Badda Zapolskaya xabad - heshiis u dhexeeya Commonwealth iyo boqortooyada Ruush ah

Russia iyo Poland ayaa la dagaallameen kasta oo kale oo qarniyo. Mid ka mid ah isku dhacyada kuwaas ayaa qayb muhiim ah ka War Livonian ah, inta lagu guda jiro kaas oo Maraykanka Baltic soo food danaha dhowr dalalka.

Sidee War Livonian ah

In 1558, Ruush Tsar Ivan Xun ku weerareen dhulka Amarka Livonian. Waxa uu doonayay inuu ku guuleysto gobollada bari ee dhulka joogo-maalin Estonia iyo Latvia. Waxaan halkan ku noolaa ka hor inta aan Yuhuudda ahayn, iyo in qarnigii XIII ah, ay Saliibiyiintu halkan yimid Catholics. Waxay aasaasay Amarka Livonian, dhiseen Riga iyo Guryahoodu wax kale oo badan.

Saliibiyiintu la gaalada on in oggolaansho ka Pope ka helay diriray. Si aad kuwa, in ay opinion, habdhaqanka iyo Orthodox, oo sidoo kale ku aamaanay in Horde Golden ah. Sidaa darteed, la Knights Livonian diriray Alexander Nevsky. In mustaqbalka, isku dhacu waxa uu noqday mid joogto ah oo kala gooyey oo kaliya marka la eego xabad joojin ah.

By markii aan bilaabay garoomada Grozny, Russia midoobeen agagaarka Moscow, tuuray off harqood Tataarka, iyo xataa bilaabay ballaarinta guul bari (qabashada Kazan iyo jaaket). Ivan IV rumeysan yahay in ay wiiqantay Order Livonian aan soo bandhigi kartaa iska caabin ah oo halis ah.

xilliga ugu horreeya ee dagaalku wuxuu ka yimid dhab ahaantii guul Russia. Voivod boqorkii qabsadeen Dorpat, Narva iyo dhowr magaalo oo kale oo waaweyn. Taasi oo dhan bedelay markii xoogagga deriska ah ayaa barbaro galay colaadda. Waxay ahayd Sweden, Rzeczpospolita (ururka siyaasadeed ee Poland iyo Lithuania), iyo Denmark (ilaa xad ka yar). Laga soo bilaabo in Xun isaga qudhiisa ku helay meel aad u adag go'doonsan.

Daaqa oo ka mid ah dalalka dagaal raba

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in ka badan ah sannado badan oo dagaal uu la socday guusha ku meel gaar ah in iska hor imaad la Poland iyo Lithuania. Sidaas daraaddeed in 1564 ciidamada Ruush guulaystay Polotsk (magaalada, kaas oo sidoo kale waa adag ku lahaa xuquuqda sida Rurik). Laakiin markaas daba socday kulankii ay Battle of Chashniki.

Guuldarrooyin siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda Ulasocto argagixiso ee Russia. dhimashada dahsoon ee ugu horeeyay ka dib markii xaaskiisa of Ivan Grozny uu noqday ka shakiyaan ee la xidhiidha xeeran. Shaki badan iyo cabsida khiyaanay keentay in kibir. Inkastoo ee Moscow, skillet ah Rafaa kulul jirdilay by taliyaha, ciidamada guuldarro ka dib markii guuldarro.

Ugu dambeyntii in 1577 uu dib ugu Polotsk waxaa lagu riday, iyo kuwa iswiidhishka qabsadeen Narva. Waxa kaliya in ay talaabo geesinimo leh iska caabin dadka mahad waa iyo u suurtagashay in ay joojiso faragelinta shisheeye. Ulaha ee 1581-1582 GG. guuldareysteen aloosnayd Pskov iyo Swedish ayaa ku guuldareysatay hoos nuts ah. Dagaalka hore u ahayd 24 sano jir, iyo daaqa ee dalka looga baahan yahay nabad.

Qaab dhismeedka of wufuud

Best of dhan xabad badda Zapolskaya iyo wada xaajoodka ka muuqda ku-qorka ee Antonio Possevino. Waxay ahayd Jesuit iyo diblomaasi khibrad leh. Waxa uu matalayay danaha Church Catholic ee wada xaajoodka u dhexeeya Poland iyo Russia. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxa uu ahaa xoghayaha xirfad leh, waxaana uu awood u gudbiyo dhammaan faahfaahinta habka this adag.

Wadahadalada bilaabay December 13, 1581. Oo meeshaasna waxaa loo doortay meel dhowr mayl Zapolskoho taagii (Halkan magaca). Waxa uu ahaa ku dhow xuduudda hore ee u dhow magaalada Ruush ah Pskov, oo weli dhawaan ag Polish King Stefan Batory hareereeyey. nabad badda Zapolskiy sameeyey agagaarka goobta dagaalka dhawaan.

Ma jiro mid ciqaab ah kama uusan soo qeybgalin wadahadalka. danahooda matalayo diblomaasiyiin fara badan. By Poles iyo Lithuanians yimid Braslavsky taliyihii Janusz Zbarazhsky, Niasvizh iyo Prince Albrecht olyksky Radzvill iyo xoghayaha Miail Garaburda. Ivan Grozny sidoo kale ma joogay on baarlamaanka. Waxay ahaayeen Guddoomiyaha Kashinskij Dmitry Eletskii, Kozelskiy taliyihii Roman Alferov oo karraaniga Nikita Vereshchagin. Badda Zapolskaya Xabad joojin ayaa la soo gabagabeeyay dhexdhexaadintii ay la iibiyay Jesuit Antonio Possevino.

Dhimista ee Livonia

Wadahadalada sii muddo bil. Ugu dambeyntii, January 15, 1582kii waxaa la saxiixay xabad badda Zapolskaya. xaaladaha ahaayeen adag tahay Russia, laakiin si buuxda u waafaqsan this xaqiiqada xun.

Ivan IV diiday dhammaan magaalooyinkii uu ka guulaystay in Livonia. Waxay lahaa daraasiin qalcado tirada kala duwan. Halkan waxa ku qoran liiska yar oo tusaalooyin: celiyay Alista, Volodymyrets, Dorpat, Krutsborg, mushaarka, Rivne, Tarvaz, Chestvin, iwm Inta badan magacyada kuwaas oo u noqday historicism ... Haddaba magaalooyinkan magacooda meesha ku qoran luuqadahan qaranka - Latvia iyo Istooniyaan. inta ka dhiman Livonia wakhtigaas heystey Sweden (iyada oo heshiis la saxiixay sannad ka dib).

shuruudaha kale ee heshiiska

Intaa waxaa dheer, badda Zapolskaya xabad dhigayaa qaddar ee magaalada, kaas oo waqtiyo kala duwan lagu qabtay Ivanom Groznym ee Grand Duchy reer Lithuania. Waxay ahaayeen Velizh iyo Polotsk. Boqor Ruush Diiday (inkasta oo ay tani ahayd oo keliya rasmi ah, tan iyo waqti in ay ka guulaystay by Stefan Batory).

Boqor Polish ku heshiiyeen in ay ku noqdaan magaalooyinka, taas oo uu ku qabtay dalka Russia. Waxay ahayd Luke Great Hill, Nevel iyo Zavolochye. Badda Zapolskiy dunida ku jira maqaal ku saabsan oo dib u celiyay iyo xaafadda Pskov, qabsadeen intii lagu jiray go'doominta la soo dhaafay.

Land oo uu soo qabtay Livonia Sweden waqtiga saxiixa dokumentiga, ayaa laga saaray warqada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, oo polish ah ka sheegay in ay sidoo kale sheegan on deegaannada. Sidaas tanaasulka ah ayaa la soo gabagabeeyay xabad badda Zapolskaya. Taariikhda ay saxiixa noqdey bilowga dokumentiga.

Masiirka ee xabad

Iyadoo ay taasi jirto, qof kasta fahamsan yahay in tani ay tahay oo kaliya joogsadeen, iyo colaadaha iska daynay in muddo ah. Badda Zapolskaya xabad la Poland ayaa lagu xisaabiyaa muddo 10 sano ah. In mustaqbalka waxaa lagu kordhin karaa. Taariikhda ayaa muujisay in heshiiska hadhay hadda ilaa Time ee rabshado ee Russia. Ka dib markii Ivan Grozny dhintay, wiilkiisii Theodore oo dhan ee u hadha, guri ammaan Rurik ka gaabin. Laga bilaabo ee khilaafka u dhexeeya kooxaha boyars sheegan awood.

Isla mar ahaantaana ee Polish-Lithuanian ee Commonwealth yimid beenaala kan qudhiisu ka badbaaday of Tsarevich Dmitry loo yaqaan - oo ahaa ina Ivana Groznogo, kuwaas oo ku dhintay ilmo yar in Uglich ee 1591. Dalxiisto magacaabay Grigoriem Otrepevym. Waxa uu ahaa wadaad ah oo baxsad ah. Waxa uu taageeray boqorka Polish, kuwaas oo markaas waa inuu soo duulay Russia, kuwaas oo ku xad gudbay badda xabad Zapolskaya by. Sannad ayuu hareereeyey Smolensk, ka dibna si kooban u qabsadeen Moscow. In dhamaadka, maleeshiyada Ruush qaranka eryey oo polish ah, iyo boyars doortay Boqor Mikhail Romanov, oo noqday aasaasihii guri ammaan boqornimada cusub oo u talin jiray saddex boqol oo sannadood.