Xaruntu waxay dareemayaasha: sifooyinka iyo noocyada

habka dareemayaasha ciyaaraa door muhiim ah hubinta daacadnimada u shaqeeyo, iyo sidoo kale in ay xeerka. Nidaamkan waa mid yihiin in la qaado adag jidh iyo nafeedba, oo ay ku jiraan yimaada habdhiska dhimirka (habdhiska dhexe). Waxa uu leeyahay magac - xarunta dareemaha. Guryaha in waxa lagu gartaa: qabsamin, gargaarka dhexe, heerka isbedelka. Waxay iyo a kuwo kale oo dhawr la sahmin doonaa in this article.

Fikradda ah xarunta dareemayaasha iyo hantida

Markii hore, waxaan ku aqoonsaday shaqada ugu weyn ee habka dareemayaasha - keenidda. Waxaa suurto gal ah, sababtoo ah qaab-dhismeedka maskaxda iyo laf-dhabarta. Tusaale ahaan, xarunta dareemayaasha neefsashada ah, kuwaas oo guryaha - neefsashada innervation (inspiratory iyo shaygaa). Waxay ku taalaa ee ventricle afraad, in la dhiso reticular (oblongata medulla). Sida laga soo xigtay cilmi by N. A. Mislavskogo, waxay ka kooban tahay qaybo ka mid symmetrically kaalinta mas'uul ka ah neefsasho oo katimaada.

In aag sare ee pnevmotaksichesky pons laga soocay, taas oo dejisa qaybaha xusay iyo dhismayaasha ee maskaxda ayaa mas'uul ka ah dhaq-mareenka. Sayidka, sifooyinka guud ee xarumaha dareemaha bixiyaan xeerka oo ka mid ah hawlaha nafsaaniga ah ee jirka, dhaqdhaqaaqa wadnaha, Digo, Neefta iyo dheefshiidka.

Fikradda ah deegaamaynta firfircoon hawlaha I. P. Pavlova

Sida laga soo xigtay fikirka ah cilmiga, falalka jawaab celinta sahlan halkii yihiin in kiliyaha iyo aaga taagan laf-dhabarta ah. geeddi socodka Complex sida xusuusta, luqadda, fekerka, ee la xidhiidha meelaha qaar ka mid ah maskaxda oo waa natiijada hawlaha dhamaystiran of badan oo ka mid ah meelaha uu. The guryaha nafsaaniga ah ee xarumaha dareemaha oo keeni formation of habka aasaasiga ah ee waxqabadka sare dareemayaasha. In neuroscience, ka dhibcood jidh of view, qaybo ka mid ah habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha, oo ka kooban qaybo ka mid ah neurons afferent iyo efferent in noqday kuwa loo yaqaan xarumaha dareemaha ah. Waxay waxaa loo tixgeliyaa saynisyahan a Ruush P. K. Anohin sameeyaan nidaamka functional (neurons ururka in qabtaan hawlo la mid ah kaas oo laga heli karaa meelo kala duwan oo habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha).

excitation cindiga

Sii inaad wax ka barato guryaha aasaasiga ah ee xarumaha dareemayaasha ee foomka of faafinta stop of laba hannaan waaweyn ee ka dhaca unugyada neerfaha ah - ee excitation iyo is-celin. Waxaa lagu magacaabaa cindiga. Haddii xoogga ku heshaa iyo wakhtiga ay ansax falalkooda dareemayaasha weyn fido neurocytes-Sabuul, iyo sidoo kale neurons. Waxay isu geeyo afferent iyo efferent ku neurocytes, keenaya sii of cirif reflex.

Tixgeli Iscelin (sida hantida xarumaha dareemayaasha) si faahfaahsan. formation Reticular ee maskaxda waxay bixisaa cindiga iyo hantida kale ee xarumaha dareemaha labada. Physiology sharxayaa sababaha loo yareeyo ama looga hortago faafidda excitation. Tusaale ahaan, joogitaanka synapses inhibitory iyo neurocytes. dhismayaasha waxay leeyihiin hawlaha difaaca muhiim ah, oon ku yareeyo halista overdriving ee muruqa lafaha awood in ay u guuraan xaalad spasmodic.

Ka dib markuu arko cindiga excitation ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay dib ugu yeeran feature soo socda ee Suu dareemaha. Waxaa guuro oo keliya by centripetal in neuron culus, (waayo, dvuhneyronnoy, ARC reflex). Haddii reflex waa ka sii adag, maskaxda ama laf-dhabarta u interneurons loo sameeyay - unugyada dareenka intercalary. Waxay qaadan reyn ee neurocyte afferent ka dibna u gudbin u motor unugyada dareenka. In synapses karsado unidirectional bioelectric sida ay ka soo xuub ugu horeysay presynaptic of unugyada neerfaha ah u guurto, halkan dillaacii synaptic, iyo ka - in xuub postsynaptic of neurocyte kale.

Summation ah falalkooda dareemayaasha

Waxaan sii wadi inaad wax ka barato sifooyinka xarumaha dareemaha. Physiology maskaxda ugu weyn iyo laf-dhabarta, isagoo laanta ugu muhiimsan oo adag oo dawo, waxbarasho tabinta ee excitation soo aruuriyay ee neurons in qabtaan hawlaha caadiga ah. Waxay guryaha - summation laga yaabaa temporal ama da'ayeen. In labada kiisaska, ay falalkooda dareemayaasha daciif sababa meersan subliminal waxaa lagu daray (koobay). Tani waxay keenaysaa in la sii daayo badan ee u taagoo of acetylcholine ama neurotransmitter kale, taas oo abuuraa iman kara talaabada in neurocytes.

heerka isbadal

Ereygan waxaa loola jeedaa isbedelka ku dhacay inta jeer excitation ah, taas oo ku dhex socda neurons kaxeynayo habdhiska dhimirka. Ka mid ah hababka in sifaha guryaha xarumaha dareemayaasha - digir heerka isbadal ah oo dhici kara sabab u qaybinta excitation dhowr neurons geeddi dheer taas oo samaysa meel xiriir ah oo ku saabsan mid ka mid ah unugyada neerfaha (improver Isbadal) ah. Haddii uu jiro hal neuron ah ee ku iman kara talaabada iyadoo ay sabab u summation of excitation iman kara postsynaptic - hadal ku saabsan hoos heerka isbedelka.

Kala iyo excitation Iswaafiqida

Waxa weeye geedi socod wada xiriira in sifaha sifooyinka xarumaha dareemaha. dhaqdhaqaaqa reflex Coordination waxaa sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in neuron isku mar helo karsado ka receptors kala duwan analyzers: muuqaalka, dareenka olfactory iyo maqaarka-muruqa. In unugyada dareenka, ay la falanqeeyay oo koobay ku guuleysan kara bioelectric. Kuwa, markeeda, wareejiyay qaybaha kale ee dhismaha reticular maskaxda. Hawlgalkani waxa muhiim ah waxaa loo yaqaan wada.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, neuron kasta helo falalkooda ma aha oo kaliya ka soo baxa unugyada kale, laakiin sidoo kale foomamka synapses la neurocytes dariska ah. Tani waxay ifafaale of kala. Labada guryaha bixiyaan faafinta excitation in habdhiska dhimirka. Sayidka, gabi ahaanna ee dareemaha maskaxda iyo unugyada laf-dhabarta in qabtaan hawlaha caadiga ah - waa xarun dareemaha, guryaha oo aynu ayaa ka fiirsaneysa. Waxay bixisaa xeerka dhammaan xubnaha iyo nidaamyada ee jirka aadanaha.

hawlaha asalka

guryaha nafsaaniga ah ee xarumaha dareemayaasha, mid ka mid ah oo la xidhiidha lama filaan ah, i.e. formation of jeeda neurons karsado korontada, tusaale ahaan, neefsashada ama xarunta dheefshiidka, ay sabab u tahay dhegyadii ee dhismaha laftiisa unugyada dareemayaasha. Waa awood isku jiilka ah hababka bioelectric of excitation xitaa ay ka maqan yihiin ku meersan waxa ku filan. Waxaa sabab u ah kala oo wada of excitation, tixgeliyo hore, neurocytes xarumaha dareemayaasha Xiriirka postsynaptic faraxsanahay formation isla reticular ee maskaxda ka helaan falalkooda.

hawlaha lama filaanka ah uu sababi karo microdoses acetylcholine galaya neuron ka dillaacii synaptic. Wada, kala, hawl asalka, iyo guryaha kale ee xarunta dareemaha iyo sifooyinka ay si toos ah ay ku xiran tahay heerka dheef ee neurocytes iyo glia.

excitation Noocyada summation

Waxay la tixgeliyaa in shuqullada I. M. Sechenova, kuwaas oo cadeeyay in reflex waxay keeni kartaa dhowr ah oo daciif ah (subliminal) ku meersan, taas oo inta badan ku filan yihiin xarunta dareemaha. The guryaha unugyada ay, kuwaas oo gargaar dhexe iyo qabsamin, oo waxaa loo tixgelin doonaa noo by dheeraad ah.

Iyadoo kicinta ah wadajira oo ka mid ah geedi socodka centripetal jawaabta waa ka weyn yahay wadarta xisaabta xoog ku meersan simaha on kasta oo ka mid fiiloyin kuwan. hantida waxaa loo yaqaan gargaarka dhexe. Haddii cuncun tallaabo pessimal, iyadoo aan loo eegin oo ahaa xooggoodii iyo inta jeer, sababa hoos u dhac in jawaabta - waa qabsamin. Waa bedelka ee summation hantida excitation iyo yaraynaysaa xoogga falalkooda dareemayaasha. Sayidka, guryaha xarumaha dareemayaasha - qabsamin ee gargaarka dhexe - ku xiran tahay qaab-dhismeedka hay'adaha ka synaptic ka kooban a marinka zone (dhexe) iyo subthreshold (durugsan) qar.

Daal unugyada neerfaha ah iyada doorka

jirka ka mid ah xarumaha neerfayaasha, qeexidda, noocyada iyo guryaha horay hore bartay iyo kaxeynayo soo jireenka ah ee neurons noqon lahaa aan dhamaystirnayn haddii aan ma ka fiirsan wax sida daal sida. xarumaha dareemayaasha lagu qasbay in ay dhex mari taxane joogto ah la karsado, siinta guryaha reflex of habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha. Natiijada oo ah hawlgaladii dheefshiidka xooggan ku qaadeen ee jirka ka mid ah neuron iyo glia in, waxaa jira raasamaal ah ee qashinka sunta ah dheefshiidka. Kasii of ququlka dhiiga ee u kaxeynayo dareemaha sidoo kale sababa hoos u dhac in ay hawlaha ay sabab u tahay yaraanta of ogsijiin iyo glucose. Uu kaalin ka qaato horumarka daal sameynayaan xarumaha dareemayaasha kale xiriirada cell - synapses in si degdeg ah loo yareeyo sii daayo neurotransmitters dillaacii synaptic.

Bilowgii xarumaha dareemaha

Kaxeynayo neurocytes taagan yahay in habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha oo uu leeyahay door-duwidda hawlaha ee u shaqeeyo, mari isbedel jidh iyo nafeedba. Waxaa loo sharxay by kakanaanta sii kordhaya ee hawlaha jir iyo maskaxeed dhaca inta lagu jiro nolosha qofka. The isbedel ugu muhiimsan ee saameynta ku leh sifooyinka jir oo ka mid ah hantida ka mid ah xarumaha neerfaha ah, aan ku aragno horumarinta geedi socodka muhiimka ah sida bipedalism, hadalka iyo fikirka ah in la kala saaro sapiens faaftay ka xubnaha kale ee fasalka ka mid ah nuujiya. Tusaale ahaan, formation hadalka dhacdaa saddexda sano ee hore ee nolosha. In conglomerate adag ee hummaag shuruud, waxa la aasaasay oo ku saleysan ku meersan gartay proprioceptors muruqyada carrabka, bushimaha iyo xadhkahooda vocal oo ka mid ah dhuun iyo murqaha neefsashada. By dhamaadka sanadka saddexaad ee nolosha ilmaha oo dhan ay isugu yimaadaan nidaamka a functional, oo ay ku jiraan qolof ah ee dalka been salka ku gyrus kaliga liita. Waxaa la soo yeedhay aagga Broca ee.

In formation of hawlaha hadalka waa lug iyo aagga of gyrus sare temporal (dhexda Wernicke ee). reyn ka dhammaato dareemayaasha of qalab hadalka galo motor ah, xarumaha muuqaalka iyo maqalka of kiliyaha cerebral, halkaas oo la sameeyay xarumaha hadalka.