Aldehydes iyo ketones. The guryaha iyo Avv xeryahooda carbonyl

xarunta organic ku jirto in ay qaab-dhismeedka kelli group carbonyl foomka soo socda ah:> C = O, - gudbiyo sida oxo-xeryahooda iyo kala qaybsan yihiin labo qaybood oo waawayn - aldehydes iyo ketones. Sida laga soo xigtay qaabka xag shidaalka, walxaha kuwan waxaa lagu tilmaamay galay aliphatic, udgoon iyo alicyclic. The taagoo koowaad iyo labaad waxaa lagu gartaa group carbonyl a kaas oo si toos ah loola xiriirinayay in giraanta benzene ama kooxda silsilad. Aldehydes iyo ketones la dhigaalka kelli ee taxanaha leedahay beduliyum, kaas oo ay leeyihiin koox functional Silsilad dhinaca waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida taagayo xeryahooda carbonyl aliphatic.

aldehydes leedahay beduliyum yihiin dhexsameeysmo laba siyaabood oo waaweyn: by bandhigid group carbonyl ah oo wuxuu galay giraanta benzene in la bedelay electrophilic iyo diinta ee substituents ah ee hore u joogay dhismeedka a. Aldehydes iyo ketones ka mid ah oo dhan xeryahooda organic ah kuwa ugu Waxyeelo. Waxaa intaa dheer, marka la eego kiimikada labaad marka hore ka badan ayaa firfircoon. Waayo, aldehydes waa arrin caadi ah cadaanyo lagu qayilo, beddelka, polymerization, Intaa waxaa dheer iyo uumiga. Ketones sidoo kale ma taageeri reaction polymerization ah.

Diyaarinta aldehydes leedahay beduliyum, gaar ahaan xeryahooda benzaldehyde by qayilo hawada isku dar hydrocarbon industrially soo saaray. Dareen-celinta noocan oo kale ah waxaa la fuliyay in dhirta kiimikada isticmaalaya oxides biraha kala duwan, tus, xabagta vanadium. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waayo, ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee aldehyde udgoon lagu saleyn karaa hababka loo isticmaalay diyaarinta xeryahooda ee taxanaha aliphatic.

aldehydes udgoon waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inta badan beelaya in dareeraha ah dhexdhexaad ah aqueous oo leh ur ku waani pungent of yicib qadhaadh. The more fog ka giraanta benzene koox carbonyl ah, waxay leeyihiin, af uu noqdo mid ay ur. aldehydes leedahay beduliyum kiimikaad oo inta badan la mid yihiin, la xeryahooda aliphatic isku sabab u tahay saameynta ay labada dhinac ee giraanta benzene iyo kooxda carbonyl ah, hantiyi guryaha kiimikada gaar ah qaarkood iyo sifooyinka jirka. Tusaale ahaan, waxay la diyaar oxidized karaan si ay acid ah carboxylic raacay by hoos u alcohols u dhiganta iyo Consort. propionaldehyde A, kuwaas oo si fiican isku qasan noocyo badan oo solvents organic in joogitaanka Xoojiya ku haboon waa diinta acid Propionic iyo hydrogenation ah - in propanol.

Waayo, ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee ketones leedahay beduliyum noqon kartaa hababka ispolzony badan. Tusaale ahaan, geeddi-socodka hydrolysis xumadoodu dihalides geminal, dehydrogenation, qayilo ka mid ah oo u dhiganta xeryahooda khamriga monohydric sare, iyo kuwa kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habka aasaasiga ah ee diyaarinta xeryahooda waa acylation xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum. All aldehydes iyo ketones isagoo xarun electrophilic, si fiican u la macaamilaan taxane reagents nucleophilic.

xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum noocan oo kale ah la substituents electron-deeqida sidoo kale si fudud u galaan reactions acylation. Ketones dhismeedka kelli waa hoore ama adke leh ur wanaagsan ubaxa, beelaya in biyaha, taas oo u ogolaanaysa in la ballaaran loo adeegsado warshadaha cadarka.