Dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee dinosaurs la horyaal, sharaxaada

Seynisyahanno ku qiyaasay in vertebrates degi meeraha ku saabsan 500 million. Years, 200 Million. Of iyaga oo ku saldanad ee xamaarato qadiimiga yeedhay dinosaurs. Ugu hal mar, ku gurguurta qadiimiga ah waxaa taaj u ah abuurista dabiiciga ah hooyadiis, oo labaduba ay - dinosaurs - xitaa wakiil saaray munaaraddii ee horumarinta oo dhan xamaarato in weligiisba ciduna degganayn meerahaas. Dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee dinosaurs, iyo sidoo kale hab-nololeedka, in xilliyada kala duwan ku guulaysteen kasta oo kale, iyo dabeecadda ayaa ka qayb qaatay noloshooda oo dhan hagaajin cusub.

Waa kuwee paleontologists ah?

Ka hor inta aadan oo waan ogahay, waxa ay yihiin noocyada kala duwan ee dinosaurs in noolaa on dhulkeenna waqtiyo kala duwan, aad u baahan tahay in la ogaado halka ay kulligood waxay bilaabeen. Daraasadda ku saabsan nolosha asal ahaan in xilliyo fog, sayniska ka hadlaya paleontology. Its magaca ka yimaadaa saddex eray oo Giriig ah: "Palaios" - qadiimiga ah, "Ontos" - isagoo "logos" - eray. Dadka ku lug sayniska this, loo yaqaan paleontologists. Shaqadooda u yara eg shaqada Baare: by jajabkii kala firdhiyey oo paleontologists fossils u baahan tahay in la soo celiyo sawir oo dhan jireen waagii teesto ah. doorka A weyn ee tani waxaa la ciyaaray ay dareen, weheliso macquulka ah iyo mala-awaalkooda.

Xitaa xaqiiqooyinka ugu Fudud u baahan tahay baadhitaan taxadir. Paleontologists ka qaadan waxoogaa yara by. Kanu waa shuqulkii si caddaalad ah u cabbudhinayo oo adag, sababtoo ah qaar badan oo ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ee la soo dhaafay waxaa lagu weligeedba way tageen, oo aan xitaa ka tagay hal raad a dhagaxyada dhexdooda. Waa in dadaalka dadkani mahad, waxaan ka baran karaa oo ku saabsan waxa la oggol yahay mar la deggan yahay meeraha Earth, nooca xayawaan qiroweyn halkaas, waxa ay u eg, sida ay ku noolaayeen, kuwaas oo ugaarsanaya ku saabsan sida loo badbaadiyo kuwa ama wax kale oo khatar ah. Paleontologists ay awood u cilinta yara sawirka by qayb ka mid ah dunida of marxalad weyn oo dinosaurs ah.

Sida loo abuuro Zaman ee dinosaurs ah?

Dabcan, dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee dinosaurs iyo noocyada branching iyaga ka inta lagu guda jiro da'da weyn ee xamaarato, ma waxay noqdeen sidaas fara badan oo baahsan, haddii dhulkeenna aan la horumariyo iyo si fiican ma la aasaasay. Zaman xayawaan qiroweyn loo qaybin karaa muddo dhowr. Daymo Kooban oo mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah.

• Archaea. Tani waa ugu horeysay, muddo ugu horeysa. Tani waa dhibic ka mid ah tixraac ka taas oo billaabay xamaarato Zaman. Wakhtigan, dunida oo kaliya bilaabay in ay kici nolosha, yimid horumar ah ee noolaha hal-unuglaha.
• Proterozoic. Muddadan, meeraha waxay bilaabeen inay u muuqdaan xoolaha multicellular iyo dhirta.
• Cambrian. The Cambrian nolosha on Earth bilaabay inuu si firfircoon horumarinta, waxaa jiray algae iyo xawayaanka aan biyaha.
• Ordovician. Waa in wakhti loo calaamadeeyay by muuqaalka kore ee ku vertebrates first on dadkuba caalamka.
• Silurian. In muddo ah Silurian, xawayaanka iyo noocyada qaar ka mid ah biyaha u guuraan dalka.
• Devon. Markan waxa lagu gartaa muuqaalka kore ee gymnosperms, sidoo kale xayawaanka sida lafdhabarka, arachnids (caarada, cayayaanka), cayayaan.
• Karbon. Waxaa laga halkan u billaabay xilligii ee xamaarato qadiimiga ah. Xamaarato, u muuqday in muddo this, kala qaybiyey saddex laamood: anapsid, Synapsid, Diapsid. Isla mar ahaantaana on meeraha waxay bilaabeen inay soo baxaan ay fiiqfiiqan hore iyo cayayaanka duulaya.
• Perm. muddo Permian by muuqaalka kore ee ugu horeysay ee kuwa lamid ah, cayayaanka, xayawaan Hymenoptera, ka mulacyada yar intii hore iyo intii archosaurs hore calaamadeeyay.
• Trias. Paleontologists ayaa lagu ogaaday in waqtigan dhulkeenna waxay bilaabeen inay dad ka caagan ugu horeysay, halka amphibian la soo dhaafay qadiimiga ah - stegocephalia - noqday bakhtiyeen. Waxaan u dhimanayaan iyo wakiillo ka anapsid fasalka. In muddo Triassic waxay ahaayeen Yaxaasyada ugu horeysay, qoolley, xamaarato duulaya, nuujiya iyo, dabcan, dinosaurs ah.
• Jura. muddo Jacka - nooc ka mid ah dulucdii ee da'da dinosaurs. Waxay ahayd waqti this on Earth waxaa ka joogay angiosperms, bilaabay dhicin duulaya, ku dhashay qaar ka mid ah lafdhabarka casriga ah (rihii isla cagaaran), wax kasta oo shimbir jir (Archeopteryx), iyo dabcan, noocyada cusub ee dinosaurs. In muddo ah Jacka noqday bakhtiyeen wakiilada ee la soo dhaafay Synapsid fasalka.
• Mel. ugu dambeyntii Angiosperms guulaystay dalka. Waxaa jiray casriga ah noocyada of Qudhaanjadu iyo kaneecada. Waxaa intaa dheer, muddada Cretaceous - taasi waa dhamaadka da'da weyn oo gurguurta, waqtigan waxaa jiray eynu dhamaystiran oo ku dinosaurs, xamaarato badda, pterosaurs ah. Waxaa muddo Cretaceous by muuqaalka kore ee qaar ka mid ah xoolaha oo casri ah calaamadeeyay, dhulkeenna waxay bilaabeen inay qabsadaan, xayawaanka cusub caqli iyo qurux - nuujiya mandheerta, marsupials iyo shimbiraha.

anapsid subclass

Ka hor inta meeraha Earth bilaabay si ay u degaan ee noocyada kala duwan ee dinosaurs, waxaa soo maray sanado badan, loogu talagalay formation of geed abtirsiinta ah mulacyada wax-u cabsi badan. The ugu qadiimiga ah iyo kooxda ugu heer hoose ah waxaa loo arkaa anapsid subclass ah. Just la soco in aan wakiil hal group this ma ku nool yihiin hal foom ama mid kale ilaa maantadan la joogo. anapsid Recent noqday bakhtiyeen 200 million. Years ka hor. Oo waxay noqotay in Triassic ah.

subclass Synapsid

From anapsid xididka ka soo soocay laanta labaad ee mustaqbalka evolutionary of dinosaurs - Synapsid. Si fasalka this iska lahaa Aabayaalkiinii Horeeyey ee nuujiya. Laakiin waxay u socdeen inuu dego lagay. Sidaas, nasiib darro, aan arkay barwaaqada ay kuwa Faracoodii - nuujiya oo casri ah, kaas oo iska leh noo - dadka. Oo waxay noqotay in muddo ah Jacka.

subclass Diapsid

Inta badan dambe Synapsid ka salka jirridda of laan hore ka go'ay cusub - Diapsid. Its been aqonsado in xaqiiqda ah in ay tahay subclass ah Diapsid kala qaybiyey laba laamood galay - ee archosaurs iyo lepidosauria. Lepidosauria - Koox ka mid ah xayawaanka ku nool on Earth iyo in maalmood our: tuatara (mulacyada qadiimiga ah), masaska, qoolley. Laakiin ma aha oo dhan lepidosauria awoodaan in ay ku nool yihiin ilaa times our, iyaga waxaa ka mid ah si fiican u yaqaan noocyada bakhtiyeen sida plesiosaurs - bahal badda la Luqunta dheer. Sida laga soo xigtay halyeeygii hore ee, Loch Scottish ah Ness weli oo keliya ku nool yahay plesiosaur la odhan jiray Nessie, laakiin taasi waa sheeko kale.

archosaurs Branch ahaayeen Yaxaasyada iyo xamaarato kale qadiimiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhammaan noocyada kala duwan duulaya dinosaurs, mulacyada iyo dhulka. Archosaurs - in ay ka dinosaurs ugu muhiimsan ee dhammaan xilliyada, qaar ka mid ah xayawaan ugu kala duwan oo cajiib ah oo gurguurta, ku gurguurta ugu horumarsan waqtiga. Nasiib wanaag, dinosaurs oo dhan dhintay soo baxay, oo waxba ma ay ku nool yihiin ilaa maalintii la joogo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, hadda on meeraha Earth ku nool noocyada dhowr ah oo Yaxaas qadiimiga ah, sii raagayaan tan iyo wakhtiyadii ugu! Maxay ahaayeen kuwan dinosaurs halyeeyga? Waxaan kuu soo bandhigi noocyada ugu duwanyihiin of dinosaurs iyo description.

Diplodocus nabad ah

Tani waa ka wakiil ah koox ka mid ah wax-u sauropods. Sida ay sheegayaan qiyaasaha of paleontologists, dinosaurs kuwaas oo ay gaari karaan dherer ah ilaa 58 mitir oo culeyskiisu yahay 113 tons. Waxana si, si kastaba ha ahaatee, saynisyahano casriga ah waa dhiiran tahay in ay aaminsan yihiin in Diplodocus aan ka badnayn dhererka 27 mitir iyo miisaanka ah 20 tons. The fossils koowaad ee qorratada nabad la helay by paleontologists ee 1877 ee buuraha of Colorado, USA.

Dinosaurs kooxdan ku noolaa muddada dambe Jacka waxa hadda waa North America 150 million. Years ka hor. Paleontologists Diplodocus rumaysan mid ah dinosaurs ugu fudud ee lagu garan karo. Waxaa intaa dheer, noocyada this waa weyn ee dhan dinosaurs yaqaan helay dhamaystiran by Qalfoofkii. Diplodocus ahaayeen geedo daaq, oo ay size wayn waa waano in dinosaurs ugaadhsiga waqtiga - Ceratosaurus iyo Allosaurus.

Allosaurus - Diplodocus onkod ah!

In this article, waxaan ma awoodi doonaan in la tixgeliyo oo dhan cayn kasta oo dinosaurs magacyada si uun ugu noqon inuu wakiilada ugu caansan oo si fiican u yaqaan oo ka mid ah kooxda halyeeyga,. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah - Allosaurus ah. Tani waxay xubin ka mid ah panulirus ee dinosaurs carnivorous ka tirsan ee theropods. Like Diplodocus, Allosaurus jirey muddada Jacka Years ku saabsan 155 million. Ago.

xayawaan waxay ka dhaqaaqin lugaha cawl oo lahaa forelimbs aad u yar. Celcelis ahaan, mulacyada, kuwaas oo gaadhay 9 mitir oo dherer ah iyo 4 mitir ee height. Allosaurus waxaa loo arkaa ugu weyn bahal labada lug ee waqtiga. The hadhaagii kuwaas xayawaan hornimaadno ayaa lagu helay in waxa hadda koonfurta Europe, Bariga Afrika iyo Waqooyiga America.

Ichthyosaurs - halyeeyga Kalluunka qorratada

Ma askartii bakhtiyeen ee xamaarato badda weyn, gaari dherer of 20 mitir. Dibadda, dinosaurs kuwanu waxay ahaayeen sida kalluunka casriga ah iyo hoonbarrooyinka. Muuqaalka kala waa indhaha ay u ballaaran, ilaaliyo by giraan lafaha. Guud ahaan, a ichthyosaurs masaafo gaaban si fiican u noqon kartaa qaldo kalluunka ama hoonbarrooyinka.

asalka ah ee makhluuqaadka weli waa su'aal. paleontologists Qaar ka mid ah waxay aaminsan yihiin in ay - yimid Diapsid. version Arrintan waxa xaqiijiyay malayn karo, malaha baxsadaan bartey ichthyosaurs ka Diapsid ugu weyn ee stem jahaysteen xitaa ka hor inta subclass this u qaybsan archosaurs iyo lepidosauria. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, awoowayaasha oo ka mid ah kalluunka-qorratada weli ma ay aqoon. Ichthyosaurs noqday bakhtiyeen ku saabsan 90 million. Years ka hor.

Dinosaurs waa la kiciyey samada

Dhamaadka meeraha Triassic ah ayaa marka hore duulaya noocyada xayawaan qiroweyn kacday diiwaanka lafo ah si lama filaan ah. Farsamada yaabka leh laygu, ay horay si buuxda u sameeyay. Direct sidii awowayaashood oo ay waqtiga oo dhan waxaad fartaan Wannaagga, oo aan la garaneyn.

Waxaa ka mid ah oo dhan pterosaurs Triassic rhamphorhynchus kooxda: xayawaan kuwanu waxay ahaayeen madaxa weyn, daamanka waayihiisa iyo muddo dheer, Oo baalashiisa u cidhiidhi ah, aad u dheer iyo dabadaba khafiif ah. size oo ka mid ah "jubbado Shimbiraha" kala duwan. Pterosaurs - sida lagu magacaabay - lahaa oo inta badan size sida gulls iyo rjooga. Dabcan, waxaa kaloo jiray kooxda 5-meter. Pterosaurs bakhtiyeen noqday ku saabsan 65 milyan oo sano ka hor.

Tyrannosaurs - noocyada xayawaan qiroweyn ugu caansan

List of dinosaurs qadiimiga ah ay noqon lahaayeen kuwa aan dhamaystirnayn, haddii aan la xusin xayawaan qiroweyn weyn ee jeer oo dhan iyo jireen waagii - Tyrannosaurus Rex. Waa hornimaadno iyo uun khatar ku nool ilaa ay magaceeda. Abuuridda Tani waa nooc ka mid ah dinosaurs carnivorous ka coelurosaurs kooxda iyo theropod suborder. Waxaa ka mid ah noocyada kaliya hal - Tyrannosaurus Rex (with "Rex" af Laatiin - waa boqorka). Tirannozavr sida allosaurus ahaayeen bahal bipedal la skulls weyn iyo ilkaha fiiqan. Tyrannosaurus Rex addimada waa khilaaf nafsaaniga ah oo joogto ah, lugaha cawl weyn oo ah wixii baabacooyinka ku hor jillaab-sida yar.

Tyrannosaurus waa noocyada ugu weyn ee ay qoyska u gaar ah gudahood, iyo sidoo kale mid ka mid ah dinosaurs carnivorous jidhadhka dhulka ee taariikhda dhulkeenna ugu weyn. The hadhaagii xayawaanka this ayaa laga helay galbeed ee hadda maalin North America. Sida laga soo xigtay saynisyahano, ay ku noolaayeen oo ku saabsan 65 million. Years ka hor, t. E. Waa on da'dooda yimid dhimashada guri ammaan oo dhan dinosaurs qadiimiga ah. Waxaa tyrannosaurs caleemo saaray marxalad dhan weyn oo ka mid ah dinosaurs, taas oo ku dhamaatay inta lagu jiro mudada Cretaceous.

dhaxal ahaan baalal

Waayo, dad badan, waa wax qarsoodi ah in shimbiraha - waxay nahay farac si toos ah dinosaurs. Paleontologists aragnay in qaab-dhismeedka dibadda iyo gudaha ee Shimbiraha iyo dinosaurs leeyihiin badan ka wadaagaan. Maskaxda ku hay in shimbiraha - nahay farac ka mid ah dinosaurs jidhadhka dhulka - dinosaurs, halkii ay ka duulaya xamaarato - pterosaurs! Currently, laba Banii- ee xamaarato qadiimiga ah "laalaadaan hawada", sida awowayaashood, iyo asal ahaan saxda ah aan la aasaasay by paleontologists. Qaybta First - waa ichthyosaurs, iyo tan labaad - qubo ah. Haddii ichthyosaurs aannu kor ku wada hadleen, waxba ka qoolley waa cad!

Qoolley - waa amphibian ah?

Oo maxaa yeelay, waxaa iska cad in, in ka fiirsaneysa mawduuc sida "dinosaurs", in aan ku xuso ku saabsan xayawaanka, kuwaas. subclass qubo asal ahaan waxaa la gelinayo inuu qarsoodiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xayawaanka qaar ka mid ah ayaa weli aaminsan yihiin in ay ka anapsid yimid. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ka soo horjeedaan oo ay culimada kale, kuwaas oo aaminsan in qoolleydana - nahay farac ka mid ah qaar ka mid ah lafdhabarka qadiimiga ah. Oo ma ku xiran yahay xamaarato kale. Haddii aragtida waxaa loo xaqiijiyay, ka dibna sayniska ee cilmi barasho xayawaan xal weyn oo dhici doona: waxaa dhici kara in qoolley guud aadan haysan xiriirka ka yar xayawaanka xamaarato, sababtoo ah markaas waxay ... lafdhabarka!