Noocyada xayawaannada aan ku jirin

sii macquul ah sharciga wareegsan yahay kala soocidda xeryahooda ka imanba. Sida kala soocidda qaybaha kala duwan, kala soocida kiimikada kiimikada ayaa si muuqata u muuqata nidaamka xilliyadeed, waana, sidaas darteed, dabeecad ahaan asal ahaan iyo cilmi ahaanba ku salaysan.

Qeybaha ugu muhiimsan ee xayawaannada asaasiga ah: cusbada, oxides, acids, saldhigyada (hydroxides).

Qeybinta maaddooyinka waxay si aad ah u fududeyneysaa habka daraasaddooda. Waa arrin sahlan in lagu garto sifooyinka shakhsiyaadka shakhsiyadeed ee fasallada qaarkood, haddii alaabooyinka caadiga ah ee fasalka la falanqeeyay la yaqaan.

Noocyada xeryaha hoos yimaada: oxides

Oksiisyada waa xayndaabyo kala duwan oo leh oksijiin taas oo ugu dambeeya ay ku xiran tahay atomka elementka. Xaqiiqda oo dhan walxaha oo dhan marka laga reebo saddexda gaas ee naasaha - Argon, Helium, Neon.

Fasallada xeryahooda iftiinka ah: Gidaarrada oksida

Qodobka ugu badan ee oxides ayaa si toos ah ama si toos ah u sameeyaa xeryahooda biyo, kuwaas oo loo yaqaan "oxides hydrates" ama "hydroxides". Halbeegga sheyga ee hydrocidide waxaa lagu qeexayaa naqshadda guud ee E (OH) x, halkaasoo E ay tahay qaybta qaabaynta hydroxide, x waxay muujinaysaa heerka qiyaasta oksidida ee ku jirta oksitadda u dhiganta.

Iyada oo ku xidhan nooca kiimikada ee hydroxides ee element qaybsan hydrates oxides aasaasiga ah (salka), hydrates xabagta amphoteric (hydroxides of amphoteric), hydrates, oxides acid (acid). Hooska hydroxide-ga ee qaybo ka mid ah xeryaha ayaa lagu go'aamiyaa meesha ku jirta nidaamka xilliga caadada ah, taas oo go'aamisa xasiloonida u dhaxaysa calaamadaha u dhexeeya halbeegga iyo oksijiinta - hal dhinac, iyo inta u dhexeysa Oxygen iyo Hydrogen - dhinaca kale.

Noocyada xeryaha hoos yimaada: asiidh

Acids waxaa ka mid ah xeryahooda kiimikada oo ka kooban dhowr ato Hydrogen, oo awood u leh inay u wareegaan biraha si ay u sameeyaan cusbada. Kooxda asaliga ah ee ku hadhay ka dib markii ay ka soocday maaddada acid-ka ee atomiga Hydrogen waxaa lagu magacaabaa qoyaanka.

Noocyada xeryaha hoos yimaada: cusbada

Salts waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida qayb ka mid ah bedelka ama dhamaystirka atomiga Hydrogen ee jajabyada biraha ama kooxaha OH ee saldhigyada dabaysha. Xaaladaha qaarkood, hydrogen ee ku jira acid-ka waxaa lagu bedeli karaa ma aha oo kaliya biraha, laakiin koox kale oo asal ah oo leh ganaax haboon (cation). Iyadoo ku xiran halabuurka iyo sifooyinka milixdu waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin noocyada: acidic, aasaasiga ah, dhexdhexaad ah, kakan.

Celceliska (caadiga ah) cusbada waxaa lagu sameeyay sababtoo ah bedelka buuxa ee aaladaha Hydrogen ee astaamaha loogu talagalay biraha (cation), ama kooxaha hydroxyl ee saldhigyada harta acidka. gobolka qayilo ee lacag biraha iyo moiety acid waa in ay ogaadaan si ay u awoodaan in ay si sax ah u abuuraan formula cusbada dhexdhexaad ah. Waxay isku dhafan yihiin marka loo eego sida ay tahay in cusbadu ay tahay mid dhexdhexaad ah.

The cusbada acid helay bedelay qayb ka mid ah atamka ee acids hydrogel on biraha. Saliidaha Acidic waxay sameeyaan oo kaliya acids polybasic. Nidaamka isku dhejinta qaababka cusbada cusbada ee cusbada ayaa weli la mid ah tufaaxada dhexe: masuuliyada cadeytka iyo kaluunka kale waxaa la go'aamiyaa, qaybahaasna waa isku xiran yihiin xaddiga aan ku xadgudbin mabda 'elekronutrality of molecules.

cusbada Basic helay bedelay qayb ka mid ah kooxaha OH saldhigyadii ama hydroxides of amphoteric on harta acid. Noocyada cusbada cusbada aasaasiga ah waxay ka kooban yihiin haraaga saldhigyada poliacid ama hydroxide amphoteric oo qayb ahaan ka lumay kooxaha hydroxyl iyo harta acid. Sida dhammaan noocyada hore, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la raaco mabda'a korontada.