Expressionism suugaanta, qeexidda, muuqaalada aasaasiga ah, Expressionists qorayaasha

Aan caadi ahayn jihada wax-uqabso, expressionism, asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee bartamihii-90s ee qarnigii 19aad. awoowe ee ereyga waxaa loo arkaa inay aasaasihii magazine "Storm" ah - H. Walden.

Cilmi expressionism aaminsan yihiin in waxa ugu badan si cad loogu muujiyey in suugaanta. Inkasta oo aan ka yarayn expressionism midabo muujiyey farshaxan, sawir iyo rinjiyeynta.

style cusub oo si a dunida cusub

Iyadoo isbedel si guud iyo bulsho ee qarnigii 20aad, waxaa jiray jihada cusub ee fanka, masraxa iyo nolosha music. Anigu ma aan sugi iyo expressionism suugaanta. Qeexida jihada this ma aysan shaqeynin. Laakiin expressionism suugaanta sharxaan sida weyn diyaariyeen ah ee heerarka kala duwan iyo isbeddellada soo koraya ee qaabka guud ee ay arrimuhu casri Yurub ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay.

Isagoo ka hadlayay of expressionism, had iyo jeer loogu tala galay Jarmal ah. Dhibcood ee ugu sareeya ee hadda la joogo waxaa lagu magacaabaa midhaha hal-abuurka ka mid ah "ee dugsi Prague" (German-ka hadlayay). Waxay ka koobnayd K. Čapek, P. Adler, L. Perutz, F. Kafka iyo kuwa kale. Iyada oo farqiga weyn ee goobaha hal abuur leh qorayaasha, kuwaas oo lala xiisaha ay u qabto xaaladda aan macquul ahayn, idiotically cagajugleynta, asalka ah, riyooyin hallucinogenic dahsoon. In Russia, habkani horumariyo by L. Andreev iyo E. Zamyatin

qorayaasha badan oo u waxyoonay nasjonalromantiske ama baroque. Laakiin saamayn gaar ahaan qoto dheer oo ah calaamadda Jarmal iyo Faransiis (gaar ahaan C. Baudelaire iyo Rimbaud) dareemaan expressionism ee suugaanta. Tusaale ahaan xagga shuqullada by raacsane author kasta oo muujinaya in fiiro gaar ah u xaqiiqada nolosha qaadataa meel marayo bilowgii nolosha falsafada. dhaggan dhigyo yaqaan expressionism - "Ma aha dhagax ku dhacaan, oo ay sharciga ah ee cuf."

pathos nabiga soo jireenka ah Georg Heym, wuxuu noqday feature la garan karo ee bilowga ah caadiga ah ee Expressionism sida dhaqdhaqaaq. akhristayaasha uu aayaddan "Imaatinka, dhalna weyn ..." iyo "War" kala garan saadaasha kuwii nebiyada ee laga yaabo musiibo ee Europe.

jibbaarada Austria ee expressionist Georg Trakl la xad ah dhaxalka ugu yar gabay ayaa saameyn aad u weyn oo dhan gabayo af Jarmal-. In Trakl gabayo ahaayeen images calaamad u adag, masiibada ee la xidhiidha burburkii si dunida iyo qaninimo ah oo qoto dheer dareen.

Expressionism Dawn yimid ee 1914-1924 sano. Waxay ahayd Franz Werfel, Albert Ehrenstein, Gottfried Benn iyo dadka kale ee qaba khasaare weyn ee Lugbuur ee adag aaminsan pacifist dhaadhacsan. Isbeddelkani waxa ugu badan si cad shaaca ka qaaday in shuqullada Kurt Hiller. expressionism gabay suugaanta, qaababka ugu muhiimsan kuwaas oo si deg deg ah qabtay riwaayadaha iyo tiraab, waxay keentay in aqooneed caanka ah ee "The Twilight Ilaahey", taas oo u muuqatay in maxkamadda ee akhristaha ee 1919.

falsafad cusub

Ugu weyn ee falsafada iyo bilicsanaanta fikrad raacsan expressionists la qaatay ka "nuxurka ku haboon" - aragtida aqoonta ee Husserl, iyo aqoonsiga of dareen "xuddunta oo dhulka" Bergson in uu nidaamka "nolosha" horumar degdeg ah. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in nidaamka this waa ay awoodaan in ay ka gudbaan arrinta Indhala'aanta falsafadeed ee durdur aan la celin karin ee horumar.

Taasi waa sababta Expressionism suugaanta u muuqataa sida aragtida Nonfictional xaqiiqada sida an "view Ujeedada".

Tibaaxda "aragti Ujeedada" ka timaadaa shuqullada classical falsafada Jarmal iyo tala galay aragtida ah xaqiiqada saxsanaan wadci. Sidaa darteed, si ay u yimaadaan si ay u noqon "hay'adaha ku haboon" ee dunida, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah mar kale ay uga soo horjeedaan wax ruuxiga ah.

fikrad Tani waa arrin aad la mid ah Symbolists fikirka fikirka, halka expressionism suugaanta diiradda saarayaa intuitionism Bergson iyo sidaas daraaddeed raadinaya dareen ah inay noqoto mid nolosha iyo kuwa aan buuxin. horumar degdeg ah Life iyo dareen qoto dheer aad maskax ahaan dhawaaqay khaas ah hubka ee isku daya in ay xaqiiqada ruuxiga ah runtan. Xaaladdan oo kale, expressionists ayaa sheegay in dunidu wax (ie dunida dibadda) baaba'aa in uu ecstasy shakhsiyeed iyo cajiib ah oo ku dhow in uu noqdo xalka of qarniyo jir ah "qarsoodiga" nolosha.

Expressionism suugaanta ee qarnigii 20-cad u kala duwan oo ka mid ah hadda Surrealism iyo Cubism in la horumariyo u dhowaa isku midka ah. Pathos, iyo, dhaqan-muhiimka ah, samaynta faa'iido farqiga u dhexeeya shuqullada expressionists. Waxay ka wabxeen soo horjeedo kala qeybinta bulshada galay qaybaha bulshada iyo dagaalladii ka dhanka ah aadanaha ee harried isagoo hay'adaha dawladda iyo bulshada. Mararka qaarkood qorayaasha expressionist ku ool ah barbaro image ee geesiga kacaan, oo muujinaya niyadda ugu caasi ah, listo naxdin asalka ah cadaw ay jahwareer ah in Adkaadaha.

dhibaatada si dunida sida lagu muujiyay in shuqullada Expressionists is-sida element ugu weyn ee apocalypse ah, taas oo ay u guurayaan xawaare wayn, oo ballan qaaday in ay koobtay Dadka iyo dabeecadda.

bixitaanka fikirka

Expressionism suugaanta tilmaamaysaa codsi ah in dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee wax sii sheegidda. Tani waa waxa u baahan go'doomin ee style: waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la baro, waaniyo oo ku sheegi. Kaliya ee habkan, isagoo ka takhalusaya anshax waaqiciga ah iyo ku qufulan, raaca expressionism isku dayeen in ay lacag la'aan ah mudaharaad nin waluba male, dareen in si qotodheer oo la xoojiyo jiidashada si qarsoodi ah oo dhan.

Waxaa laga yaabaa in sababta Expressionism ka tirsan ururka mid ah fannaaniinta ku qaaday in ay asal ahaan.

Taariikhyahanadu dhaqanka aaminsanahay in sannadka soo soo jeedo ee expressionism - 1905 th. Oo sannaddaas ahaa ururka dadka sida maskax in Dresden ee dalka Jarmalka, koox kuwaas oo naftooda loo yaqaan "The Bridge". Under ardayda iyada isugu naqshadaha: Otto Müller, Erich Heckel, Ernst Kirchner, Emil Nolde, iwm By bilowgii 1911 laftiisa leeyahay band halyeeyga "Blue fuushanba" .. Waxay ka koobnayd fanaaniinta saameynta of horrantii qarnigii labaatanaad, Franz Marc . August Macke, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky iyo kuwa kale Group daabacay ilaalshay ku eponymous in March 1912, taas oo ay diiradda saartaa baarka ugu dambeeyey hal abuur leh ee dugsiga cusub, qaabeeyey gool iyo ka doodid ay jihada.

Wakiilada expressionism suugaanta magazine xiray ku saleysan "Aktion" ( "Action"). Arrinta ugu horeysay waxaa la daabacay ee Berlin horraantii 1911. Waxaa goob joog ka ahaa gabayaaga oo aan weli curiya si fiican u yaqaan, laakiin mucaaradka dhalaalaya jihada this: E. Toller, Frank L., J. Beker, iyo kuwa kale.

Features dheeraad ah midabo expressionism u muuqday oo kaliya in suugaanta Jarmal, Austria iyo Ruush. Expressionists Faransiis bandhigay Abwaan Perom Garne.

Abwaan Expressionist

Abwaan of habkani ayaa helay shaqo "Orpheus." In uu yahay, waa in uu noqon saaxir ah, kuwaas oo, la dhibtoonayo arrinta lafta caasinnimada timaado in gudaha nuxurka dhabta ah ee waxa ka dhacaya. Waxa ugu weyn ee Abwaan - nuxurka kuwaas oo asal ahaan u muuqday, oo qaaddeen arrin dhab ah.

Sidaas - this jira mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya, fasalka sare. Waa in aan ka qeyb qaato ee "arrimaha badnaa." Oo pragmatism iyo unprincipled waa in gebi ahaanba waxaa ka maqnaan. Taasi waa sababta, sida aasaasayaasha expressionism si ka fikiray, waxa waa u fududahay in ay gaaraan gariirka ku tirtirayaan "hay'adaha fiican" universal.

Si gaar ah kuwa raacsan nidaam deified fal expressionism abuurka yeedhay jidka runta ah oo keliya inuu wax ka beddelo dunida wax oo aad isaga hoosaysiiyo.

Laga soo bilaabo tan u socota in runta waa ka sii sarreeyaa prettiness. Secret, tiradaasi qarsoon aqoon expressionist dhar expansiveness qarxa oo la abuuray caqli sidii Waalan ama dhalanteed.

ecstasy hal abuur leh

Abuur for wanaagsan ee jihada this - waa in la abuuro masterpieces ku jira xaalad ah subjectivity xooggan, kaas oo ku salaysan xaalad ah ecstasy, improvisation iyo niyadda isbedel Abwaan.

Expressionism suugaanta - waxa aan la socdo, waa male daalin iyo baaxaa, waxa aan la shayga of hadalqaaday iyo images aragti cadahay.

Expressionist Jarmal, ay theorist iyo mid ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha Casimir Edshmid rumeysan yahay in gabayaa run gaysteen oo aan xaqiiqada ka tarjumaya. Sidaa darteed, sida natiijo ah, shuqullada suugaanta ee style ee expressionism yihiin natiijada Suu wadnaha iyo shay ee ugu faraxsan bilicsanaanta nafta. Expressionists culaysin qudhooda daryeelka Hadba foomka muujiyay.

qiimaha fikirka ah ee ra'yi dhiibashada iyo farshaxanka waa luqadda ee dhalanrog expressionist, iyo inta badan yaab, taas oo u muuqata iyadoo ay sabab u hyperbolism duurjoogta ah iyo dagaalo joogto ah la hor joogsataan arrinta. dhalanrog noocan oo kale ah ma aha oo kaliya ay xumeeyaan sifooyinka dibadda ee dunida. Waxay ku siinaysaa images yaab naxdin iyo duwanyihiin abuuray.

Oo halkan waxaa si cad u sheegay in ujeedada ugu weyn ee expressionism - dhiska bulshada aadanaha iyo si loo gaaro midnimo leh caalamka.

"Toban sano Expressionist" suugaanta afka Jarmal-ka

In Germany, sida dalalka kale ee Yurub, expressionism soo baxday ka dib burburkii dulmiga badan ee bulshada guud ahaan iyo bulsho, ayaa welwel dalka ee tobanka sano ee hore ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay. In dhaqanka iyo suugaanta expressionism Jarmalka ahaa arrin duwanyihiin of 10 ilaa '20 ee qarnigii labaatanaad.

Expressionism suugaanta Jarmal ahaa jawaab u ah dhibaatooyinka intelligentsia ah, oo seefqaad dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, November Movement Kacaanka ee Germany iyo markii la afgembiyey taliskii Saarka ee Russia ee October. dunida hore la burburiyay iyo jajabkiisa muuqan cusub. Qorayaasha, kaas oo ka dhacay afka hore ee isbedelka this, nafaqo dareemay failure amarka hadda jira iyo murugo isku mid ah iyo unenforceability horumar kasta oo cusub oo bulshada ku cusub.

expressionism Jarmal xirnaa dhalaalaysa, caasi ah, qof protivoburzhuazny. Laakiin waqti isku mid ah, daaha ka qabto dhaliilahaas nidaamka raasammaaliyade, expressionist shaaca ka bixiyeen halkii, waa barnaamij bulshada iyo siyaasadda ah oo aan caddayn, aan la taaban karin oo aan macquul ahayn in soo noolayn karo ruuxa aadanaha.

Ha si buuxda u fahmaan fikradaha ee proletariat ah, Expressionists rumaysteen in dhamaadka soo socda amarka dunida. Burburka Insi iyo musiibada ku aaddan - mawduucyada dhexe ee muddo expressionist ee dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka. Gaar ahaan oo dhalaalaysa waxa loo arki karaa in ay lyrics of G. Trakl, Heym G. iyo F. Werfel. J. Van Goddis jawaabay in dhacdooyinka ka jira dalka iyo dunida, aayadda, "dhamaadka ee dunida." Oo xataa show garneel lagu xaaladda riwaayado (Karl Kraus, "The Days Last Ilaahey").

hadafyada bilicsanaanta of expressionism ururiyay hoos garabka of style aad u kala duwan oo farshaxan, dhadhankii iyo mabaadi'da siyaasadeed ee qorayaasha: ka F. Wolf iyo J. Beker, waxay qaateen fikirka oo isbadal ku kacaan ee bulshada, in Mr. Jost, ka dib noqday gabayaa barxaddii Reich Saddexaad.

Franz Kafka - expressionism isku micne ah

Frantsa Kafku unbaa loo yaqaan expressionism isku. Uu aaminsan yahay in nin ku nool dunida ah waa colaadeed isaga si buuxda, dabeecadda aadanaha ka gudbi karin horjeeda hay'adaha iyada, iyo sidaas loo gaaro farxad suurtogal ma aha, waa fikradaha Expressionist weyn ee wareegyada suugaanta.

Qoraagu wuxuu aaminsan yahay in ay jirto sabab eedo ah in qofka sidaas darteed waxaa laga yaabaa ma aragtida nolosha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in shuqullada Kafka uu isku dayay in la helo wax aan beddelmi karin, "light" ama "lahayn".

Sidaa darteed qoraaga of "habka" caanka ah waxaa loo yaqaan fowdo. Duniduna waxay isaga ku wareegsan ahaa cabsi eerily. Franz Kafka ka baqay ciidamada dabiiciga ah, kaas oo hore u leedahay aadanaha. Isaga oo jahawareer iyo cabsi waa u fududahay in la fahmo, dadka, cabudhinayo dabiiciga ah, ma la xiriirka u dhexeeya iyaga ka qaban kari waayeen. Intaa waxaa dheer, wayna la dirireen oo midba midka kale ku dhintay soo baxay, halaagnay tuulooyinka iyo dalka, oo umana uu oggolaan kasta oo kale oo aad u faraxsan.

Laga soo bilaabo xilligii ka mid ah sheekooyin asal ahaan qoraaga oo ka mid ah sheekooyin qarnigii labaatanaad dunida kala dhawaad 35 qarniyo ilbaxnimada. Khuraafaadka Kafka buuxsamay naxdin, mid quusasho badan oo rajo. aayaha of nin aan hore u leedahay qofka isaga qudhiisa, laakiin qaar ka mid ah ciidamada otherworldly, iyo waxa la fudud u soocay ninkii naftiisa ka.

Ninka ayaa aaminsan in qoraaga, - abuurka ah ee bulshada (haddii kale ma qaadan karto), laakiin waxaa la isagoo dadweynaha qalab qaabeeya si buuxda u xumeeyaan dabeecadda aadanaha.

Expressionism suugaanta ee qarnigii 20aad ee wejiga of Kafka fahamsan wuxuuna aqoonsan yahay nuglaanta iyo taag gabeen Aadanaha u uumay iyo mar dambe ay gacanta ku hay'adaha bulshada iyo bulshada. Caddeynta waa wax iska cad: qof si lama filaan ah hoos cidhibta (in la ilaaliyo isagoo aan la xaq!), Ama si kediso ah ayay noqon xiiso dadka "qalaad", kaas oo si toos ah u dahsoon iyo jaahil ka ah ciidamada mugdiga ah. Nin sarkhaansan oo ka mid ah hay'adaha bulshada iyo bulshada waa u fududahay ku filan si ay u dareemaan uu awood, ka dibna inta kale ee fariinta jiritaanka sameen doonto isku day hoobiyay Camalkoodii in ogolaansho in ay ku noolaadaan iyo in ay dunida this Daalimiin.

Kafka yaabay hadiyaddiisa aragti. Gaar ahaan si cad u qeexay (neef la daabacay) "Nidaamka". In waxa qoraaga u odoroseysa waalli cusub ee qarnigii labaatanaad, wayn ee ay ciidamada burbur. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah - dhibaatada xafiiseedyada, waxaa helo xoog sida daruur duufaan, oolna ah samada oo dhan, halka qofka noqonayaa cayayaanka inconspicuous nugul. Tassna soco Colnimo colaadeed, si buuxda u wada baabbi'iyaa, in qofka aadanaha, iyo, Sidaa darteed, dunida waa la Cadaabo.

ruuxii expressionism ee Ruush

Destination Europe dhaqanka, kaas oo diyaariyey in bilood ee hore ee qarnigii labaatanaad, laakiin aan saameyn ku yeelan kartaa suugaanta Ruush. Qorayaashu waxay, kuwaas oo la daabacay shuqullada ka 1850 ilaa dhammaadka 1920, maratay ku jawaabay in ay cadaalad ganacsade iyo dhibaatooyinka bulsho ee Zaman this, kuwaas oo ka kacay ay sabab u tahay Dagaalkii Adduunka First iyo inqilaabyo socodnimo ku xiga.

Waa maxay Expressionism suugaanta? Si kooban - caasinimo ah. Dhirif ku kacay la socdaba ee bulshada. Waxaa, oo ay la socdaan qoraal ah oo cusub oo qiimaha jiritaanka ruuxa aadanaha, waxay ahayd congenial, dhaqanka iyo caadooyinka suugaanta Ruush dhaqameed. Her doorka yahay Masiixa ee bulshada ayaa muujiyay iyada oo shuqullada aan dhiman NV Gogol iyo FM Dostoevsky, iyada oo farshaxankiisa cajiibka MA Vrubel iyo NN GE, hodan by dunida oo dhan V. F. Komissarzhevskuyu iyo AN Scriabin.

Waxaa la ogan karo aad u cad in mustaqbalka dhow fursad weyn u dhalashada expressionism Ruush ee "The Dream of Man a qosol ah" by Fyodor Dostoevsky, "Gabayga of Ecstasy" Scriabin, "Red Flower" V. Garshin.

Expressionists Ruush doondoonay daacadnimada universal, in shuqulladiisa damcay inuu keeno "nin cusub" miyir cusub ka badan midnimada caawisay agagaarka bulshada dhaqanka iyo farshaxanka ee Russia.

naqdiya suugaanta tilmaan aan expressionism qaab qaaday sidii madax banaan, dabcan gaar ah. Isaga oo qudha ayaa muujiyey kaliya iyada oo go'doon ah ee poetics iyo Attam, in dhexdhexaad ah ee curdinka ayaa hore u aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaqa kala duwan oo badan kii ay sameeyeen soohdintooda more hufan, iyo xataa caadiga ah.

Sidaas darteed, tusaale ahaan, expressionism, ku dhashay gudahood xaqiiqo ah, waxay keentay in uu abuuray Leonida Andreeva, Andrei Bely ka baxsaday jihada symbolist acmeists Michael Zenkevich Vladimir Narbut sii daayay a collection of gabayo la theme ah ekspressionistkoy dhalaalaysa, iyo Vladimir Mayakovsky, isagoo ka hadla, waxaa sidoo kale ku qoray hab Expressionist.

style Expressionism on ciidda Ruush

In Ruush markii ugu horeysay erayga "expressionism" ah, "haddana waxaa ka dhawaajisay" sheekada Chekhov ee "Grasshopper The". halyeeyad waxa uu ahaa qalad, iyadoo la isticmaalayo a "expressionist" halkii "Impressionists." Cilmi expressionism Ruush aaminsan yihiin in ay si dhow ula waxaa la dhexgeliyey, iyo cayn kasta oo expressionism of jir Europe, kaas oo la aasaasay oo ku saleysan Austria ah, laakiin inta badan expressionism Jarmal.

Chronologically, habkani ee Russia ka badan sidii hore ayaa u yimid oo ku baabba'ay badan ka dib "Expressionism toban sano" suugaanta afka Jarmal-ka. suugaanta Expressionism Ruush bilaabay daabaco sheekada Leonida Andreeva "Wall The" in 1901, oo dhammaadkeedu wuxuu qaab ah "Moscow Parnassus" iyo emotsionalistov group ee 1925 ka.

Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev - a expressionism Ruush mucaaradka

jihada New si dhakhso ah si ay ula wareegaan Europe, aan ka tagay ku maqnaa iyo raceen suugaanta Ruush. Aabaha aasaasay of Expressionism in Russia waxaa loo arkaa inay Leonid Andreev.

In uu shaqo ugu horeysay, qoraaga si qoto dheer lafaguraa xaqiiqada riwaayado isaga ku wareegsan. Aad si cad loo arko in shuqullada hore: "Garas'ko", "Bargamot", "City". Horeba halkan mid loo raad raaco karo ujeeddooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee qoraaga.

"Life Vasiliya Fiveyskogo" iyo sheekada "Wall The" sawiri si faahfaahsan shaki qoraaga in maanka aadanaha iyo shakiga xad-dhaaf ah. Inta lagu guda jiro hiwaayadaha rumaysadkiisa iyo spiritualism Andreev qoray caanka ah "Yuudas Iskariyod."

Bilowga oo ka mid ah dhaq-kacaan qoraaga si dhab ah u dabacsanaadaan dhaqdhaqaaqa kacaan, oo sida natiijo ah waxaa jira sheekooyin "Ivan Ivanovich," "Guddoomiyaha" iyo cayaarta "Si Stars ah".

Ka dib markii muddo gaaban of time, hal-abuurka Andreeva Leonida Nikolaevicha dhigaysa jeedo af badan. Waxay ku xiran yahay bilowgii dhaqdhaqaaqa kacaan ee 1907. Writer reconsiders views iyo fahamsan yahay in rabshadihii mass, marka laga reebo silic weyn oo khasaare ballaaran, si aan waxba hogaanka yimid. Dhacdooyinkaasi waxay waxaa lagu qeexay in "The Toddoba yaa lagu deldelay".

Sheekada "The Qosol Red" sii wadaan in ay Muujin views qoraaga ku saabsan dhacdooyinka ka dhacaya gobolka. Shaqada wuxuu qeexayaa jahli dagaal ku saleysan dhacdooyinka of 1905 dagaal Ruush-Japanese. Faraxsanayn geesiyaal si dunida la aasaasay ayaa diyaar u ah in ay ku fakaraan caasinimo ku sugan, laakiin waxa ay si sahlan isku laab laga yaabaa oo noqon dadban.

shuqullada More dhawaan qoraaga xaladii la fikradda ah guul ciidamada ka sarraysa iyo murugo weyn.

Post scriptum

Si rasmi ah, expressionism Jarmalka sida arrimuhu suugaanta iska yaraaday by bartamihii 20-mada ay qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aha wax kale, ayaa saamayn wayn ku dhaqan suugaaneed ee qarniyada soo socda.