Chemistry imanba - waxa uu yahay waxan? chemistry imanba manhajka dugsiga

Dabcan Chemistry dugsiyada bilaabo fasalka 8aad inaad wax ka barato mabaadi'da guud ee sayniska: qeexeysaa noocyada suurtogal ah ee bonds dhexeeya atamka, noocyada lattices crystal iyo habab reaction ee ugu badan. Tani waxa ay noqotay aasaaska waxbarasho ee qaybta muhiim ah, laakiin si gaar ah - inorganics.

Waa maxay this

chemistry imanba - saynis ah, taas oo tix mabaadii'da qaab-dhismeedka, guryaha aasaasiga ah iyo falcelin miiska wareegsan qaybaha. door muhiim ah waxaa ciyaaray inorganics ku wakhtiyeysan Law, taas oo dejisa soocidda habeysan oo walxaha si ay u beddelaan miisaanka, tirada iyo nooca.

Dabcan, waxay xanbaarsan tahay xeryahooda sameeyay ficil xubno ka miiska (marka laga reebo kaliya waa gobolka ee Consort, loo arkaa in cutubyada organic). Hawlaha in chemistry imanba ogolaan si ay u gutaan aqoonta akhriska ee dhaqanka.

Science in fikrad taariikheed

Magaca "imanba ah" muuqday waafaqsan aragtida ah in uu daboolayaa qayb ka mid ah aqoonta kiimikada, kaas oo ku xiran oo aan la hawl ah ee noolaha noolaha.

Waqti ka, waxaa la xaqiijiyey in ugu dunida organic soo saari karaan iyo "non-nool" oo ah xarunta a, iyo nooc kasta oo hydrocarbon ah ku dhexsameeysmo shaybaarka. Sayidka, cyanate ammonium, oo cusbo xubno chemistry saynisyahan Wohler Jarmal synthesize yaabaa HOL.

Si looga fogaado jahawareer la isku waydaarsanayeen iyo dirka noocyada cilmi barnaamijka laba cilmiga koorsooyinka dugsiga iyo jaamacadaha waa in la chemistry guud oo ku lug leh waxbarasho ee ka imanba sida anshaxa asaasiga ah. In dunida sayniska waa la badbaadiyey isku xigxiga le'eg oo.

Fasallada inorganics

Kiimikooyinka feed sida siisaa qalab ah oo cutub hordhaca inorganically tixgelin sharciga wareegsan xubno. kala soocidda Tani waa nooc gaar ah, kaas oo ku salaysan male ah in uu ku eedeeyay nuclear qaaradda saameyn ku leh sifooyinka walxaha iyo fursadaha xogta soconayan kala duwan. Markii hore miiska loo dhisay sida milicsiga ah xubno waaweyn mass qaaradda, laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan isku xigxiga oo la siiyo ayaa loo diiday sababta oo ah failure in arrin taas oo u baahan tixgelin xaalkan, arrinta ka imanba.

Chemistry, marka lagu daro miiska wareegsan, ayaa soo jeedinaya in joogitaanka qiyaastii boqol qaababka, kooxahaasi iyo garaafyo muujinaya guryaha inta jeer.

version Iskujira Currently caanka ah ee tixgelinta ee fikradaha sida fasalada of chemistry imanba. The columns xubno miiska ku qeexan yihiin ku xiran guryaha physico-kiimikada, in khadadka - la mid ah in kasta oo waqti kale.

walxaha Simple in inorganics

calaamad ku yaal miiska wareegsan iyo walax fudud ee gobolka a free - inta badan laba wax oo kala duwan. In kiiska hore waxa ay ka tarjumaysaa kaliya nooc gaar ah oo atamka, ee labaad ah - nooca qayb xarunta iyo saamaynta is foomamka deggan.

lagala kulmo kiimikada walxaha fudud wuxuu ka dhigaa inay qoyska kala qaybiyaan. Sayidka, laba kooxood oo kala duwan ee noocyada of atamka lagu kala sooci karaa - Biraha iyo non-birta. qoyska ugu horeysay ee ka mid ah 96 xubnood oo ka socda 118 bartay.

biraha

nooca birta presupposes xiriir u dhexeeya Qurub of magac la mid ah. Dhexgalka oo ku salaysan electrons daaqaddii bulsheed, lagu gartaa omnidirectional iyo roodhida. Tani waa sababta Biraha waa kirishbooyada wanaagsan kulaylka, lacag, waxay leeyihiin a luster macdan ah, malleability iyo ductility.

Conventionally, biraha ku hadhay miiska wareegsan inta lagu guda jiro line toos ah uga soo boron in astatine. Qaybaha kuwaas oo la mid ah in meesha line this, inta badan waa nooca xadka iyo muujiyaan duality ka mid ah guryaha (tus, germanium).

Biraha foomka aasaasiga ah xarunta. Degree ee lagu qayilo ee walxaha sida caadiga ah aan ka badnayn laba. Under metallicity koror iyo hoos u muddadaas. Tusaale ahaan, francium radioactive muujinayaa hantida asaasi badan sodium iyo qoyska halogeen ayaa iodine xitaa u muuqan luster macdan ah.

Xaaladdu waa mid ka duwan in muddo ah - sublevels dhameystirtay inert gaasas, ka hor kuwaas oo walxaha la guryaha ka soo hor jeedda. In meel siman of miiska wareegsan xubno muujiyey isbeddel falcelin ka aasaasiga ah amphoteric acidic marayo. Biraha - fiican yaraynta wakiilada (aqbali electrons in formation of bonds).

Non-birta

Noocan ah atamka ka mid ah fasalada weyn ee kimistari imanba. Non-Biraha mashquulin dhinaca midig ee miiska wareegsan ah, caadi ahaan soo bandhigista guryaha acidic. Canaasiirta xogta inta badan laga helo foomka xeryahooda la mid kale (tus, borates, sulfates, biyo). In gobolka kelli xorta ah waxaa la ogsoon yahay jiritaanka baaruud, ogsijiin iyo nitrogen. Waxaa sidoo kale jira non-birta dhowr gaasas diatomic - ka laba kor ku xusan marka laga reebo, waxaa ka mid ah hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, chloro iyo iodo.

Waa walxaha ugu badan dhulka - gaar ahaan Silicon caadi ah, hydrogen, oxygen iyo carbon. Iodine, sayliniyam iyo arsenic qaybiyey aad u yar (halkan waxaa suurtagal ah in ka mid ah febwari shucaaca oo aan degganayn, kaasoo ku yaala muddo la soo dhaafay ee miiska).

In ka xeryahooda ee nonmetals badan u dhaqmaan sida acids. Ma oxidants awood ay sabab u tahay suurtogalnimada inuu ku biiro of electrons dheeraad ah si ay u dhamaystiraan heer.

walxaha Complex in inorganics

Intaa waxaa dheer ee walxaha kuwaas oo wakiil ka mid group of atamka kala saaro xeryahooda ka kooban dhowr gaadmada ah oo kala duwan. walxaha noocan oo kale ah waxay noqon kartaa binary (oo ka kooban laba qayb oo kala duwan), saddex, afar-element iyo wixii la mid ah.

walxaha Laba-element

Of muhiimadda gaarka ah ee u taagoo binarity xiriir lifaaqan chemistry. Fasallada xeryahooda ka imanba ayaa sidoo kale loo arkaa marka laga eego ee la xidhiidha sameeyay inta u dhexeysa atamka ka. Waxaa laga yaabaa in Madbacada qaranka, macdan, covalent (horjeeda ama nonpolar) ama isku qasan. Sida caadiga ah wakiilada sida cad u muujiyaan aasaasiga ah, (waayo, stock bir), amphoteric (dual - gaar ahaan run, waayo, aluminium) ama acidic (haddii ay jirto element ah ee gobolka lagu qayilo ee +4 ama ka sareeya) oo tayo leh.

Saddex shurako element

Dulucda siiyaan tixgelin Chemistry imanba iyo noocan ah atamka ururka. xeryahooda waxay ka kooban yihiin in ka badan laba kooxood oo atamka (sida caadiga ah heshiis imanba la noocyada saddex-piece) caadi ahaan la aasaasay qayb ka mid ah qaybaha oo si weyn u kala duwan yihiin midba midka kale in xuduudaheedu physicochemical.

noocyada suurtogal ah ee isgaarsiinta - covalent, Madbacada qaranka oo isku dhafan. Sida caadiga ah, maalkiisa saddex-element ee dhaqanka la mid ah binary by xaqiiqada ah in mid ka mid ah ciidamada interatomic xoog badan oo kale, wax yar markii labaadna ahbaa oo uu leeyahay awood u leh inay beri in xal dhaqso.

Fasalada Chemistry imanba

Inta badan bartay in koorsada walxaha imanba loo qaadan soocidda fudud sida ay Halabuurka iyo guryaha. Sidaas darteed, la kala saaro hydroxides, acids, oxides iyo cusbada. Tixgelinta ay xiriir waa ka fiican in lagu bilaabo hordhac fikirka ah foomamka oxidised, kaas oo noqon kara ku dhowaad kasta oo walxaha imanba. kimistari ee shurako ah sida ka wada hadleen in cutubyada on oxides.

oxides

Oxide waa xarunta ah ee element kasta oo kiimiko la oxygen ee gobolka qayilo siman -2 (sida peroxides -1 siday u kala horreeyaan). formation Bond dhacaa sabab u tahay saamaynta electron iyo yaraynta kuwii la O ₂ (meesha element ugu electronegative waa oxygen).

Oo waxaa laga yaabaa in acidic, iyo amphoteric, iyo guryaha aasaasiga ah ku xiran tahay kooxda labaad ee atamka. Haddii biraha this ee xabagta ka kama badna +2 gobolka qayilo, haddii a non-birta ah - laga bilaabo 4 iyo wixii ka sareeya. baarka The la soo koobin ee nooca dual gaari qiimaha 3.

inorganics acid

xeryahooda acidic of dhexdhexaad ah falcelinta ka yar by content hydrogen of siifilisku socon karaan xal iyo bedelay ra'iyi bir ka badan 7. Sida laga soo xigtay soocidda yihiin walxaha qalafsan. Inta badan acids la diyaarin karaa by caanaaha biyo ah oxides u dhiganta, tus, in formation of sulfuric acid ka dib markii fuuq ee SO _3.

Chemistry Basic imanba

The guryaha oo ka mid ah xeryaha noocan ah ay sabab u tahay jiritaanka hydroxyl xagjirka OH, kaas oo u ogolaanaya deegaanka falcelinta kor 7. saldhig alkali-L waxaa la yidhaahdaa, iyagu waa ugu qatarsan ee fasalka ka mid ah walxaha on account of dissociation dhamaystiran (daatay galay udhigo in dareeraha). OH group in formation of cusbada lagu bedeli karaa harta acidic.

chemistry imanba - saynis ah dual in ka aragti ka duwan sharrixi karaa arrinta. In salka aragti protolytic loo tixgeliyaa sida hydrogen acceptors waxbarashada. Habkan u waasiciyo fikradda guud ee fasalka ka mid ah walxaha, alkali wacaya wax kasta in ay aqbalaan kartaa proton ah.

cusbada

Noocan ah xeryahooda la helay inta u dhaxaysa saldhigyadii iyo acids, sida wax soo saarka ah ee wada hadalka. Sayidka, sida waxbarashada ee caadiga ah waxay u adeegtaa ra'iyi ah biraha (mararka qaarkood ammonium, phosphonium ama hydronium) iyo sidoo kale walxaha anionic - hadhay acid. Marka formation cusbo waxaa lagu bedelaa hydrogen la walax kale.

Iyada oo ku xidhan ratio of reagents iyo xoog si ixtiraam leh in midba midka kale si fiican ula dhaqmaan dhawr nooc oo ah waxyaabaha dareen-celin:

• cusbada aasaasiga ah waxaa laga heli haddii kooxaha hydroxyl aan gebi ahaanba la bedelay (walxaha sida dhexdhexaad dareen-celin xumadoodu);
• cusbada acidic loo sameeyay kiiskan ka soo horjeeda - la'aanta Waxyeelo hydrogen saldhig qayb weli ku lug ah;
• celceliska ugu yaqaan oo ay fududahay in la fahmo yihiin (ama caadi ah) muunad - ay yihiin wax soo saarka ee complete reagents dhexdhexaadnimada si ay u sameeyaan biyaha iyo walax la kaliya waxbarashada bir ama analoogga ah oo dhanba iyo moiety ah acid.

chemistry imanba - saynis ah oo saamaynaya qaybinaya fasal kasta Goosimo, taas waxaa loo arkaa waqtiyo kala duwan: mid ka mid - ka hor inta kale - dambe. At daraasad qoto dheer kala saaro xataa 4 nooc oo cusbada:

• Dual ku jira hal anion ah ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen labada siifilisku. Sida caadiga ah qalabka sida waa natiijada biirtay laba cusbada la hadhay isla acid, laakiin Biraha kala duwan.
• soo horjeeda isku dhafan oo ka mid ah hore, waayo, kaasu waa ku salaysan mid ka mid ah waxbarashada la laba anions kala duwan.
• hydrates crystalline - cusbo, in caanaha dhan yahay biyaha ee gobolka crystalline ah.
• Kaxeynayo - walxaha ku jira kuwaas oo waxbarashada, anion ama labadoodaba waxaa ka wakiil ah qaab ay kooxahaasi la matoor. cusbada noocan oo kale ah la diyaarin karaa advantageously canaasirta hoosaadka B. ah

Sida walxaha kale ee seminar ku saabsan ka imanba Chemistry, taas oo loo kala saari karaa sida cusbada ama hydrides shaqsi aqoon cutub waxaa laga yaabaa in ku xusan, nitrides, carbides iyo xeryahooda intermetallic (xeryahooda dhowr Biraha, non-daawaha).

natiijooyinka

chemistry imanba - sayniska waa in oo xiiso leh takhasus kasta gudbikaraa this, iyadoo aan loo eegin danahooda. Waxaa ka mid ah cutubka ugu horeysay, bartay dugsiga ku saabsan mowduuca. Koorsada imanba Chemistry bixisaa habaynta of Muga badan oo macluumaad iyadoo la raacayo kala soocidda cad oo sahlan.