Abiogenesis - waxa uu yahay waxan?

The taariikhda qarniyo jir ah oo Dadka ogyahay mala badan oo ku saabsan asalka ah ee nolosha on Earth. From jeer qadiimiga on arrintan, waxaa jira laba dhibcood si buuxda u soo horjeeda ee view. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah ayaa sheegay in soo baxdo ka non-nool - waa abiogenesis. Ku labaad waa fikir ah in kuwa nool kici kartaa oo keliya ka nool - waa biogenesis. Waa maxay faraqa u dhexeeya aragtida ah ee biogenesis of abiogenesis, isku day inaad fahanto this article.

views taariikhda

Fikradaha ku saabsan asalka ah ee nolosha waxaa si cad u xiran heerka aqoonta marxalad gaar ah. Waqtiyadii hore, marka aqoonta weli uu ahaa mid yar, aragtida ah ee asalka ah ee ku nool ka dhacay ay fantastic. Halkan waxaa ku qoran qaar ka mid ah views faylosuufiinta iyo naturalists ee la soo dhaafay. Tusaale ahaan, Empedocles (V BC.) Rumaysan in dhirta dhali ukunta. Aristotle (. IV BC) ku dooday in injirta yihiin oo ka soo jeeda hilibka, iyo cayayaanka - jidhka xoolaha juice. views Kuwani qarnigan lama filaan ah nolosha laftiisa jirey ilaa bartamihii qarnigii XVII ah, marka Ingiriisi Faylasuuf Francis Bacon (1561-1626) aragti, iyo dhakhtarka Talyaani F. Redi (1626-1698) iyo Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) ficil cadaato ay adagtahay in qarnigan lama filaan ah nolosha . Waxay ahayd markaa in bilaabay si ay u sameeyaan labada xero horjeeda, labada aragtiyood oo wadajir gaarka ah ee nolosha - biogenesis iyo abiogenesis.

qayb ka mid ah aragtida ah

Under Abiogenesis (ka consoles'ka inkiraad Greek - a, bio - nolosha iyo Bilowgii - muuqaalka) fahmaan aragtida ah ee dhacdo of dhismeedka organic iyo imanba ka baxsan ee u shaqeeyo nool. Guud abiogenesis - waa aragti uu ku saabsan asalka ah ee nolosha ka non. Ka dibna waxaad u baahan tahay in la caddeeyo waxa ka dhigan nolosha iyo nolol la'aan marka ay nool. Oo tan iyo qeexidda nolosha maanta waxaa lagu micneeyey siyaabo kala duwan oo ka duwan aragtida, sida taageerayaasha abiogenesis iyo biogenesis weli dhigay.

Life in aragtida ah ee abiogenesis

In fikrad this, ugu muhiimsan waxaa loo arkaa in ay shuruudaha hidaha iyo evolutionary nolosha la qeexo. All shuruudaha kale - thermodynamic iyo deegaanka - aqoonsan yahay sare. Qodobada fikradda ah la xiqiijiyay in abiogenesis sida soo socota:

• Nooleyn iyo waxyaabaha walax ku kala duwan yihiin Halabuurka kiimikada iyo sifooyinka (Dheef). All aragtiyaha goobtan waxaa loo yaqaan abiogenesis ku lagmamaarmaanna.
• asal ahaan nolosha on Earth waxa uu ahaa, si dabiici ah, iyo tamarta free. Natiijada Tani waa muuqaalka kore ee xeryahooda organic adag ka imanba fudud dhalashada of falcelinta cusub kiimikada therebetween. All aragtiyaha asal ahaan nolosha ee deegaanka this yeedhay geocentric.
• The sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan iyo muuqaalada nool - waa is-dhaafsiga ee walxaha, is-taranka ee dhala u gaar ah, hiddo iyo kala duwanaanshaha.

Sayidka, abiogenesis - a aragtiyaha geocentric iyo kiimikada si ay u sharxaan asalka ah ee wax nool.

Life iyadoo ay sabab u biogenesis

Biogenesis siinayaa mudnaanta guryaha thermodynamic iyo deegaanka in la kala saaro nool ka nonliving ah. habab Sayidka hidde, lagmamaarmaanna u ah iyo evolutionary waxaa loo tixgeliyaa optional. biogenesis of fikradda sida soo socota:

• walxaha Live, iyo sidoo kale walax - kuwani waa laba gobol xiriira iyo sooci karo arrinta. aragtiyaha waxaa lagu magacaabaa dabiiciga ah.
• Thermodynamics (entropy hor imaad) iyo nidaamka (Dynamic Stability iyo xiriirka jooge) qayb - kuwani waa sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan iyo calaamadaha nolosha.
• Life asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee caalamka, iyo dhulka biosphere - muujinta nololeed ee Cosmos ah. aragtiyaha waxaa lagu magacaabaa bannaan.

Biogenesis, waxaa si aragti cosmocentric jirka ah ee asalka ah ee nolosha.

views casri ah

sayniska casriga ah waa aragtida ah in midaynaysa oo dhan fikradaha galay nidaam midaysan aqoonta ku saabsan sida arrinta walax galay nool jeestay. Sida jidka u badan tahay ka soo jeeda oo ku nool sayniska casriga ah qiray in marxalad hore - waa abiogenesis. Oo waxay ka kooban tahay saddex marxaladood oo asaasi ah:

• ah ee monomers noolaha.
• Aasaasidda polymers noolaha.
• dhalashada ee dhismayaasha xuub iyo protozoa hoose - protobionts.

horumarinta dheeraad ah oo nolosha dhulka socday fududaatay - by habab evolutionary Darwin (Dhaxal, kala duwanaanshaha iyo xulashada).

formation of Abiotic organics

horumar Chemical ama prebiological abiogenesis - dhacdo this walxaha organic ka imanba. In 1924, ee academician AI Ruush Oparin (1894-1980) soo jeediyay in sare xeryahooda miisaanka kelli in xal cokan sameeyay degna zone of isugu uruuray kordhay (dhibco ama coacervate coacervates), kuwaas oo la karantiilo deegaanka, laakiin waxaa la fulinayaa sarrifka. Aragti Oparin ee 1929, oo ay taageerayaan saynisyahan British Dzhon Holdeyn (1892-1964), iyo sayniska ku istiwooday aragti of coacervates, kaas oo ku lug leedahay jiilka lama filaan ah ee arrinta organic ku jira marxaladaha hore ee horumarinta dhulkeenna qaba xaaladaha jirka u gaar ah.

Caddeynta la xiqiijiyay of abiogenesis

Markii hore cadeeyo suurtogalnimada uu ereygu lama filaan ah walxaha organic ka imanba ma suurto gal ahayd. Maanta, si kastaba ha ahaatee, hore u soo maray marxalado qaarkood iyo natiijada ka helay.

Waxaa oo dhan waxay bilaabeen in 1953 markii farmashiye Stanley Miller iyo Harold C. Urey sameeyay tijaabo ah oo la maraqana hoose (Wednesday, prebiotic-sida on Earth). qulqulaya ee tamarta (ilaa 60 kun oo halkii) cadaadis iyo heerkulka a of 80 darajo Celsius keentay in formation of acids dufanka leh, HOL oo acids amino dhowr (monomers protein). Iyo sanadkii 2008 ee bayoolajiga American ku abuureen a "protocells" la xuub, 2011-ka bayoolajiga Japan ayaa daabacay shaqo ah oo ku saabsan abuuridda of kiishka la qolof iyo awood u leh inay kala qaybiyaan.

aan adkayn ee jagooyinka

In kasta oo horumarka ee bayoolajiga tijaabo ah oo isku dayaya si loo xaqiijiyo aragtida ah ee Oparin-Haldane asal ahaan nolosha adduunka ee coacervates, weli oo dhan dhismeedka keentay ka fog yihiin qaab-dhismeedka unugyada nool. beesha caalamka aysan aqoonsan waayo-aragnimada, kuwaas oo caddeyn la dafiri karin ee ay tani tahay asalka ah ee nolosha. Sida biogenesis iyo abiogenesis - aragtida this taariikhda ma xaqiijiyay experimentally. Marka la eego in waddada ka taagoo imanba in unugyada nool ahaa muddo dheer, iyadoo wax badan oo mudacyada ee wadada iyo joogsato, saynisyahano weli waxaan Malo ahayn oo keliya sida this baa keeni kara jidka. Laakiin mala oo dhan ha tijaabiyo wax kasta waa jawda wixii dhacay on Earth balaayiin badan oo sano ka hor.

Itimaalka arrin cajiib ah

nasiibka ee dhacdo ee unugyada nool ee maraq qiraysaa xisaabiyaa xisaab ah. xisaabyahan British Fred Hall iyadoo la isticmaalayo kombiyuutarada casri ah ayaa loo xisaabiyaa jaaniska of formation random borotiinada amoeba. Iyo suurtagalnimada intaasu waxay ahayd dayac - 1/10 * 40000. Xasuuso, tani waa qaar ka mid ah xaaladaha ku haboon. Oo waxay keenaysaa in qaar ka mid ah u-eegida iyo ku siinayaa doodaha taageerayaasha aragtiyo kale iyo fikradaha asal ahaan nolosha ee dhulkeenna.

cajiib badan tahay

Laakiin sida aad ogtahay, wax walba waa qaraabo. On dhulkeenna iyo dunida - waa xaqiiqda ah kama taagna. Halkan waxaa ku qoran waxoogaa tusaalooyin ah ka dhigi doonaa yaab - waa runtii soo beegay noocan oo kale ah suurtogal ma aha, sida asal ahaan nolosha ee ku dhex maraq qiraysaa.

• Haddii dari aadanaha noqon lahaa 100 000 sano, waxaan aad loogu balan qaadayo (ie 100%), ayaa ku dhintay shil diyaarad.
• itimaalka ee ku guuleystay bakhtiyaanasiibka Cool Million waa 1 5200 000. Oo weliba Valerie American ah Wilson abaalmarinta ugu sareysa laba jeer ku guuleysatay, in 2002 iyo 2006.
• In 2009 dhaceen tirada isku mid ah (4 15 23 24 35 42) ee bakhtiyaanasiibka Bulgarian "6 of 41" ee labada circulations la farqi ah oo 4 maalmood. jaaniska dhacdadan waa 3,61 • 10 ^-14.