Xisbiga Nazi (NSDAP): Madaxda barnaamijka, calaamadaha, taariikhda

In Germany ee 1920 iyo bilowgii jiritaankeeda xisbiga Nazi (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), ee Ruush - Xisbiga Nazi, ama NSDAP) ee 1933 ayaa noqday xisbiga kaliya ee sharciga ah ee xoogga dalka. Go'aan ka mid ah isbahaysiga la dagaalanka burcad-Hitler ka dib guuldaradii in 1945, waxaa la kala diri, ku Maxkamadeyn Nuremberg hoggaanka ay dambi la aqoonsan yahay iyo fikirka ka jirin sababo dhinaca amaanka ah ee jiritaanka aadanaha.

laga bilaabo

In 1919 ee Munich, tareen fitter Antonom Drekslerom aasaasay xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmal '(DAP) on boosteejo ah oo ka mid ah Guddiga shaqo for Peace (Freien Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden), kaas oo sidoo kale la aasaasay by Drexler. Uu mentor - Paul Tafel, agaasimaha iyo hogaamiye oo ka mid ah Pan-German League, siiyey fikrad abuurniinta waa xisbi oo wadaninimo in isku hallaysay shaqaalaha. Under garabka of WCT tan iyo markii la aasaasay waxa uu ahaa oo ku saabsan 40 xubnood. Barnaamijka waxaa ka mid ah siyaasadda xisbiga weli lama filan horumariyo.

Adolf Hitler biiray taxane DAP ee September 1919, oo lix bilood ah ka dib waxaa lagu dhawaaqay "Barnaamijku wuxuu ahaa shan iyo labaatan dhibcood," qariyo iyo magaca isbedel. Hadda ayay ugu dambeyntii ay magaca helay sida xisbiga Nazi. Hitler isaga qudhiisa u soo baxay oo la tabo cusub in Socialism National mar hore la naadiyey waqtigan ee Austria. Si aad nuqul magaca xisbiga Austria, Hitler soo jeediyay xisbiga a Socialist-Kacaanka. Laakiin wuxuu ku oggolaysiin kari. Reading gaaray fikradda, yaraynta soo gaabiyay in ay "naasigii", sida magaca "sotsi" (hantiwadaagnimadu) hore u jirey isu ekaysiinta.

Shan iyo labaatan dhibcood

Si aad u dhigay barnaamijkan khaas ah, la ansixiyey ee February 1920, waxay yeelan doonaan kooban a.

1. Greater Germany waa in ay midoobaan oo dhan Jarmalka ee dhulkooda.
2. In ay laasho dhammaan shuruudaha Treaty Versailles ka badan si loo xaqiijiyo midig ee Germany inay xiriirka dhismaha madaxbanaan oo leh quruumaha kale.
3. Lebensraum: waxay u baahan yihiin dhul dheeraad ah in ay soo saaraan cunto iyo si ay u degaan dadka Jarmal sii kordhaya.
4. Citizenship la siiyo ku salaysan jinsiyad. Yuhuudda ahayn kuwo Jarmalka.
5. All aan Jarmalka noqon karaa oo kaliya guests.
6. posts rasmiga ah waa in ay haystaan dadka xirfadaha iyo kartida ku haboon inuu noqdo la heli karo, qorshaha nin jeclaysi wax aan la aqbali karin.
7. gobolka waxaa waajib ku ah in ay bixiyaan shuruudaha jiritaanka muwaadiniinta. Marka la'aan khayraadka dhan-muwaadiniinta aan waxaa laga saaray tirada ka-faa'iideystayaasha.
8. Entry ee non-Jarmalka ee Germany si ay u joojiyaan.
9. Dhammaan muwaadiniintu waxay xaq u ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale waajib ku ah inay ka qayb qaataan doorashooyinka.
10. Muwaadin kasta Jarmal uu leeyahay in ay ka shaqeeyaan wanaagga guud.
11. dakhliga-darrada ah lala wareegi.
12. All faa'iidada ka keenay ugu kharash ku dagaalka, kala wareegeen.
13. Qaramayn dhammaan shirkadaha waaweyn.
14. Shaqaalaha iyo shaqaalaha ka qayb faa'iidada shirkadaha waaweyn.
15. hawlgabka waayeelka waa in ay ahaataa hufan.
16. Baahida loo qabo in la taageero saarayaasha yar yar iyo ganacsatada, iyaga si ay u gudbiyaan oo dhan dukaamada waaweyn.
17. Habeeynta in muddada dalka, joojinta wararka la isla dhexmarayo.
18. Wararka la isla dhexmarayo ciqaabta dilka, dambiyada oo dhan waa naxariis darro ah cadaabayo.
19. Bedelka sharciga Roman sharciga Jarmal.
20. habeynta nidaamka waxbarashada ee Germany.
21. taageero State of hooyada iyo kor u qaadida horumarinta dhallinyarada.
22. ciidanka ee khasabka ah, halkii ciidan qaran xirfadeed.
23. Dhammaan warbaahinta ee dalka waa in ay ahaataa oo keliya Jarmalka, non-Jarmalka ka shaqeeya iyaga oo ku waa ka mamnuuc.
24. Diinta waa lacag la'aan, marka laga reebo diinta, kuwaas oo khatar Germany. Maadiga Yuhuudda beeniyay.
25. Xoojinta dowladda dhexe ku ool ah loo fuliyo sharciga.

baarlamaanka

Laga soo bilaabo April 1920 barnaamijkii ugu horreeyay ee Hitler ee siyaasadeed noqday rasmi ah, oo tan iyo 1926 oo dhan qodobada ay shaaca ka leeyihiin xurmayntooda. Laga soo bilaabo 1924 in 1933 xisbiga helay hawl-wadeeno iyo si dhakhso ah u xoogaystay. Doorashada baarlamaaniga tusi koritaanka codbixiyayaasha Jarmal codeeyaan sannad kasta.

Haddii xisbiga Nazi ka helay kaliya 6.6% ee doorashadii, iyo December, iyo xataa ka yar May ee 1924 - kaliya 3%, halka 1930 cod ahaa 18.3%. In 1932, taageerayaasha Socialism National si weyn u kordhay July for NSDAP u codeeyeen 37.4%, iyo ugu dambayntii, in March 1933, ku dhawaad 44% codadkii xisbiga helay Hitler. Tan iyo 1923, miyi ah si joogto ah u qabtay xisbiga Nazi ah, waxaa jiray toban, iyo kan ugu dambeeya waxaa la qabtay 1938.

fikradaha

fikirka keligii ah Socialism National isku daraa waxyaalaha aasaaska ah ee hantiwadaagga, midab, waddaniyadda, anti-Nacayb, fashiistaha iyo anti-wadaag. Taasi waa sababta xisbiga Nazi ku dhawaaqday in ay gool ka mid ah dhismaha gobolka daahirnimada Aryan jinsiyadeed iyo dhul baaxad weyn, taas oo uu leeyahay wax walba oo aad u baahan tahay si aad fayo-qabka iyo barwaaqo ah kun sano Reich ah.

Hitler dhigay warbixinta ugu horeysay ka hor xisbiga October 1919. Markaas taariikhda xisbiga waxaa kaliya laga bilaabo, iyo dhagaystayaasha yaraa - dadka oo keliya mid ka mid boqol iyo kow iyo toban. Laakiin mustaqbalka kaxaystay iyaga Fuhrer oo gebi ahaanba. In mabda'a, postulates ee khudbado uu doorinin - ah ee fashiistaha ayaa hore u dhacay. Marka ugu horeysa, Hitler u sheegay siduu u weynaa, wuxuu arkaa Germany iyo cadowgooda dhawaaqay, oo Yuhuud iyo Maarkiistaha, kuwaas oo cambaareeyay dalka in laga adkaado ee Dagaalkii Adduunka iyo dhibaatada ay ku xiga. Markaas waxaa la sheegay in ku saabsan celis iyo hubka Jarmal in la baabi'iyo doonaa saboolnimada ee dalka. Shuruudaha looga baahan yahay soo celinta deegaanada in kasta oo ay "waxashnimada ah" ku Treaty of Versailles waxaa xoojinay by ujeedka lagu doonayo in lifaaq dhulal badan oo cusub.

Qaab-dhismeedka xisbiga

Dhisay xisbiga Nazi on mabda'a dhul, qaab dhismeedka jiray jaranjaro. awood buuxda iyo awoodaha aan xad lahayn waxaa iska lahaa guddoomiyaha xisbiga. Madaxa ugu horeysay ka January 1919 in February 1920 ahaa wariye Karl Harrer. Waxa uu si firfircoon uga qayb Abuuridda WCT ah. Waxa uu bedelay Anton Drexler, sannad ka dib noqday gudoomiye sharafeedka ee xisbiga, marka loo dhiibay kelyaha si Adolf Hitler ee July 1921.

Isla qalab uu hogaaminayo Fuhrer xigeenka xisbiga. Laga soo bilaabo 1933 in 1941, booska labaad heystey ee Hess Rudolf, abuuray xisbiga Nazi ka Chancellery, kuwaas oo isla markiiba in 1933 uu hogaaminayo Martin Bormann, ee 1941, ayaa loo beddelaa ee xarunta Chancellery xisbiga. Tan iyo 1942, Borman - Xoghayaha Fuhrer ah. In 1945, Hitler qoray doonista a kaas oo uu aasaasay post a xisbiga cusub - Wasiirka muuqday arrimaha xisbiga, kaas oo noqday madaxa. Bormann joogay madaxa xisbiga Nazi dheer - in ku dhow afar maalmood, on soddonaad ee April ilaa saxiixa is dhiibin ee labaad ee May.

uu halgan

Marka naasiga oo isku dayey afgambi, Guddoomiyaha Bavarian ku Gustav von Kahr soo saaray amar uu ku mamnuucayo xisbiga Socialist Qaranka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tallaabooyinkii aad waxba idiinma tarin, oo ay caanka ah ee xisbiga, iyo Fuhrer koray xawaaraha weyn, in 1924 iyo afartan xigeen Reichstag iska NSDAP ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, xubno ka mid ah xisbiga lagu soo qariyay hoos magacyada kale ee ururada cusub ee la abuuray. Tani waxay sidoo kale khuseysaa Germany mar beesha qaranka, Julius Streicher, iyo Block Popular iyo National Liberation Movement Socialist ah, iyo tiro kale oo badan oo yar yar oo ka mid ah xubnaha xisbiga.

In 1925, xisbiga Nazi ka soo baxay mar kale ku saabsan xaaladda sharciga ah, laakiin madaxda ay isku khilaafeen su'aal la sifaynayo taatikada - sida hantiwadaagga badan iyo waddaniyadda waa ku jira dhaqdhaqaaqa this. Sayidka, xisbiga waxaa loo kala qaybiyey laba baal. All 1926 baxay inuu kala ah iyo halganka qaraar ee ka dhaxeeya midig iyo bidix. Shirka xisbiga ee Bamberg ahaa Perigee ee iska hor imaad this. Markaas, May 22, 1926, ma ka gudbaan is burinaya, Hitler ee Munich weli doortay hogaamiyahooda. Oo iyana waxay si wadajir ah u sameeyey.

Sababaha caanka ah ee naasinimada

In Germany, darnaanta dhibaatada dhaqaale ee labaataneeyada hore ee qarnigii labaatanaad ahaa sarreysey, carada Loo Dhan Yahay koray by aadamiga iyo gudbee. Against asalka this, waxa aan ahaa sidaas u adag tahay ohmurit fikrado mass ee waddaniyadda iyo militarism, odhanaya tartanka odayga iyo howlgalka taariikhiga ah ee Germany. Tirada taageerayaasha iyo taageerayaashooda xisbiga Nazi ka si degdeg ah u koray, jiitay madaxda u ahaa kumanyaalka Nazi oo kun oo wiilasha ka fasalo kala duwan iyo guryaha. Xisbiga dynamically horumariyo hana iska kibriya farsamooyinka idink in qoranayaan raacsan cusub.

Frames, aasaasay laf-dhabar u ah xisbiga Nazi, oo waxay ahaayeen arrin cajiib ah, waayo qaybta ugu, waxay ahaayeen xubno ka tirsan dowladda kala diray kooxaha hubaysan iyo ururada veterans '(Pan-German League iyo Midowga Jarmal Dadka dembiga iyo difaaca, tusaale ahaan). Bishii Janaayo 1923, kulan ee hore ee xisbiga, Hitler qabtay xaflad quduuskadhigidda calanka of NSDAP ah. Markaasaa waxaa Calaamooyinka Nazi. Ka dib markii dhamaadka shirweynaha maray israac ugu horeysay torchlight of lix kun stormtroopers SA. In dayrta ee xisbiga mar hore in ka badan 55 kun oo qof.

Diyaarinta si ay ula wareegaan dunida

In February mar kale 1925 bilowga mamnuuc in la daabaco wargeyska ugu horeysay - xubnaha xisbiga Nazi ka - "Volkischer Beobachter". Markaas Hitler dhigay mid ka mid ah uu qaniimooyin ugu guulaha badan - at kooxdiisa dhaqaaqay Goebbels, kuwaas oo uu aasaasay "Angrif" magazine. Intaa waxaa dheer, NSDAP ay fursad u tarjuma waxbarashada afka baarkiisa la "National Socialist bil kasta". In July 1926, at Weimar Congress ee xisbiga Nazi ah, Hitler go'aansaday inay baddalan xeeladahooda xisbiga.

Halkii hababka argagixisada ah ee halganka ka dhanka ah soo horjeeda siyaasadda, ayuu lagu talinayaa in tuuji oo dhan dhismeedka maamulka, loo doortay Reichstag iyo baarlamaanka gobolka. Oo waxay lahayd in la sameeyo, dabcan, adoo aan hortiisa goolka ugu weyn - dabargoynta ee shuuciyad iyo dib u eegistii oo ka mid ah go'aanada Versailles Treaty.

ururinta caasimada

Dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee tricks in Hitler u suurtagashay in ay xiiso barnaamijka of NSDAP ee Germany, tirooyinka dhaqaalaha iyo warshadaha ugu muhiimsan. Xisbiga Trust oo ku biiray safafka ay madaxda sida Wilhelm Kappler, Emil Kirdorf, wargeyska sarrifka editor Walther Funk, Guddoomiyaha Yalmar Reichsbank ku Shaht, iyo qaar badan oo ka mid ah kuwa, marka lagu daro xubnaha u gaar ah waa PR wanaagsan, waayo, dadka, geeyey fund xisbiga xaddi weyn oo lacag. Xiisadda sii, shaqo la'aanta koray kabax ah, xisbiga Sooshal dimuqraadiga, ma qiil kalsoonida dadka. Inta badan kooxaha bulshada badiyay dhulka, burburto aasaaska aad ee jiritaankooda.

saarayaasha yar yar ayaa aad ugu baahan, ku eedeeyay xukuumadda dimuqraadiyadda dhibaatooyinkoodii. Qaar badan oo arkay jidka ka soo baxay xaaladda this, keliya in la xoojiyo awoodda iyo dowladda hal xisbiga. Shuruudahaas waxaa ka iyo iyagoo raalli ku biiray kuwa baangiga jooga, oo ganacsato ah oo baaxad weyn, kabay NSDAP in ololaha doorashada. All la xidhiidha xisbiga iyo shakhsi leh hadafka Hitler dalka oo dhan iyo qof ahaaneed. Waayo, hodan ah, waxa ay ahayd caqabad ugu horrayn protivokommunistichesky. In July 1932 natiijadii ugu horeysey ee lagu dhawaaqay: 230 kuraasta doorashooyinka Reichstag ka dhanka ah 133 Sooshal dimuqraadiga iyo Communists 89.

unit

Iyadoo qayb ka ah xisbiga ee 1944, waxaa jiray sagaal Angeschlossene Verbände - ururada adjoint, toddoba Gliederungen der Partei - qaybsanaanta Xisbiga iyo afar ururada. Ururada ku soo biiray xisbiga Nazi ah, oo ka kooban qareennada, macalimiinta, shaqaalaha rayidka ah, dhakhaatiirta, farsamo, caawimaad ururka dhibanayaasha dagaalka, ururka samafalka bulshada hore shaqada iyo difaaca isbahaysiga. Waxayna ahaayeen kuwo qaab-dhismeedka ururada xisbiga madaxbanaan oo leh xuquuqda sharciga iyo hantida.

xisbiga siyaasadeed ee Germany lahaa unugyada: Hitler, SS ah (ciidamada ammaanka), SA ah (ka dacay duufaan), ururada gabdhaha Jarmalka, Professor, ardayda, haweenka (NS-Frauenschaft), rarayaan Corps. Hay'adaha ayaa ku soo biirtay xisbiga of Adolf Hitler, ayaa isugu soo, laakiin aan aad u weyn, waa: Company Dhaqanka, Midowga qoysaska waaweyn, bulshada Jarmal (Deutscher Gemeindetag) iyo "Work haweenka Jarmal" (Das Deutsche Frauenwerk).

qaybinta maamulka

Germany waxaa loo kala qaybiyey saddex iyo soddon Gaue - aagga xisbiga, ku beegneyd jaaliyaduhu ah. Ay kordheen tirada badan time: in 1941 ay ahayd 43 Gow, oo lagu daray urur shisheeye ee NSDAP ah. GAU qaybsan degmooyinka, iyo kuwa - on laamaha degaanka, iwm - iyo blocks gacanta. In block ayaa la isku daro ilaa 60 guryaha.

unit kasta oo xisbiga urur madax Gauleiter, krayslyayter iyo wixii la mid. On dhulka la abuuray, siday u kala horreeyaan, ee hay'adaha xisbiga, saraakiisha waxay ahaayeen insignia, darajo iyo qaabka, oo waxaad qurxisaan calaamadaha Nazi. buttonholes Color tilmaamay in ay xubin ka iyo mawqifka ururka.

laamaha

NSDAP adeeca xubnaha ma aha oo kaliya iyaga u gaar ah xisbiga, laakiin xisbiga iyo xulafadooda in Germany iyo dalalka qabsadeen. In Italy, ilaa 1943 , Benito Mussolini uu hogaaminayo xisbiga Fashistadii Qaranka (rumeysan yahay inuu u ishaartay xaggiisa ah fashiistaha kaliya waxaa jiray), ka dibna gelin a Fashistadii Xisbiga Jamhuuriga u soo jeestay. In Spain, waxaa jira gebi ahaanba ku tiirsan phalange ku NSDAP Isbaanish.

Sidoo kale shaqeeyay ururada la midka ah ee Slovakia, Romania, Croatia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Netherlands, Norway. Oo Belgium iyo Denmark ahaayeen in dareenka suugaan xafiisyada NSDAP on dhulkeeda, xitaa calaamadaha Nazi ku dhowaad gebi ahaanba ku beeganto. Waa in la ogaadaa in dhamaan dalalka kuwan, halkaas oo abuuray xisbiga Nazi ah, ka qeyb galay dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka dhinaca Germany, iyo in maxaabiis ahaan Soviet ahaayeen wakiillo badan oo ka dhan ah dalalkaas.

guuldaradii

dhiibitaanka shuruud la'aan ah 1945 joojiyo in ay ugu arxan darada ahaa ee dhammaan dhinacyada ay abid soo saaray Dadka. NSDAP ma kala diri keliya, laakiin sidoo kale adduunka mamnuucay, hantida waxaa si buuxda loogu qabtay, ayaa cambaareeyay iyo toogasho soo wado. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xubno badan oo ka mid ah xisbiga weli u suurtagashay in ay ka baxsadaan in South America, taliyaha Isbaanish ah Franco ka caawiyay in this by siinta Maraakiibta, iyo kaalmo dhaqaale.

Go'aan isbahaysiga anti-faashistihii ee Germany si buuxda u maray habka of denazification, xubnaha firfircoon ee NSDAP ayaa la hubiyaa in si gaar ah: casaan ka maamulka ama dugsiga - waa qiimo aad u yar in ay bixiyaan waxa uu sameeyey oo ku taal dalka reer fashiistanimo.

mudada Subxigu

In Germany sanadkii 1964, fashiistaha madaxiisa sara kiciyey. Waxaa muuqatay Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands - Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Qaranka ee Germany, taas oo uu laftiisa u taagan bedelka si NSDAP ah. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay tan iyo dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka, ee neo-Nazi soo dhawaaday Bundestag ee - 4.3% ee 1969 doorashada. Ilaa NPD ee Germany ahaayeen neo-Nazi oo kale ee waxbarashada, Socialist Party Reich Remer, tusaale ahaan, laakiin waxa la ogaadaa in natiijooyinka la taaban karo, midkoodna gaari heerka federaalka.