Fasalada IP-cinwaanada. IP-cinwaanada class A, B, C

IP - waa hab maamuuska, kaasi oo loo adeegsaday by ugu network yar oo ah laba qalabka si ay shabakadda caalamiga ah ee macluumaadka. IP-address - aqoonsi u gooni ah Guntin gaar ah (qalab), qoondeeyey network gaar ah.

Rikoodh IP-address

Cinwaanka eg tirada 32-bit ah ee kala duwan ee ka bilaabmaysa 0 ilaa 4294967295. Taas macnaheedu waa in oo dhan internetka ku jira waxaa laga yaabaa in ka badan 4 bilyan oo cinwaanada gabi ahaanba goobaha gaarka ah. Haddii cinwaanada record qaab binary ama jajab tobanle ah, wuxuu keenaa in ay raaxo in ay xasuusta ama processing. Sidaa darteed, si ay u fududeeyaan qoraal cinwaanada kuwan, waxaa la go'aamiyay in ay kala qaybiyaan cinwaanka buuxda afar octets (tirada 8-bit), kala dhibic. Tusaale ahaan: cinwaanka oo ku Hex eg S0290612, qoraalana IP-cinwaanada eegi doonaa sida 192.41.6.18. Xaaladdan oo kale, cinwaanka ugu hooseeya - taasi waa afar eber, iyo ugu badnaan - afar kooxood oo ka mid ah 255. Meesha ugu da'da weyn (mid ka mid ah in waxa uu ku yaalaa on kooxaha dhanka bidix ee tirokoobyada mid ka mid ah dhibcood kala qaybinaysa) qabsadeen meesha cinwaanka, meesha ugu da'da yaraa (dhinaca midig ka dhibic isku qeybinta ) ayaa muujinaya tirada interface on network in. booska uu ka soohdinta u dhexeeya ciidanka iyo qayb ka mid network waxay ku xiran tahay tirada jajabka ahaa ee lagaa qaaday in tirada network waa kala duwan, kala tahay oo kaliya xuduud octet ah (hal dhibic u dhexeeya iyaga) iyo wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa inaad si ay u qeexaan noocyada IP-cinwaanada.

model Class cinwaanada

cinwaanada Dhowr sano ee waxaa loo kala qaybiyey 5 fasalada. Waxa uu dhacayo xilligan, kala qeybinta ah waxaa lagu magacaabaa qabashada polnoklassovoy. Fasalada IP-cinwaanada waxaa alifbeetada yeedhay A ilaa E. fasalada A ilaa E dhigo mid suurto gal ah in sheeg aqoonsan waayo 128 shabakadaha 16 milyan oo ka mid ah interfaces oo shabag kastaa, qalabka 16.384 network 64 kun iyo 2 million shabakadaha la 256 interfaces. shabakado ku salaysan IP Fasalada D ayaa la siiyaa multicasting, taas oo xirmooyin fariin loo soo diray in ay ciidammadu duwan oo isku mar. Cinwaanada in ay leeyihiin gelinno hore 1111 waxaa loogu talogalay isticmaalka mustaqbalka.

Hoos waxaa ku miis ka IP-cinwaanada. Fasallada waxaa lagu qeexay by the gelinno sare cinwaanka.

class A

IP-cinwaanada class A waxaa lagu gartaa keentay eber yara iyo siddeed-bit cinwaanka size a ka tirsan shabakadda. Ku qoran foomka:

Iyadoo la raacayo, ee tirada ugu weyn ee shabakadaha Class A noqon kartaa 2 ^7, laakiin mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waxay yeelan doonaan meel cinwaanka ²⁴ aaladaha ^February ah. Tan iyo markii ay xoogaa koowaad ee cinwaanka waa 0, ka dibna dhammaan IP-address of class A noqon doontaa in kala duwan-si sare octet ka 0 ilaa 127, oo, weliba, wuxuu noqon doonaa network iyo tirada. Xaaladdan oo kale, cinwaanka iyo 127 ee eber ah loo qoddeeyey cinwaanada ganacsiga, si ay u ma isticmaali karaan. Sababtan awgeed, tirada dhabta ah ee shabakadaha Class A dhigmaa 126.

Under cinwaanka Guntin fasalka network A loo qoondeeyey 3 bytes (ama 24 gaballo). xisaab fudud muujinaysaa in ay macquul tahay in meel 16777216 isku binary (cinwaanada interface). Tan iyo cinwaanada kooban oo gebi of eber iyo kuwa, waa gaar ah, ka dibna fasalka tirada network A waa la dhimay si 16.777.214 cinwaanada.

Fasallada B iyo C

feature ugu muhiimsan ee lagu garan Class b IP-address noqon doontaa qiimaha labada gelinno ugu weyn loo siman yahay si 10. Cabbirka qayb network waa loo siman yahay ilaa 16 gelinno. format ee network waa sida soo socota:

Sababtan awgeed, tirada ugu weyn ee network fasalka B noqon kartaa 2 ¹⁴ (16384) la meel cinwaan on ¹⁶ February kasta. IP-cinwaanada fasalka B bilowga at kala duwan oo ka 128 si 191. Waa feature a by kaas oo aad go'aan ka gaari kara shabakad ay leeyihiin class in. Laba bytes, qoondeeyey by cinwaanada shabakadaha kuwan, oo laga jaray eber iyo ka kooban cutubyo ka mid ah cinwaanada ka dhigi karaa tirada qanjidhada loo siman yahay 65.534.

Kasta oo IP-address waa Class C a bilaabmaa kala duwan ee ka 192 si ay u 223, tirada shabakadda degan saddex keentay octet ah. Schematically cinwaanka uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka soo socda:

Saddex gelinno hore waa qayb network 110, 24-bit. Tirada ugu badan ee shabakadaha fasalka this waa ^{21 February} (tani waa 2,097,152 net). Under cinwaanada Guntin ee-IP address shabakadaha fasalka C leeyihiin 1 byte, waa 254 ciidammada.

fasalada network dheeraad ah

In fasallada D iyo E waxaa ka mid ah network la octet ugu sareeya kor 224. cinwaanada waxaa loo hayaa ujeedooyin gaar ah sida, tusaale ahaan, multicasting - gudbinta datagrams kooxaha gaarka ah ee qanjidhada ee shabakadda.

Class D kala duwan loo isticmaalo diraya xirmooyin iyo been kala duwan ka soo 224.0.0.0 in 239.255.255.255. class E Last waxaa loogu talogalay isticmaalka mustaqbalka. Waxaa ka mid ah cinwaanka 240.0.0.0 in 255.255.255.255. Sidaa darteed, haddii aadan rabin in dhibaato ka qabashada, waxaa lagu talinayaa in aadan qaadan ee IP-cinwaanada safafka kuwan.

Reserved IP-cinwaanada

Waxaa jira cinwaanada in aan la siin karaa qalab kasta, wax kasta oo ku IP-qabashada. Tools IP-cinwaanada ay leeyihiin ujeeddo gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, haddii cinwaankaaga shabakad ka kooban yahay eber, waxaa loola jeedaa in Guntin loola jeedaa network hadda ama qeybta gaar ah. Haddii unugyada oo dhan - waa cinwaanka for warqadaha xirmooyin warbaahinta.

In class A, waxaa jira labo network heegan ah oo gaar ah oo leh tirooyinka 0 iyo 127. Cinwaanka eber waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida wadada caadiga ah, iyo 127 shows qabashada laftiisa (interface loopback) si. Tusaale ahaan, daaweynta 127.0.0.1 IP ka dhigan tahay in Guntin wuxuu la xidhiidhaa oo kaliya laftiisa la aan tegey datagrams on dhexdhexaad ah xogta a. Wixii la xidhiidha lakabka gaadiidka ma aha xiriir la leh ciidanka fog kala duwan, sidaas cinwaanka loopback a waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa si ay u tijaabiso software network.

Qeexida IDs network iyo ciidanka

Oge ah-IP address qalabka kiiska halkaas oo ay jirto su'aal ah oo ku saabsan sida si loo ogaado fasalka ah ee IP address, ka dibna si fudud u eegto octet koowaad ee cinwaanka. Haddii ay tahay 1 ilaa 126, fasalka this network A, ka 128 in 191 - Class B a network, ka 192 in 223 - fasalka network C.

Si loo garto network waa in la xusuusnaado in fasalka A waa tirada upka ee-IP address in B - laba lambar hore ee C - saddex lambar hore. Qaar kale waa aqoonsiga ee interfaces network (qanjidhada). Tusaale ahaan, IP-address waa cinwaanka 139.17.54.23 fasalka B, tan iyo markii tirada ugu horeysay - 139 - ka weyn yahay 128 iyo ka yar 191. Sidaa darteed, aqoonsi network waa loo siman yahay 139.17.0.0, aqoonsi Guntin - 54,23.

subnet

Iyada oo taageero ka router iyo buundooyinka fursad u leeyihiin in ay ballaariso aad network by daray qaybaha in ay, ama u qaybi subnet yar la beddelo aqoonsiga shabakadda. In kiiska qaaday maaskaro subnet in muujinaysaa oo qeybta IP-address waxaa loo isticmaali doonaa sida aqoonsi ah subnet cusub. Marka IDs waa isku mid, waxaad gabagabayn kartaa in qanjidhada waxaa iska leh subnet isla, haddii kale waxay noqon doonaan in subnet a kala duwan iyo baahida loo qabo router in ay iyaga ku xidha.

fasalada IP-cinwaanada waxaa loogu talagalay si ay tiro ka mid ah goobaha xiriirinta iyo qeexaa ka hor. By default, ururka geeyo karaa oo kaliya hal shabakad la tiro ka mid ah qalabka network-xiran. Waxaa jira aqoonsi network gaar ah iyo tiro ka mid ah qanjidhada isagoo xadaysan sida waafaqsan fasalka shabakadda. Iyada oo tiro badan oo ah qanjidhada network noqon doonaa bandwidth yar yahay, maxaa yeelay, xataa qaab warbaahin kasta ku dhici doona.

waji subnet

In si ay u kala qaybiyaan ID, waa in aad isticmaasho maaskaro subnet ah - qaab ka caawiya in la kala saaro ID network ka aqoonsiyada Guntin ee-IP cinwaanada. Fasallada IP-address ma soo rogaan xayiraad on maaskaro subnet ah. Maaskaro dibadda u muuqataa mid ah sida cinwaanka - afar kooxood oo ka mid ah tiro ka bilaabmaysa 0 ilaa 255. Xaaladdan oo kale, marka hore waxaa jira tiro badan oo iyaga ka mid ah oo yar yar. Tusaale ahaan, 255.255.248.0 - taasi waa maaskaro subnet sax ah, 255.248.255.0 - qaldan. 255.255.255.0 maaskaro qeexayaa hore saddex octets of IP-address sida ID subnet ah.

Marka la dhigaayo Qaybinta network shirkadda u baahan yahay in IP-qabashada si sax ah u abaabulan. Fasalada IP-cinwaanada, kala qaybaha taasi oo ka waji, ma kordhin kartaa oo kaliya tirada kombuyuutarada on shabakadda, laakiin sidoo kale in uu abaabulo ay qaab. fasalka kasta wuxuu leeyahay cinwaan Waji of network by default.

ma maaskaro default waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa subnets iyo shaqsi oo dheeraad ah. Tusaale ahaan, IP-address 170.15.1.120 isticmaali kartaa subnet 255.255.255.0 maaskaro si ID network 170.15.1.0 ah, muhiim ma aha in ay u isticmaalaan maaskaro subnet of 255.255.0.0 la ID 170.15.0.0, taas oo default ah. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa in aad in aan kala tagno oo ah urur B urur Class jira la ID 170.15.0.0 subnets isticmaalaya waji oo kala duwan.

Xisaabinta argument subnets

Ka dib markii goobaha subnet on software kasta interface maamuuska network samayn doontaa baadhitaan ah oo IP-cinwaanada la isticmaalayo maaskaro subnet ah si loo ogaado cinwaan subnet ah. Waxaa jira laba qaaciidooyinka fudud xisaabinta tirada ugu badan ee subnets iyo ciidammada on shabakadda:

• 2 ^{(tirada jajabka loo siman yahay mid ka mid ah maaskaro)} - 2 = tirada ugu weyn ee subnets;
• 2 ^{(tirada eber in maaskaro subnet ah)} - 2 = tirada ugu badan ee qalabka on subnet ah.

Tusaale ahaan, waxay qaadan cinwaanka loo siman yahay si 182.16.52.10 la 255.255.224.0 maaskaro. Maaskaro in binary sidan: 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000. Siidi by octet ugu horeysay waa shabakad iska leh fasalka B ah, sidaas darteed, waxaanu ka fiirsan ku octets saddexaad iyo kan afraad. Saddex cutubyada iyo saddex eber galay formula iyo aad u hesho 23-2 = 6 subnets iyo 213 - 2 = 8190 ciidammada.

Marka aad codsanayso fasalka network B caadiga ah sida maaskaro 255.255.255.0 65534 network laga yaabaa in ay ku lifaaqan qalabka. Haddii byte cinwaanka subnet ee degan Guntin buuxda, ka dibna tirada qalabka xiran in subnetwork kasta waxaa hoos u dhigay 254. Marka waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ka badan tirada qalabka loo dhibaatooyin xallin karo by yaraynta cinwaanka maaskaro subnet beerta ama dheer ee cinwaanka sare oo kale in interface router ah. Laakiin kiiskan, Yaraynta tirada shabakadaha suurto gal ah in la arkay doonaa.

Marka aad la abuuro subnets in network C fasal, in ay ogaadaan in doorashada uu noqon doono mid aad u yar yar, iyada oo lacag la'aan ah octet mid keliya. Marka Muwaadiniintu eber iyo cinwaanka daayey waa wax macquul ah ee la abuurayo afar nooc oo ka mid ah subnets fursadaha ugu fiican, mid ka mid subnet inay marti 253, laba subnet 125 ciidammadu afar subnets on 61 ciidankii sideed subnets of 29 ciidammada. Lahjadaha kale ee Risaalo ka dhigi doonaa dhibaatooyinka isdaba iyo warbaahinta ama sababta kaliya carqalad xisaabinta ee wax ka qabashada u dhexeeya ciidammada.

Foomka subnet ah ee shabakadaha fasalka B waxaa ka hawl yar, sida xorriyadda ka badan oo la doortay. maaskaro subnet default waa 255.255.0.0, halka la isticmaalayo aad u hesho 65534 ciidan. Marka la abuurayo waji ka yar cinwaanada subnet waxaa loo qoondeeyey ka tagay gelinno untagged 3 iyo 4 octets. laga dheefay karaa by xisaabinta shabakadda fiicnayn tirooyin 32, 64, 96, 128, 160 iyo 192.

network Class A ayaa tiro aad u badan oo cinwaanada, kaas oo ay macquul tahay in la abuuro subnet ah. Waayo, isticmaalka waji subnet la soo isticmaali karaa in 32 gelinno. Isticmaalka caanaha ee kor ku xusan, waxaynu go'aamin karnaa in tirada ugu badan ee subnets in ay noqon kartaa ilaa 254. Isla mar ahaantaana on cinwaanka ay martida u yahay 16 gelinno, waxaa suurto gal ah in ay ku xidhmaan 65534 qanjidhada.

Dabcan, tani waa xisaabinta qiyaas ah oo keliya. Marka la abuurayo qaybaha iyo subnetting loo baahan yahay in ay qaataan galay account qodobo dheeraad ah, kuwaas oo ku tiirsan bixiyaha iyo heerka shirkada.