Chemistry: oxides, ay kala soocidda iyo hantida

Oxides, ay kala soocidda iyo guryaha - waa aasaaska cilmiga muhiimka ah, sida kiimikada. Waxay bilaabaan in ay bartaan in sannaddii kowaad oo chemistry waxbaridda. In cilmiga adag sida xisaabta, fisigiska iyo kimisteriga, oo dhan ah waxyaabaha la xiran kasta oo kale, taas oo ah sababta wax nuxurrada weeyaan faham darro amarka cusub. Sidaa darteed waa muhiim in la fahmo mawduuca si buuxda iyo oxides in in ay maraan. On this annana waannu kula jirnaa maanta iyo isku dayi doonaa inuu la hadlo si faahfaahsan.

Waa maxay gaasas?

Oxides, ay kala soocidda iyo guryaha - taasi waxa weeye waxa aad u baahan tahay si ay u fahmaan waa muhiim. Sidaas daraaddeed, waxa oxides ah? Ma waxaad u xusuusan dugsiga?

Oxides (ama oxyls) - yihiin walxaha adag xarunta binary atamka ka kooban element electronegative (in ka yar electronegative badan oxygen) iyo oksijiin ee gobolka qayilo ka -2.

Oxides - waa walxaha cajiib caadi caalamka. Tusaalooyinka xeryahooda oxidic: biyaha, miridhku, colorants qaar ka mid ah, ciid iyo xataa carbon dioxide.

Aasaasidda oxides

Oxides waxaa laga heli karaa siyaabo kala duwan. formation xabagta sidoo kale barashada sayniska, sida kiimikada. Oxides, ay kala soocidda iyo guryaha - taasi waxa weeye waxa saynisyahano u baahan yihiin in ay ogaadaan si ay u fahmaan sida tan ama taas waxaa la aasaasay xabagta. Tusaale ahaan, waxay la diyaarin karaa by xiriir toos ah la eb (ama atamka) oxygen la element ee kiimikada - dhexgalka ee xubno ka kiimikada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira formation aan tooska ahayn ee oxides, waa markii oxides loo sameeyay by daatay ee acids, cusbada ama saldhigyada.

dirka oxides

Oxides iyo kala soocidda waxay ku xiran tahay sida ay u samaysmeen. In ay dirka dhan oxides kala qaybsan yihiin laba kooxood, kuwii hore ka mid ah taas oo ah milix-sameynta, iyo nesoleobrazuyuschie labaad. Sidaas daraaddeed, qaadan dhow fiirin labada kooxoodba.

oxides Salt-sameynta - waa arrin koox weyn, kuwaas oo u qaybsan yahay oxides amphoteric ama acidic iyo aasaasiga ah. Sidaas darteed ficil kasta oo kiimiko, oxides cusbo la xirrira sameeyaan cusbada. Sida caadiga ah, oxides cusbo-sameynta waxaa ka mid ah biraha iyo xubno bacayn, kuwaas oo sabab u ah falcelin kiimikada biyo si ay u sameeyaan acids, laakiin ficil la saldhigyada si ay u sameeyaan aashito u dhigma iyo cusbada.

oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie - oxides sida waa in reaction kiimikada ma sameeyaan cusbo ah. Tusaalooyinka oxides sida laga yaabaa in oxides of nitrogen iyo carbon.

oxides amphoteric

Oxides, ay kala soocidda iyo guryaha - waa mid aad u muhiim ah in fikradaha chemistry. Halabuurka cusbo-sameynta waxaa ka mid ah oxides amphoteric.

oxides Amphoteric - waa kuwa oxides kaas oo noqon kara guryaha aasaasiga ah ama acidic, iyadoo ku xiran xaaladaha falgalka kiimikada (amphoteric soo bandhigid). oxides Kuwaas waxaa la aasaasay by Biraha guurka (copper, lacag, iyo dahab, iyo birta, ruthenium, tungsten, Rutherford, titanium, yttrium, iyo qaar kale oo badan). oxides Amphoteric fal la acids xoog leh, iyadoo ay sabab u reaction kiimikada ah, waxay u sameeyaan cusbada ee acids kuwan.

xabagta acid

oxides acidic ama anhydrides - kuwaas oxides ee falgalka kiimikada, taas oo muujin guryaha acid, iyo foomka oxygen-ka kooban acid. Anhydrides waxaa mar kasta la sameeyey ku-Biraha aan caadiga iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah xubno ka kiimikada kala guurka.

Oxides, qoondaynta iyo kiimikada guryaha ay - kuwani waa qodob ee ugu muhiimsan. Tusaale ahaan, oxides acidic kiimikaad arrin ka duwan amphoteric. Tusaale ahaan, haddii anhydride uu jawaab ka celiyo biyo si ay u sameeyaan u dhiganta acid (marka laga reebo SiO2 - silica). anhydrides The fal la alkalis, iyo iyada oo sababtu tahay dareen diidmo oo kale waxaa biyaha iyo soda sii daayay. In falcelinta cusbo la oxides aasaasiga ah sameeyay.

anhydride aasaasiga ah

Muhiimka ah (for "saleeyaan") oxides - a xubno ka kiimikada xabagta bir leh dalalka lagu qayilo ee +1 ama +2. Waxaa ka mid ah xumadoodu, macdanaha dhulka xumadoodu, iyo sidoo kale magnesium element kiimikada. oxides aasaasiga ah waa ka dadka kale ee in ay awoodaan in ay fal la acids way kala duwan yihiin.

oxides aasaasiga ah fal la acids, in la barbardhigo oxides acidic, iyo sidoo kale la alkali, biyaha, oxides kale. Sidaas darteed celintan oo guud ahaan waa cusbada loo sameeyay.

sifooyinka oxides

Haddii aad baari falcelinta ee oxides kala duwan, ka dhigi kartaa gunaanad iyaga u gaar ah oo ku saabsan waxa kiimikaad oxyls Fadilay. hantida guud ee kiimikada oo dhan oxides been gebi ahaanba geedi socodka redox ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan oxides yihiin midba midka kale ka duwan. Qoondaynta iyo sifooyinka oxides - waxay yihiin laba mawduuc xiriira.

oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie iyo kiimikaad ay

oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie - waa koox ka mid ah oxides, oo ma muujiyaan wax guryaha acidic ama aasaasiga ah ama amphoteric sida. Sidaas darteed of falgalka kiimikada lahayn cusbada nesoleobrazuyuschimi oxides waxaa la aasaasay. Markii hore, oxides kuwan waxaa loogu yeedhi nesoleobrazuyuschimi iyo taag daran oo indiffirentnymi, laakiin magacyada kuwaas oo aadan u dhigmaan guryaha nesoleobrazuyuschih oxides. In guryaha ay kuwan oxyls arrin awood falgalka kiimikada. Laakiin xabagta nesolebrazuyuschih waa mid aad u yar, waxay la aasaasay by monovalent iyo divalent non-birta.

Of oxides cusbo-sameynta ee oxides nesoleobrazuyuschih la diyaarin karaa by falgal kiimikaad.

Magac-

Dhammaan oxides waxaa lagu magacaabaa sida soo socota: erayga "xabagta", raaceen by magaca kiimikada kiiska Reform ah. Tusaale ahaan, Al2O3 - waa alumina. In this afka kiimikada oksidheeyeyaal u qornaa sidan: aluminium ku saabsan 2 3. xubno Qaar ka mid ah, sida copper, waxaa laga yaabaa in dhowr darajo oksileniya, siday u kala horreeyaan, oxides aad u noqon doonaa kala duwan. Markaas CuO xabagta - waa xabagta copper (laba), i.e. la degree ah oksileniya 2 iyo xabagta Cu2O - waa xabagta copper (saddex), taas oo uu leeyahay shahaado oksileniya 3.

Laakiin waxaa jira halkan oxides kale oo dhigay by tirada atamka oxygen ee xarunta. Monoxide monoxide ama wac oxides sida, kuwaas oo ka kooban kaliya hal eb oxygen. Dioxides wac oxyls sida, taas oo ka kooban laba atamka oxygen sida horgale sheegay "di". Trioxide wac oxides sida, taas oo ka kooban saddex atamka oxygen. magacyada sida monoxide, dioxide iyo trioxide, ayaa noqotay huriye, laakiin waxaa inta badan laga helay buugaagta, buugaag iyo qalab kale oo.

Sidoo kale waxaa jira waxa loogu yeero oxides magacyada Ciyaalle, taas oo ah, kuwa ayaa taariikh ahaan la horumariyo. Tusaale ahaan, CO - waxaa oxidized ama carbon monoxide, laakiin xitaa farmashiye badanaa loo yaqaan walax la carbon monoxide.

Sidaas xabagta - xarunta oo ah ogsijiin leh walxo kiimiko ah. sayniska aasaasiga ah in daraasaad ay formation iyo isdhexgal, waa chemistry. Oxides, ay kala soocidda iyo sifooyinka - a mawduucyo muhiim ah in sayniska ee kimistari, aan ogaaday in aadan innaba garan karin wax kasta oo kale. Oxides - waa gaas, iyo macdanta, iyo budo. oxides Qaar ka mid ah faaligga si faahfaahsan ma aha oo kaliya saynisyahano, laakiin sidoo kale dadka caadiga ah, dhab ahaantii ay xitaa waxaa laga yaabaa inay halis u ah nolosha dhulka this. Oxides - mawduucan waa mid aad u xiiso badan oo fudud. xeryahooda Oxide yihiin aad caadi u ah nolol maalmeedka.