay, waa dhib-oo lacag la'aan ah 150 sano. Tani waxay ifafaale si fudud loo sharxay, in taarikada naxaasta dhacdaa habka daxalka avtozatuhanie. In Russia, sheet copper, waayo, guriyo iyo saqafyada iyadoo la raacayo qodobada Xeerka Federaalka ah ee Shuruucda SP 31-116-2006 ah.

In mustaqbalka dhow dadka ay qorshaynayaan in ay isticmaalaan bir ah meelaha microbicidal ee rugaha caafimaadka ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqa bakteeriyada sigaarka. All sagxadaha in taabto gacanta aadanaha, - ku gacanka albaabada, la cuskado, kulan vodozapornaya, miisaska, sariiraha - takhasusay soo saari doonaa oo kaliya ka this biraha la yaab leh.

copper sixitaanka

Waa kuwee brand of copper isticmaalaa dadka wax soo saarka ee alaabta loo baahan yahay? Way badan yihiin, ee M00, M0, M1, m2, m3. Guud ahaan, brand ah loo aqoonsaday khayroon daahirnimo copper ah ee ay ka kooban tahay.

Tusaale ahaan, fasallada copper M1r, M2P iyo M3R ku jira 0.04% fosfooraska, iyo 0.01% oxygen, iyo calaamado ku M1, m2 iyo m3 - 0.05-0.08% oxygen. stamp M0b oxygen The maqan yahay, iyo content boqolkiiba ay ahayd 0.02% ee MO ah.

Sidaas darteed, waxaanu ka fiirsan si faahfaahsan copper ah. Shaxda, on tuuray, ku siin doonaa macluumaad dheeraad ah oo sax ah:

copper brand	M00	M0	M0b	M1	M1r	m2	M2P	m3	M3R	M4
boqolkiiba content copper	99.99	99.95	99,97	99.90	99,70	99,70	99,50	99,50	99,50	99,00

27 fasalada of copper

Guud ahaan waxaa jira toddoba iyo labaatan fasalada oo naxaas ah. Halkee dhab ahaan waa xaddiga lacagta ee qalabka copper isticmaalaya qof? Tixgeli si faahfaahsan midka this:

• wax cu-DPH loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee qalabka looga baahan yahay xidhiidh ah tuubooyinka.
• Amp waa lagama maarmaan u ah abuurista anodes kulul-duuban oo qabow-giringiriyey.
• Amphoux loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee anodes qabow-duuban oo kulul-giringiriyey.
• M0 loo baahan yahay si loo abuuro kirishbooyada-hadda sare iyo Alloys.
• M00 Waxyaabaha loo isticmaalo soo saaridda of-daawaha sare iyo kirishbooyada hadda.
• M001 loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee xarigga, taayirada iyo alaabooyinka kale ee korontada.
• M001b lagama maarmaan u ah soo saaridda alaabta korontada.
• M00b waxaa loo isticmaalaa in la abuuro kirishbooyada hadda Alloys sare iyo apparatuses warshadaha koronto.
• M00k - feedstock la abuuro of billets ay maroorsamaan oo iska tuur.
• M0b loo isticmaalo si ay u abuuraan Alloys la hirka sare.
• M0k loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee workpieces ay maroorsamaan kabka iyo.
• M1 loo baahan yahay soo saaridda of silig iyo wax soo saarka ee qalabka cryogenic.
• M16 waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka ee korontada warshadaha qalabka vacuum.
• M1E u baahan yahay in la abuuro bireed qabow-giringiriyey iyo cajalad.
• M1k u baahan tahay si ay u abuuraan a alaabta semi-dhammeeyayna.
• M1or loo isticmaalo silig ka-saarka iyo alaabooyinka kale ee korontada.
• M1r loo isticmaalo soo saarta electrodes loo isticmaalo alxanka bir iyo naxaas.
• M1rE loo baahan yahay wax soo saarka ee strip qabow-giringiriyey iyo bireed.
• M1u loo isticmaalo si ay u abuuraan anodes qabow-duuban oo kulul-giringiriyey.
• M1f u baahan tahay si ay u abuuraan cajalad, bireed, go'yaal kulul-duuban oo qabow-giringiriyey.
• M2 waxaa loo isticmaalaa in soosaarka Alloys semi-dhammeeyayna oo adag oo ku saleysan copper.
• M2K loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee alaabta semi-dhammeeyayna.
• M2P looga baahan yahay dhengedihii saarka.
• M3 waxaa loo baahan yahay wax soo saarka ee Alloys giringiriyey.
• M3R isticmaalaan si ay u sameeyaan iyo giringiriyey Alloys.
• MB-1 waxay muhiim u tahay abuuridda oo naxaas ah beryllium.
• MSr1 loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee naqshado korontada.