Baabiiyo of serfdom ee Russia

In 1861 dhacdo ka dhacday taas oo la filayay, dad badan oo horumar ah oo wakhtigaas ee Russia, kaas oo weligiis koorsada taariikhda bedelay. Emperor Alexander II soo saartay bayaankan in sameeyey qastaan sida dadka oo lacag la'aan ah, ma ku xiran tahay dadka dhulka ku. Maxaa keenay in Boqortooyada in ay qaataan tallaabo this? Maxay ahaayeen sababaha la baabiiyo of serfdom ee Russia?

Background iyo sababaha dib u habaynta

By bartamihii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad-, baahida loo qabo in tirtiridda serfdom badan oo ka muuqata noqday. Si firfircoon sameeyo xiriirka suuqa sii kordheysa oo kharribma xaalad slavish of qastaan. In 1840s ah, dalka bilaabay kacaankii warshadaha - guurka ka shaqada Buuggan in mashiinada. horumarinta warshadaha iyo dhirta dalbaday shaqada, kuwaas oo la dhibay ka maqan - mulkiilayaasha ma dhab ahaan doonayaan inay ka maqnaadaan shaqada kooxo. Haddii ay sii daayay soo ridayeen a in shaqada, geliya xaalad in la siiyo sayidkii lacagta kasbadeen. Tani, dabcan, kor u kacay kharashka shaqaalaha iyo sii hor joogsaday horumarinta warshadaha.

ilaalinta ee qasa serfdom iyo beeraha. jiritaanka shaqada ridayeen qasbay hor joogsaday horumarinta teknoolajiyada horusocod ah beerashada, hordhaca ah ee technology beeraha. kireeya waxay ahaayeen hab fudud - by jarida haystaa ay soo ridayeen iyo kordhinta serfdom. siyaasadda Tani waxay keentay in beeralayda mulkiilayaasha iyo aad u badan sabool ah, iyo - in ay kacday. Gobta sii kordheysa galaan deynta, rahaamad u xaafadaha ay. In ka 1850naadkii soo daahay, 65% ka mid ah serfs la dhigi jiray ee dadka dhulka leh bangiyada sida hanti maguurto. Sidaa darteed, la baabiiyo of serfdom ee Russia dhici karto in yar oo ah jidka oo kale - si ay gobolka waxa uu noqon lahaa ku filan si ay qaadi guryaha ku kireeya 'deyman u ah. Laakiin waxay taasi keeni lahaa kale afgambi d'gambiyay, oo tallaabo noocan oo kale ah, Alexander II, dabcan, ma uu tegin.

Isku dayaysa in ay bartey beddelo xaaladda hadda jirta ee yaroow iyo xukuumaddu ay ka hor samaynaya. Sidaas darteed, sanadkii 1803 uu soo saaray amar boqornimo "On the cultivators free", kaas oo beeralayda jabin karo lacag la'aan ah laga fura madax furasho ah. Laakiin si ay u noqon lacag la'aan ah muddada u dhaxaysa 1803 in 1825 aan awoodin in ay dadka kaliya 47 kun. Sababta ahaa madax furasho sare - 400 rubles lacag ah qofkiiba, iyo cagajiidka ah ee dadka dhulka leh inay hawl kooxo. In 1804-1805 GG. in yaroow Livonia iyo Estland sameeyey users nolosha ka mid ah dalka, oo waxaa loo ogol yahay in iyaga ay dhaxal ahaan. Expanded iyo xuquuqdooda - in 1801 ay ogol yahay in ay kiraysan dalka, oo markii danbe loo ogol yahay in ay ku ganacsan iyo galaan oo isku xigta. Laga soo bilaabo 1844, dawladdu waxay isku dayday dibuhabaynta ee alaabada waxa loogu yeero, sida laga soo xigtay taas oo la aasaasay tirada dhabta ah ee waajibaadka dalka, kuwaasi oo ay ka galeen liisaska - inventory waxa loogu yeero. Ay isku duwidda xogta aan ku dhamaaday ay sabab u tahay iska caabin ah ee mulkiilayaasha ah. Waayo, wareegyada xukunka waxaa la sii cad in isbedel la isku qurxiyo ee degaanka ha samaynina - baahan baabiiyo dhamaystiran oo serfdom ee Russia.

carada ridayeen ay xaaladda koray la sannad kasta marayay. Gaar ahaan waxa uu kor u kacay ka dib dagaalkii ugu guuleysan Crimean, taas oo sii xumaatay xaaladda dhaqaale ee dalka. Inta lagu jiro muddada u dhaxaysa 1856 in 1860 ee Russia ayaa ahaa 815 ifbixii ridayeen (is barbar dhig. Sanadihii 1850-1855 waxaa jiray guud ahaan 215). guuldaradii dagaalka iyo shaqeeyeen wareegyada talada haya, ay caddaatay in Russia laga badiyay, ugu horrayn, sababta oo ah backwardness dhaqaale. Haa, iyo koritaanka-goosato ah ridayeen ma lahayn u fiican dowladda Tanina. Sayidka, duruufaha kuwaas oo waxaa jiray la baabiiyo of serfdom ee Russia, waxaa lagu si kooban u tilmaamay karaa sida soo socota: xiisadda dhaqaale iyo khatarta ah ee dagaalka soo ridayeen a.

diyaarinta dibuhabaynta

March 30, 1856, Alexander II looga qabto dadkii ku abtirsan Moscow kula hadal ah, taas oo uu ku tilmaamay xaaladda ka jirta dalka iyo ayaa sheegay in waxa fiican in aad lacag la'aan ah ciidamada dowladda yaroow iyo mulkiilayaasha ilaa ay u isu sameeyo. Sidaas gooyo Qaranka ayaa si maldahan u sheegay kuwii gobta ahaa in isbedelka mustaqbalka waa lama huraan.

Isfurtaan oo mashaariic First of serfs waxay kor u qaadeen Guddiga Secret ku saabsan arrimaha soo ridayeen, laakiin natiijooyinka la taaban karo ee hawlaha, waxaa si lama siiyo, ka dibna 1858 in diyaarinta dib u habaynta jiitay goobada guud ee dadka. guddiyada gobolka kuwii gobta ahaa, kuwaas oo diyaar u habaynta mashaariicda waxaa lagu abaabulay, kuwaas oo loo soo diray in Guddiga Main ah. mashaariicdaas waxaa loo arkaa komishanka qoritaanka jirey guddiga. su'aasha soo ridayeen ayaa waxaa looga hadlay saxaafadda, taas oo ka dhigtay dib u habaynta karin. Sida la saadaalin karaa, mulkiilayaasha ee la baabiiyo of serfdom ee Russia, in ay meel dhexaad ah gelin, aan ku faraxsanahay. Inta badan mashaariicda siiyo by guddiyada gobolka, ku bixiyeen in ay lacag la'aan ah yaroow ama aan iyaga siiyey dalka, ama ka soo baxaya qoondeysnaa yar. Madaxda Liberal (K.D.Kavelin, A.M.Unkovsky) soo jeediyay in beeralayda la sii daayay oo dhulka ku, laakiin lacag aad u badan. In dhamaadka, version deeqsi ah ee dib u habaynta iyo la aqbalay guddiga diyaarinta. Laakiin markaas, dad badan oo ka mid ah qodobada ay ka dhigtay faa'iido dheeraad ah oo dadka dhulka leh.

-Habeeynta iyo saamaynta ay

Ugu dambeyntii, 19 February 1861 , at sanad guuradii oo boqornimadiisa, Alexander II ansixiyay Bayaanka iyo Shuruucda dibuhabaynta soo ridayeen ah. The yaroow degay noqday "dadka deggan dhulka miyiga ah" iyo cilmiga la siiyey xuquuq iyo dhaqaalaha. Haddaba iyagu ma ay ku xiran tahay mulkiilaha iyo dooran karaan hawl u gaar ah - ganacsiga, galaan farsamada gacanta, is-qabtaan macaamil kasta, si ay u xaafadaha kale u guurto, si ay u difaacaan xuquuqdooda maxkamad, si aad u guursato fasax la'aan qof. Dalkoodii qastaan lahaa si ay u iibsadaan mulkiilaha. 20-25% ka mid ah lacagta ay isu bixiyo, iyo inta kale ee gobolku bixiyo. Ka hor inta aan lacag bixinta ee ay share of yaroow nin oday ah waxaa lagu tiriyaa sida ku meel gaar ah, taas oo ah, wuxuu lahaa si ay u fuliyaan dhammaan adeegyada hore. Sida dhulka dheregtay heshiis la mulkiilaha, guurka furashada fidiyey muddo dheer. Haddii aan waayo dembiyada dadka dhulka leh ee gobolka, ku qasabtay inay ku heshiiyaan iibka ah ee dalka by qastaan, la baabiiyo of serfdom in Russia waxaa loo fidin lahaa si xad la'aan. Waayo, qastaan, iibka ah ee dalka u soo jeestay sano addoonsiga - cadadka ee gobolku bixiyo, waxayna ahaayeen soo laabtay 49 sano, sidaa darteed xitaa iyadoo ay xiiso.

Oo weliba, inkastoo qaladaad ay, ka dib u habaynta ridayeen lahaa saamaynta togan ee dhaqaalaha. Isbadal ayaa ka mid ah yaroow galay mulkiilayaal free iyaga siiyey fursad ay ku galaan suuqa xiriirka. warshadaha waxa uu ahaa awoodaan in ay ka samaysan shaqo yaraanta. Iyo ugu muhiimsan - habaynta ee wadadii uu dib u habaynta cusub ee dalka - the County, garsoorka, dhaqaale, ciidan iyo dib u habaynta kale oo bedelay qaabka dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed ee Empire Ruush ah.