A. S. Pushkin, "From Pindemonti": falanqaynta gabay. History of abuurka

In 1836, Alexander shaqeeyeen wareegga Kamennoostrovsky, daabacay kaliya uu dhintay ka dib. M. Yu. Lotman ayaa aaminsan in aayaadka qaar ka mid ah taxanaha ah la oran karo waa saaray munaaraddii ee hal-abuurka ee Pushkin iyo axdiga gabay. In loop ka wakiil ugu yaraan 6 gogo '(sax ahaanshaha in ay qaar ka mid ah oo aan la garaneyn kale). Kuwaas oo kala ah, 4 gabayo waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay by tiro Roman. Waxaan xiiseynaya in sheyga, "From Pindemonti" (sifayn ah - gabay a), waa qayb ka mid ah wareegga. saddex kale waxaa ka mid ah: - "awood temporal", "dayashada italiyanskomu" iyo "Aabbayaashow Desert iyo xaaskiisa aan iin lahayn." In shuqulladan oo dhan, waxaa jira calaamado badan oo diinta iyo Christian. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay ka maqan ee aayadda, "From Pindemonti".

History of abuurka

Waxay naga caawin doonaa iftiinka ku daatay oo ay macnaha. Maxaa laga odhan karaa oo ku saabsan shaqada oo xiiso leh noo yeeshay? Gabay "From Pindemonti" falanqaynta in aan fuliyo maanta, waxaa iska leh shuqullada soo daahay ee qoraaga. Uu fikrad yimid markii predyval gabayaa ee dalka, oo ku yaalla meel u dhow St. Petersburg, ee 1836. Isla sanadkaas, wuxuu loogu talagalay in uu qorshaha ku gabay dhameystirtay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, keliya ee 1855 waxa la soo saaray shaqo ah "From Pindemonti". Falanqaynta of taariikhda waxa ay tusinaysaa in Alexander Pushkin ahaa mar dambe ku nool waqti (isagu wuxuu u dhintay 1837). Sidaas darteed, shaqo this waxaa la daabacay uu dhintay ka dib. Oo ma ahaa, maxaa yeelay, Pushkin in uusan rabin in uu daabacdo. On lid ku ah, inuu isku dayay inuu ugu fiican si loo hubiyo in faafreebka uu seegay shaqada "From Pindemonti". Falanqayn lagu sameeyay cilmi uu dhintay ka dib, waxay soo jeedinaysaa in Alexander waayo, taasu xataa bedelay magaca abuurkiisa.

Hoax Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina

Inta badan dadka dhaleeceeya suugaanta maanta dhiiran tahay in ay aaminsan yihiin in horyaalka aan ku mashquulsan yihiin soo saarka - been ah. Waxay waxba u qaban la sheekada ee aayadda, fikradda ah "From Pindemonti" ayaa. Falanqaynta ayaa muujisay, in qoraalka waxaa asal ahaan loo yaqaan "From Alfred Musset", si kastaba ha ahaatee, Pushkin go'aansaday in la badalo magaca, sababtoo ah ayaa doonay inay arkaan shaqada la daabacay. Faafreebka waqtiga ma seegay tixraaca saxaafadda oo ku saabsan qorayaasha jaceyl weyn ka France. Sababta - the Revolution July, kaas oo ka dhacay 1830. Nicholas Ma aanan rabin in la furo goobo ka mid ah dalka ku faafi macluumaadka ku saabsan. Sidaas darteed, Alexander go'aansaday in la badalo magaca hore, halkii magaca qoraaga Faransiis isticmaalaya magaca Ippolito Pindemonte, Abwaan Talyaani.

Qaar badan waxay aaminsan yihiin in doorashada this ma ahaa shil. Laba ka mid ah qorayaasha, kuwaas oo laga helay theme ee xorriyadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, ay ka hadlayaan nin wajahaada xaqiiqada bulshada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Ippolito Pindemonte aan lagu yaqaanay in ay dadweynaha Ruush, sidaas Pushkin go'aansaday inuu magiciisa u isticmaalaan in uu shaqada "From Pindemonte". Sheekada of been ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aha sidaas cad. Waa in la sheegay in noocan oo kale ah fikrad (xorriyadda, mucaaradka) waa sifo oo dhan dhaqdhaqaaqa suugaanta, sida nasjonalromantiske. Qaar ka mid ah cilmi-waxay aaminsan yihiin in Talyaaniga, iyo reer France uu leeyahay ma egyihiin weyn la Aleksandrom Sergeevichem. Waxay tilmaamayaan in xaqiiqda ah in been ah si ula kac ah dadweynaha reading - a tixraaca been ah.

Halabuurka soo saarka

Gabay loo qaybin karaa 2 qaybood (qaar ka mid go'doon 3) kaas oo ay ka soo horjeedaan in midkiinba midka kale. geesiga Lyrical "From Pindemonti" oo ka mid ah iyo kuwa kale ee ku saabsan nidaamka qiimaha ay nolosha. akhristaha ugu horeysay ee uu soo marayo taxane ah oo negations doorarka bulshada iyo siyaasada. Waxaan ka hadleynaa faafreebka, dagaallo, canshuurta. Tani waxay ku siinaysaa maansadu hadh classic. Mabda ', taas oo uu isticmaalaa Pushkin halkan loo yaqaan "qeybinta dhamaystiran."

Mabda'a Qaybta dhameystiran

Its nuxurka been in xaqiiqda ah in ujeedada ama theme waxa loo qaybinayaa tirada ugu badan ee suurtogalka ah ee fursadaha, kuwaas oo ku qoran taxane ah oo naqshado la mid ah. Mabda 'Tani waa gabayo caan ku yahay qaab classical, laakiin hiddo la xiriira in lyrics qadiimiga ah. Waxa uu bartay ee gabayaaga Ruush Zaman Pushkin ee, laakiin waxa uu la hadhay rar ay classical. Mabda'a Qaybta dhameystiran waxaa loo isticmaalaa ma aha oo kaliya in qaybta hore. All aan ku mashquulsan yihiin gabay waa ku dhowaad oo gebi ahaanba la dhisay waxa on. Afar "qeybinta" sida uu yahay qoraalka oo dhan. First Pushkin enumerates waxa uusan ka gunuunecina, ka dibna - ka dibna, kuwaas oo ka uusan dooneynin in ay ku xiran tahay. Dheeraad ah, Alexander ayaa sheegay in qofna la doonayo in la siiyo warbixin, "kaliya awoodin in."

Qaybta labaad ee gabayga

Qiimayaasha dareensanaa wanaagsan waxaa lagu muujiyey qaybta labaad. Intaa waxaa dheer, halkan waxaa ku hadla mid ka mid ah fikradaha ugu muhiimsan ee gabayga. Pushkin ayaa sheegay in mid ka mid ah waa in aan "ku eekaan lahayn qoorta inay naaftaadu ah, ma qalbi fikirrada lahayn,," "loogu talagalay maamulka."

Alexander ayaa sheegay in qof kasta uu xaq u leeyahay inuu helo xorriyadda xagga jidhka iyo xagga ruuxa, oo aan ku qaadan kartaa wax kasta oo dadka kale ama quruun. Dhammaan xuquuqaha kale waa wax aan waxba tarayn oo aan this khayaal ah. farxad ugu weyn ee geesiga lyrical waa in ay qof si ay u bogi shuqullada tahay, "la yaabteen", "quruxda dabiiciga ah."

Ururka la Qarniyadii

Sida laga soo xigtay SA Kibalnik yaqaan naqdiya suugaanta, in uu shaqada "From Pindemonti" Pushkin si cad u isticmaalo qaab dhismeedka classical. Labada walaxda iyo heerka foomka (Alexandrine) ururka dhashay Qarniyadii hore. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu sii joogi doono oo kaliya on heerka hadh haddii ka content ee alaabta ma dhacdo ururka qadiimiga ah. Alexander Difaacay xaq ah qof kasta oo Banii'aadan xoriyadda dibadda iyo gudaha. Waxa uu ku ammaanista Raaxada of art, wadaagis la leh dabeecadda. Waxaas oo dhan waxaa ka soo horjeeda raacdada awoodda, hamiga si uu naftiisa u adeegga dadweynaha sooco. In shuqullada Horace ee, Abwaan Roman, ayaa fikrado la mid ah.

Qabashada Pushkin abuurka Horace

shuqulladiisa ayaa xiiseynaya Pushkin in sannadihii barayay at Lyceum ah. Dhamaan sababaha kor ku qoran waxay leeyihiin analogs ee Ruush gabayada 1800-1810 GG. Waxaa, gaar ahaan, ku gabayo of Alexander Lyceum, sida "riyooda", "magaalada", "Fariinta Yudin". Pushkin in muddada hore ee uu shaqada si ay u abuuraan images Abwaan Ebikuriyiin, shuruud ku filan. Dhaqanku gabayada caadiga ah ee Horace ayaa diiday iyaga si deg deg ah soo jiidasho leh. Pushkin in 1830s ay inta badan si toos ah guulaha ay Qarniyadii hore u soo jeestay. Waxa uu ka characters Roman iyo Greek caadiga dhaqaaqay in ay ku noolaadaan images ka imitations ee Horace in uu gabay u gaar ah ka dhigay in qaab Faransiis.

Evolution of Pushkin horumarinta dhaxalkooda hal abuur leh ee Horace

Ujeedooyinkooda, meel u dhow-abuurka ah ee qoraaga ka muujiyay in uu shaqada "From Pindemonti" dareen degdeg ah Alexander. dabiiciga ah ee aayadda waa mid aad uga fog yahay heshiiska, sidaa darteed waa wax aan macquul aheyn in ay soo jeedin xeerkii this laabto, ayaa muddo dheer ka bariyeelay up. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, la abuuro of Alexander 1830s waa dabeecad u sii badan ee racfaan toos ah u lyrics qadiimiga ah (inkasta oo ay tani khuseysaa inta badan in ay suuqa kala iibsiga) ka badan milmaan ee mawduucyada iyo images ay iyada soo askunmay ee gabayada casriga ah. Evolution of Pushkin horumarinta dhaxal ahaan hal abuur Abwaan weyn Roman ee ka soo jeeda Calaamooyinka qadiimiga ah images ku nool gaar ah ka imitations ee Horace in style Faransiiska si ay ugu qoraaga this. Indeed, Alexander qoray, "Waxaan ka taagay tiir xusuus ah ..." kaliya 1.5 bilood ka dib abuurka gabay ah in ina xiiseynaya. turjumaad A ODE ee Roman Abwaan "Si Pompey Waru" waxa loola jeedaa 1835. Xitaa ka hor, in 1833, Alexander shaqeeyay on turjumaad mid ka mid odes kale ee Horace - "Si Maecenas." Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu dambeeya ee shuqullo kuwan aan la dhammeeyey. Pushkin sameeyey turjumaad ah ee aayadda 8 of 36 Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xitaa in this marinka yar la ogan karo si la mid ah guud ee shaqo la aayadda "From Pindemonti".

isku mid ah oo aayadda "From Pindemonti" ODE ah ee Horace "in Maecenas"

Iyadoo la tixraacayo bilowgii shuqullada Horace (turjumaad "Kings farac sokoeye iyo ...") waxaan ka hadleynaa himilooyinka aadanaha in ay yihiin shisheeye si Abwaan. wax la mid ah aan ku aragno gabayga "From Pindemonti". Pushkin ayaa sheegay in ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, taas oo aysan u doondoonaya, iyo in aan la qiimeeyo.

Waa in la ogaadaa laga yaabaa in, iyo mid ka badan kadis xiiso leh. In codsiga Horace ayaa si ay u noqdaan dad la doortay yeelsiiyeen biiray: caado foosha of beeralay ah, u janjeera in ay nolol xasilloon, rabitaankiisa ugaarsiga iyo dabagalka ee waaweyn on field dagaalka, farahooda si ay ugu fiicfiican oo badda fog. Marka ay dhamaato waxaan aragnaa dabeecad u ah ee shaqada ee Isu dhowayna author this ee uu falsafada nolosha dadka kale.

Darka qoreysa shuqullada Pushkin iyo Horace

Waxaa sugan, Waa in la ogaadaa laga yaabaa in kooban of gabay ah "From Pindemonti" ayaa egyihiin ODE Halabuurka qoraal Horace ah. In Abwaan Roman qaybta hore ee shaqada, sida Alexander, ayaa la abuuray oo ku saleysan qeybinta dhameystiran. Waxaa Horace hadlayaa baadi-goobka dadka kale. At Alexander Sergeyevich sidoo kale waa ku saabsan xuquuqdaada, laakiin kuwa, kaas oo aan doonayaa uu, iyo kuwa kale, kuwa aan ninna daadgureyntaasi madaxa. Qoraaga of gabay ah "From Pindemonti" yeesho sabab ah kuwa ugu waxqabadka gobolka Horace, awood keliya hal. Abwaan The Roman isla markiiba ka bootin in lagu dhawaaqo hadafka u gaar ah. At Alexander Sergeyevich Horeeyey warheynta sirta ah si ay "xuquuqda cod weyn". In finalka, ka qayb "positive" waxaan ku mashquulsan yihiin soo saarka waxaa laga heli karaa egyihiin ujeedooyinkooda ku riyaaqayaa farshaxanka iyo dabeecadda.

Shayga farqiga ka Pushkina ODE Horace

Iyadoo la tixgelinayo fikradda guud Pushkin waa wax yar oo kala duwan. Marka la barbardhigo kuwa badan oo hadafka aadanaha Horace rumeysan yahay in sida kaliya ee uu ku shakhsi farxad ka heli kartaa - gabay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Alexander Sergeyevich "farxad" waa xoriyadda. Isagu ma doonayo in la siiyo "Warbixin qof", "si ay ugu adeegaan iyo in ay ka farxiyaan" oo kaliya ayuu naftiisa u. All this astaan u yahay in sawirka iyo halabuurka ah odes ee Horace "in Maecenas" Alexander loo isticmaalo "From Pindemonti" in uu shaqada. Pushkin, si kastaba ha ahaatee, lagama yaabo in dib-u-soo jeestay in uu abuuray Abwaan Roman. Inta badan, oo sideeda oo ah odes iyo sawirrada 1833 waa sii raagayaan in uu xasuusta (halka ka shaqeeya on turjumaad).

tixraaca in "Hamlet"

Waxa intaa dheer in Horace ayaa gabay "From Pindemonti" oo loola jeedaa Shakespeare ee "Hamlet." Waxaa ku saabsan triplicate "erayada" gabay Pushkin waa. Alexander waxa uu u adeegsanayaa marka hal dhibic ku saabsan sida xoogga iska leh waxqabadka suugaanta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee verbiage dhab qabsadeen waxa ay boqorro iyo dadka aan aqoonta lahayn.

"Laga soo bilaabo Pindemonti": fikradda

Pushkina taasoo la micno ah wax soo saarka waa in ay muujiyaan jacaylka xorriyadda, in mucaaradka in ay cadaadis iyo cunfiga by hay'adaha dadweynaha kala duwan. In aayadda, "From Pindemonti" wakiil gabi ahaanna ee qiimaha nolosha ee Alexander. The "dadka" iyo "awood", sida saldhigga waxbarashada, ka soo horjeeda ee curiyay weyn ee farshaxanka iyo quruxda dabiiciga ah. Abwaan ma doonayaan in ay u adeegaan gobolka iyo dhawaaqay this in uu aayaddan "From Pindemonti", macnaha taas oo ahayd cad in ay qof kasta, oo ay ku jiraan boqorka. Pushkin ma fahmin sababta uu qofku waa in u adeegi gobolka. Dabcan, gabay ee kaas oo lagu muujiyay fikrad this, iyo xataa si furan, ma laga yaabaa inuu seego faafreebka. Xitaa isbedel magaca aan ka caawiyay Pushkin, isbedel taliyaha ciyaaray raallinimadiisu. In 1855, uu kor uguma carshiga, Alexander II. Gabay "From Pindemonti", sanadkii la soo daabacayey ee taas - 1855 th, waxaa la isla markiiba soo bandhigay dadweynaha.

Ma aha "Faransiis" mucaaradka in ay xorriyad siyaasadeed iyo shakhsi, iyo sida xaqiiqada ah ma ku saabsan "Talyaani" ee su'aasha waxaan xiiso u maansadu. Its content dhigan theme Ruush ayaa muddo dheer kaalinta mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu sareeya shuqullada Alexander Pushkin. Tani waa taswiir soo amba lyrical ka boqortooyadii reer kibir iyo Dulmi, in uu yahay ashtako iyo diidmada boqortooyada this.

"Laga soo bilaabo Pindemonti" iyo "awood temporal"

Haddii aynu eegno mid xaqiiqada, ku dulmari of fikrad this xitaa si cad u muujiyaan iyada. Waxa intaa dheer in "From Pindemonti", July 5, 1936 Pushkin ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey "awood temporal". Shaqada Tani waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee Alexander Sergeyevich saxaafadda gabay. dareenka qoraaga ayaa soo jiidatay by muuqda mid xaqiiqda aan qiimo lahayn. Markaasaa macbudkii waxaa uu ku yaal, lagana yaabo in ay qayb ka mid ah laandheere ee caasimada Ruushka, xukumada kugu amarto inaad ku riday laba ilaalada qori at iskutallaabta. Oo waxay lahayd in la sameeyo Xaamid si looga fogaado jahawareer. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Pushkin arkeen sida wax arrin oo kala duwan - hadal ah calaamad ka mid ah cynicism iyo Munaafaqnimada of xoog boqornimada, kaas oo la deyrka off dadka Rabbiga, xitaa inta lagu guda jiro xafladaha diiniga ah.

Labadan gabayo, abuuray waqti isku mid dhamaystir u midba midka kale. In noocyada kala duwan ee Alexander qaaday nidaam bulsho iyo siyaasadeed oo ka adkaaday waqtiga. Pushkin sii ay halganka xoriyadda hoos isha faafreebka, in ruuxa ay "heeso jir ah." Waxa uu u taagan sidii madaxbanaanida bulsho iyo shakhsi. Pushkin fahamsan xoriyad sida fikrad universal.

shuqullada Saan

Sida Saan, ogow in hadalka gaaban, caan ku shuqullada hore waxaa lagu gartaa dhismeedka saddex geesood ah, keenay dhammaadkii. Taasi waa sababta dhinacyada kala iibsiga ruuxa codka nolosha, u dhow Pushkin, iyo liiska colka xorriyadda, ayaa dhanka kale, adag oo dhulka ku soo degay.

Farshaxanka "From Pindemonti", kuwaas oo theme khuseeya mar walba, sida dad badan, gaar ahaan jiilka ka yar. Ka dib oo dhan, dadka dhallinyarada ah waxay u badan caan ku jecel yihiin xoriyadda, inkiraad awoodda. Gabay "From Pindemonti" waxaa ka mid ah manhajka dugsiga. Waxay ku bartaa jiilka ka yar ee madax-bannaanida iyo qiimaha runta ah.