Gastrulation - waxaa ... Aasaasidda ee embriyaha multi-israac

Blastula, sidoo kale loo yaqaan xumbo Germinal, waa natiijada ugu dambeysa ee burburiyo ukun. Tallaabada ku xigta ee isaga ka dib, degan meel dhexe oo u dhexeeya dhagaxshiidkana dhexdaada iyo organogenesis, embryogenesis waa gastrulation. Macnihiisa asaasiga ahi waa dhismaha oo ka mid ah saddex lakab jeermiga: endoderm, ectoderm iyo mesoderm. In si kale loo dhigo, waxa gastrulation bilaabmaa morphogenesis embriyaha iyo kaladuwan ee u shaqeeyo ah.

Qeexidda "gastrulation"

Xitaa ka dib 1901 gastrulation ayaa lagu qeexay sida ay embriyaha gudaha unugyada mesoderm dayrta, endoderm iyo ectoderm. Taas macnaheedu waxa ay tilmaamaysaa jiritaanka meelaha gaarka ah organoobrazuyuschih blastula. waxaa ogaaday ayaa sharaxaad fudud oo soo jiidasho leh, waa ay fududahay in ay u guuraan dheeraad ah oo ku adag, macnaha a casriga ah ee erayga. Gastrulation - waa taxane ah oo dhaq morphogenetic keeni in dhaqdhaqaaqa ugu horreeya oo dhar ah meel u yeellay iyadoo la raacayo "Qorshaha" ururka ee jirka. Hab-isbedel adag waxaa weheliya koritaanka iyo taranka, dhaqdhaqaaqa jiho oo kala ah unugyada.

Ka fiirsaneysa gastrulation in dareen guud, waxaa la go'aamin karaa sida tallaabo dhexe, ay leeyihiin hannaanka hal firfircoon, inta lagu guda jiro kaas oo qaybaha rearrangement ku blastula, taas oo si weyn u fududeeyaa guurka habka ay u organogenesis ah.

Guuritaanka unugyada

Haddii aad ku tilmaamo guud ee geedi socodka hoos tixgelin, waxaan dhihi karaa gastrulation in - waxaa lungemboli iyo epiboly. Labada shuruudaha ka tarjumaya dhaqdhaqaaqa morphogenetic unugyada, kaas oo gabi ahaanba dhacdaa dhammaan marxaladaha horumarinta ontogenetic ee u shaqeeyo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay inta badan waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa marka gastrulation. Epiboly loo yaqaan habka dhaqaaqo badan dusha sare ee bu'da unugga, iyo lungemboli - ay dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa gudaha.

In embryology kala saaro noocyada soo socda ugu weyn ee gastrulation ama dhaqdhaqaaqa unugyada: intussusception, socdaalka, noqoshada, delamination iyo epiboly. Wixii macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan - dambe ee maqaalka.

Guuritaanka layers cell

Ka qayb qaadashada habraaca ku gastrulation ma aha oo kaliya kala (haajiraan si xor ah) karaa unugyada, laakiin sidoo kale shabaqa ku cell oo dhan. jihada waxaa ka go'an oo joogta ah isdhexgalka fog. Ciidamada horeysay P. Weiss furay ee 20 jirka ah ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay iyo kiiska muuqataa in ay tahay in embryogenesis, kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - morphogenesis dhif ah oo gaar ah, in caadi la itimaalka hooseeyo dhacaan.

Marka qaybsanaanta cell gastrulation dhacdaa. Sida aynu hore u kor ku xusan, dhaqdhaqaaq bilaabmin iyo tacsida gacanta iyadoo ay sabab u formation of labo lakab lagu magacaabo gastrula SNMna. si cad u noqon endoderm la arki karo iyo ectoderm. All noolaha multicellular (marka laga reebo kaliya coelenterates) barbar gastrulation ama isla markiiba ka dib waxa la aasaasay Germinal caleen saddexaad yeedhay mesoderm. Waxaa a collection of unugyada ku yaalla ee endoderm iyo ectoderm. Sidaas darteed, embriyaha waxay noqotaa saddex lakab.

Hababka gastrulation waa si toos ah ay ku xidhan tahay nooca blastula.

gastrula invaginated

Magaca habka iska hadlaayo. Intussusception --hal daaha invagination derbiga of blastula ah (balstodermy) gudaha blastocoel ah. The ugu heer hoose iyo tusaale ugu cad yahay kubada caag ah. By gujinaya wax ka waxaa u riixriixan oo hoosta. Invagination la keeni kartaa in derbiga fog ama ka samaysaa aan qiimo lahayn. Natiijadu waxay tahay isbadal ah blastula iyo gastrula waa la helay sida archenteron a bacda lakabka dual. Its derbiga hoose waa endoderm hoose iyo dibadda ah - ectoderm hoose. The keentay diidanyihiin archenteron (xiidmaha hoose) la xidhiidhaa wax ka baxsan habka godad, loo yaqaan blastopore. Magaciisa labaad - afka hoose. Its horumarinta dheeraad ah waxay ku xiran tahay nooca shaqeeyo. In xoolo badan blastopore ayaa ugu danbeyn diinta afka kama dambaysta ah galay. Marka tan la eego, waxay u bixiyeen protostomes (molluscs, kolkaasaa dirxi galay, cayayaanka). At deuterostome blastopore diinta koollo neuro-xiidmaha amro in qayb ka mid ah gadaal ee embriyaha waxay (ku chordates) ama futada.

gastrula socdaalka

gastrulation Immigration - hab ka mid ah la xirrira daaha labanlaabka ah ee embriyaha, sifo ugu of coelenterates. Gastrula waxaa la aasaasay by qayb firfircoon ka baxay blastocoel unugyada blastula ah. socdaalka Tani waa unipolar ee dabiiciga ah. Unugyada guurto kaliya la baallaha vegetal. Later ay sameeyaan endoderm, t. E. Lakabka hoose. Taasi waa habka ugu gastrulation ka dhici xayawaan badeed ah hydroids.

unugyada blastoderm galay blastocoel ku geli karto ama mid kasta oo aagga, laakiin in ka badan dusha ka embriyaha oo dhan. socdaalka Tani waxaa loo bixiyey multipolar, laakiin waxay arkeen inay ahayd arrin naadir ah.

coelenterates badan oo, taas oo ku waani inay socdaalka jidka gastrulation ku dhacdaa aad u firfircoon "ka saarid" unugyada blastula iyo gastrula, sameeyay ay sabab u tahay, lumiya blastocoel. Xaaladdan oo kale, dabeecad u ah habka hore invaginated offline blastopore.

Delaminatsionnaya gastrula

noocyada Tani dhif ah markii ugu horaysay la tilmaamay gastrula Mechnikovym I. I., oo waa caadiga ah ee coelenterates ah. geeddi socodka gastrulation socda waa mid aad u gaarka ah, laakiin waxa ay garteen fudud markii la tixgelinayo kiis caadiga ah. Tusaale ahaan, beedka of stsifomeduz qaar ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin qaybo-gashan iyo sidoo kala duwan ee cytoplasm ah: cufan iyo faqayo (ectoplasm) iyo gacanta (endoplasma). Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa qaybsameen xad uniform iyo synchronous: 2, 4, 8, 16. Ugu dambeyntii jeermiska ku jira 32 blastomere. Dheeraad ah, kala qeybinta lagu sameeyaa isku midka ah in ay dusha sare ee embriyaha. lakabka An dibadda sameeyay blastomeres ka kooban ectoplasm iyo gudaha - ee qayb ka mid ah ectoplasm iyo endoplasmic. In si kale loo dhigo, habka nucleation multilayer waa tageynaa hal daaha laba unugyada. Markaasaa, kaliya blastomeres gudaha la jajabiyey iyo mar kale la siman in ay dusha sare ee embriyaha, taas oo sabab u ah nooc ka mid ah gastrulation sida keensataa qaab goobaabin. Waxay ka kooban tahay guri 64 sameynta unugyo ectoderm 32 iyo convex ah, taas oo samaysa endoderm saldhig u.

Epibolicheskaya gastrula

In xoolaha la dhismeedka fahmayaan telolecithal of ukunta (yellow mowjadda in baallaha vegetal), gastrulation dhacdaa epibolicheskomu fashion. Macromers waa blastomeres weyn in kala qaybin aad si tartiib ah oo ku jira xaddi weyn oo dheefta. Waxay leeyihiin awooda u lahayn in ay u guuraan, in arrintan la xiriira, ay macno ahaan "gurguurto" micromeres firfircoon ku yaal dushiisa gacanta. Iyada oo gastrulation sida blastopore maqan iyo archenteron ma la aasaasay. Kaliya ka dib, markii macromers weli la dhimay ee size, waxa uu bilaabo inuu dhiso dalool ah, jeermiga mindhicirka hoose.

u noqoshada

gastrulation Involutional - habka ah in ka kooban yahay ee "tiriska" oo ka mid ah unugyada dibadda hoosta formation embriyaha. Waxa uu sii kordhaysa ee size, fidiyaa oo ay la socdaan dusha sare ee hoose. Habkani waa dabeecadda xayawaanka mezoletsitalnymi gastrulation ukunta - Amphibia (lafdhabarka). Dhaqaaji meesha ugu horeeysa ku laayeen oo ka mid ah unugyada qoto dheer uu hakiyo archenteron horumarinta. In iyaga been ciidanka wadista ee u noqoshada.

hab isku dhafan ee gastrulation

Sida la og yahay, embryogenesis - waa xilliga ugu horreeya ee horumarinta u shaqeeyo kasta oo gaar ah oo ka fikrad dhalan. Gastrulation waa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ay, taariikhda labaad ka dib markii burburiyo. Jidadkeedu si kala duwan in ay noqon kartaa shahaadada weyn ee shurrud marka la barbar dhigo waa. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah waxay u baahan tahay baadhitaan faahfaahsan iyo falanqaynta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa weli line a qaar ka mid ah isgoyska u dhexeeya labada. Sayidka, sida nooc ka mid ah jidhka waxa loo arki karaa epiboly habka invagination iyo delamination ayaa egyihiin leh socdaalka.

Fiiro gaar ah in xoolo badan gastrulation waa hab la isu geeyey. Xaaladaha noocaas ah isku mar dhacaan epiboly iyo intussusception, iyo talaabooyin kale oo morphogenetic. Gaar ahaan, waa arin aad u gastrulation dhacdaa lafdhabarka. Marka tan la eego, qorayaasha badan aqoonsadaan hab isku dhafan.

gastrula

dheer oo macno ahaan Latin "gastrula" loo tarjumay sida "caloosha, caloosha". Waxay ka dhigan tahay marxalad gaar ah horumarinta SNMna of noolaha multicellular. feature A ee kala duwan ee gastrula - waa joogaan laba ama saddex lakab jeermiga. Geedi socodka ah ee ay formation - wajiga ah gastrulation.

qalabka fudud loo arkaa ka ah wakiilo ka coelenterates xoolaha. Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa qaab ellipsoidal gastrula leh lakabka unicellular dibadda ah (ectoderm) iyo raasamaal gudaha unugyada (endoderm), iyo "mindhicirka hoose". urchin caadiga ah loo tixgeliyaa badda gastrula, taas oo la aasaasay by invagination. gastrulation Ninka qaadataa meel on maalintii 8-9-aad ee horumarinta. Gastrula waa formation a simay disk-sida soo sameeyey cufka unugga gudaha hoose.

Sida caadiga ah, inta badan ee xoolaha ee embriyaha stage gastrula si xor ah ma noolaan karo iyo waa uurka, ama xuubka ukunta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa ka reeban. Sayidka, coelenterates dirxiga planuly wakiil free-gastrula.