Dzheyms Dzhoul: Biography, daahfurtay sayniska

nin kii aan ogayn magaca Dzheyms Dzhoul ma laga yaabaa in ay jirto. Furitaanka of physics meel walba dalban. War jidkee ahaa saynisyahan a? Maxaa helay wuxuu ka dhigay?

Nolosha dhaw ee jirka dadka ku Gaalowday

December 24, 1818 waxa uu ku dhashay Dzheyms Dzhoul. Biography physics mustaqbalka bilaabmaa magaalada Ingiriisi ah ee Salford, in qoyska of milkiilaha warshad khamri ah guul. waxbarashada Boy dhacdaa guriga, halka physics iyo kimistari ayuu wax ku baray Dzhon Dalton. Thanks isaga si, jirka dadka ku Ingiriisi, iyo jacayl isku dhaceen sayniska.

Joel ma lahayn caafimaad wanaagsan, waqti badan uu guriga fadhiistay, qabashada baaritaan jireed iyo tijaabo. Horeba in muddo 15 sano ah, ay sabab u tahay cudur aabbihiis, oo wuxuu lahaa oo ay u maareeyaan warshad khamri la walaalkiis. Work warshad aabbihiis sameeyey wax aan macquul ahayn inay jaamacadda galaan, sidaas Dzheyms Dzhoul waxaa gebi ahaanba la siiyaa shaybaarka guriga.

Laga soo bilaabo 1838 in 1847 jirka ayaa waxay si firfircoon waxbarashada korontada oo ka dhigaysa inuu guulihii sayniska ugu horeysay. joornaal qorna ee Korontada, wuxuu daabacay maqaal ku saabsan korontada, iyo in 1841 furay sharciga jirka cusub oo hadda magiciisa furaa.

In 1847, Joel soo gebogebeeyay guurka ugu horeysay oo keliya Ameliey Grayms. Si dhakhso ah ay dhashaan Elis Ameliya iyo Bendzhamin Artur. In 1854, xaaskeyga iyo ina la dilay. Joel qudhiisu dhintay 1889 ee England, in Salem.

In nolosha oo dhan ayuu la daabacay oo ku saabsan 97 waraaqaha on physics, qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah oo ay iskaashanayaan saynisyahano kale ku qoran yihiin: .. Lyon, Thomson, iwm guulihii sayniska fiican oo la furo sharciyada physics, kii ayaa loo dhowr biladood oo ka socda dawladda Ingiriiska helay hawlgabka ee Meyeydaan in cadadka 200 pounds.

Oo shuqulladaadii hore iyo tijaabooyinka

Daawashada matoorada uumi on warshad khamri aabbihiis ku, Dzheyms Dzhoul go'aansaday inuu ku baddallo kuwa korontada si loo wanaajiyo. In 1838 wuxuu daabacay maqaal cilmi ah wargeys oo uu midabeeyo qalabka waxay Been Abuuran motor ka electromagnetic. In 1840, warshad khamri ah, matoorrada korontada cusub iyo physicists sii wadaan in ay wax ka barato sii daayo hadda iyo kulaylkii korontada. Later waxaa ka leexatay in matoorada shiilayo badan ku ool ah ay ahaayeen.

Inta lagu guda jiro tijaabo ah, Joule abuurtaa heerkulka lagu cabbiro heerkulka kartaa in gudahood 1/200 of shahaado. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa isaga u dhexgalin daraasadda of saamaynta Joule. In 1840, in daawashada long-range mahad, jirka dadka ku ogaadaa saamaynta robab magnetic. Isla sanadkaas waxaa soo diro in ay warqad Royal Society "On Formation kulaylka by yahay ee hadda korontada." Maqaalka markii aan mahad. Daabacaan waxay isku raaceen oo kaliya Manchester Suugaanta iyo magazine falsafada.

Joule-Lenz

Aqoonsi article London Sayniska Society danbe cadeeyay inuu yahay mid ka mid ah guulaha ugu waaweyn ee cilmiga ah. In article ah Dzheyms Dzhoul hadlay oo ku saabsan xiriirka ka dhexeeya hadda iyo inta qarnigan kulaylka. Waxa uu ku dooday in xaddiga kulaylka in la sii daayo ee kaari ah waa si toos ah saamiyeed si ay iska caabin ah ee kaari ah, square oo ka mid ah baaxadda iyo waqtiga marinka ee hadda.

Wakhtigan, aragtida noocan oo kale ah la horumariyo Emiliy Lents. Xaqiiqada ah in conductivity ee kaari macdan ah waxay ku xiran tahay heerkulka, jirka dadka Ruushka helay sida ugu horreysa ee 1832. Si aad si sax ah loo ogaado heerkulka ee cilmiga kaari ku abuurtay weel gaar ah, oo waxaa ka buuxa khamri. Wire kaas oo hadda ah waxaa hoos u galay markabka. Next waxaa haya sida khamriga dheer ilaa kulaalaa. Dzheyms Preskott Joule isticmaalo hab la mid ah, laakiin sida dareere ah biyo la isticmaalayo.

Natiijada sano cilmi Lenz daabacay kaliya ee 1843, laakiin uu shaqada jiray cilmiga sayniska badan oo sax ah ka badan Joule, shaqo taas oo markii hore ma xitaa doonayaan in ay daabacdo. Marka la eego eegidda of Joule oo sax ah xisaabinta Emiliya Lentsa, waxaa la go'aamiyay inuu magacaabo sharciga sharaf labadaba. Waqti ka, ku-Joule Lenz bilaabay thermodynamics.

magnetostriction

Mawqifkaa waxaa la sifooyinka korontada hadda Dzheyms Dzhoul waxbarashada ifafaale magnetic. In 1842., isagu wuxuu leeyahay, bir ah in kala duwan ee size sarkhaansan hirarka magnetic. Haddii ulo bir ah lagu meeleeyay beer magnetic, oo dhererkeedu wuxuu in yar ka badan noqon doonaan.

Beesha sayniska shaki jiritaanka halkan of furitaanka. Beddelidda size dhengedihii ee ahaa si aan qiimo lahayn in aan la gartay by it isha aadanaha. Laakiin jirka ah ayaa soo saartay farsamo gaar ah by kuwaas oo helay caddaymo cad.

Later waxaa ka leexatay in saamayn ku yeelan biraha kale, iyo ifafaale ee loo yaqaan magnetostriction. Haddaba in la furo Joule helay isticmaalka badan. Tusaale ahaan, wax waveguide si loo cabbiro heerka biyaha ee taangiyada waa Biraha magnetostrictive. Tani waxay ifafaale loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee sumadaha in nidaamka antikrazhevyh.

Tijaabo la gaaska

In 40eeyaha ku Dzheyms Dzhoul si firfircoon sahaminta sifooyinka gaaska, kuwaas oo ifafaale la xiriira ballaarinta iyo foosha. Waxa uu sameeyay tijaabo la kordhin ee gaaska saaray, sidaas caddaynaya in ay tamar gudaha kuma xirna mugga. Muhiim tahay oo kaliya heerkulka gaaska.

In 1848, Joel markii ugu horeysay ee taariikhda physics si loo cabbiro xawaaraha taagoo gaaska. waayo-aragnimo Tani waxa ay ahayd shaqo ee hore ee aragtida ah ogeed of gaasas, siinta wadadii cilmi baaris dheeraad ah ee ku yaala goobahan. shaqada ka dib Joule sii Dzheyms reer Scotland Maksvell.

Waayo, ku darsaday sayniska weyn oo lagu sharfayo jirka Ingiriisi ah ayaa loo magacaabay qaybta shaqada, iyo cadadka tamarta kulaylka - Joule.

Joule iyo Thomson

saamaynta A weyn oo ku saabsan hawlaha ay Joule iyo aqoonsi ee dunida sayniska lahaa Uilyam Tomson. Seynisyahanno ku kulmeen 1847 markii Joel waxaa matalayey Ururka British ah Qubarada warbixinta ku saabsan cabbirka ee u dhigma farsamo kulaylka.

Ka hor inta Thomson Joule aan si dhab ah in wareegyada sayniska. Bal yaa og, waxaa laga yaabaa in aan ma yaqaan wuxuu helay sharciyada physics, haddii Uilyam Tomas ayaa sharxay muhiimadda ay leedahay "snobs" bulshada British.

Si wadajir ah guryaha physics bartay furitaanka gaaska, in gaaska la qaboojiyey by throttling ku adiabatic. Taasi waa, heerkulka of gaaska (ama dareere) waa la dhimay inta lagu guda jiro marinka loo marayo, kadina (waalka dahaaran). Dhacdooyinka waxaa lagu magacaabaa Joule-Thomson saamayn. Hadda this ifafaale waxaa loo isticmaalaa si aad u hesho kul hoose.

Qubarada ayaa sidoo kale ku hawlan miisaan thermodynamic, magacaabay ka dib markii horyaalka Rabbiga Kelvin, oo si William Thomson lahaayeen.

Aqoonsiga James Joule

Fame iyo aqoonsi weli haleel jirka Ingiriiska. In 50-mada ay qarnigii XIX ah, oo wuxuu noqday xubin ka mid ah Society Royal iyo la gudoonsiiyey Bilad Royal ah. In 1866 wuxuu helay Copley Biladaha, ka dibna Albert billadaha.

Dhowr jeer Joule noqday guddoomiyaha ururka Science British ah. Waxa uu la gudoonsiiyey shahaado waxbarasho ee Doctor of Law in College Dublin, Edinburgh iyo jaamacadaha Oxford.

In uu sharaf taallo ee xarunta degmada ee Manchester iyo xusuus ee Westminster Abbey. On dhinaca dambe ee bohol dayaxa jira James Joule.

gunaanad

saynisyahan caan ah, oo magiciisana waxaa la odhan jiray sharciyada physics iyo unugyada ma helaan yaabaa aqbalo. Thanks to uu dulqaadashada iyo shaqo adag, ma uusan ka waaban inaad badan fashilaad. In dhamaadka buu ku tijaabiyey xaq in ay meel qorraxda hoosteeda, ama ugu yaraan bohol ah dayaxa.