Waa maxay protein? Tusaalooyinka borotiinada fudud oo adag

Si loo fahmo sida ay muhiim u tahay borotiin ah, waxa ku filan in yeeran weedha ah si fiican u yaqaan Fridriha Engelsa: ". Life - hab jiritaanka hay'adaha protein" Dhab ahaantii, adduunka oo ka mid ah walxaha lagu daro acids nucleic, keeni dhan daliilka ee arrinta ku nool. In warqad this, waxaan ka heli doonaa waxa ay ka kooban tahay protein, ka baran waxa u shaqeeyaan waxa ay u qabata iyo sidoo kale qeexaya qaababka dhismaha oo ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan.

Peptides - polymers aadka u abaabulan

Indeed, ee gacanta ku nool sida dhirta iyo xoolaha borotiinada tiro dega badan walxaha kale organic, iyo sidoo kale ku shaqeeyaan tiro badan oo ah hawlaha kala duwan. Waxay ka qayb qaataan kala duwan ee geedi socodka gacanta aad u muhiim ah, sida dhaqdhaqaaqa, ilaalinta, function alarm iyo wixii la mid ah. Tusaale ahaan, in unugyada muruqa xayawaanka iyo bini'aadanka oo peptides up ka kooban 85% by miisaanka of arrinta qalalan, iyo lafta iyo maqaarkaba ah - laga bilaabo 15-50%.

All borotiinada gacanta iyo nudaha ka kooban yihiin acids amino (20 noocyada). Tiradoodu noolaha had iyo jeer waa loo siman yahay si labaatan noocyada. isu-gaynta kala duwan ee monomers peptide si ay u sameeyaan noocyo kala duwan oo borotiin ee dabiiciga ah. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa tirada ah sumalka uguma of 2x10 ¹⁸ noocyada suurtogal ah. In polypeptides Kiimikada noole yeedhay polymers noolaha macromolecular - macromolecules.

acids amino - monomers protein

Dhammaan 20 nooc oo ka mid ah kiimiko ah waa borotiinada iyo qaybaha dhismaha leedahay formula guud NH ₂ -R-COOH. Waxay yihiin walxaha organic amphoteric awood in ay gutaan labada guryaha aasaasiga ah iyo acidic. borotiinada fudud ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale adag, ku jira ee loo yaqaan acids amino lagama maarmaan ah. Laakiin monomers lagama maarmaanka ah, sida valine, lysine, methionine waxaa laga heli karaa oo kaliya in qaar noocyada kala duwan ee belkov.Takie borotiinka loo yaqaan fasal sare.

Sidaa darteed, sifeeyay polymer u tixgeliyaan sida badan oo acids amino ma aha oo kaliya waa protein, laakiin sidoo kale nooca monomers waxaa ku biiray by bonds peptide in macromolecule ah. Ku dar in acids amino qolaalka aan sida asparagine, glutamic acid, cysteine laga yaabaa in si madax-bannaan ku dhexsameeysmo unugyada aadanaha iyo xayawaanka. monomers Muhiimka ah waa borotiinada soo saaray bakteeriyada, dhirta iyo fangaska. Iyagu waxay u imanayaan in noolaha heterotrophic kaliya cunto.

Sida polypeptide soo saaray

Sida la og yahay, 20 acids amino kala duwan loo xidhay karaan in ay hannaanka ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee u taagoo protein. Sidee ku qabanaya of monomers kasta oo kale? Waxay u muuqataa in kooxaha carboxyl iyo abahaaga ee acids amino xiga dhaqmaan jiifa. A-ka loo yaqaan bonds peptide, oo u taagoo biyo loo qoondeeyey sida byproduct ah cadaanyo polycondensation ah. The keentay Britain protein ka kooban yahay harta amino acid oo dhaaraheedii ay peptide soo noqnoqda. Sidaa darteed waxay sidoo kale ugu baaqay polypeptides.

Inta badan, borotiinada ku jiri kara ma ahan oo keliya mid ka mid ah laakiin dhowr silsilado polypeptide iyo waxay ka kooban yihiin kumanyaalka kun ee ku harta amino acid. Waxaa intaa dheer, borotiinada fudud oo waa proteid awood u adkayn ay qaabeynta da'ayeen. Tani waxay abuurtaa ma aha oo kaliya aasaasiga ah, laakiin sidoo kale sare, jaamacadaha iyo xataa dhismeedka quaternary. Ina keena aynu baaro habka this si faahfaahsan. Sii si ay u sahamiyaan su'aasha ah waxa ay ka dhigan tahay protein ah, aad u ogaato waxa qaabeynta ayaa macromolecule this. Waxa aanu helnay in silsilad polypeptide ka kooban hannaanka ka mid ah bonds kiimikada covalent. Waa qaab-dhismeedka tani waxaa la yiraahdaa hoose.

Waxay door muhiim ah ka kooban taranta iyo tayada ee acids amino, iyo sidoo kale isku xigxiga ee ay la xidhiidha. Qaab dhismeedka Secondary baxdo waqti xaadirkaan ee galool ah. Waxaa degto cusub ee soo baxaya bonds badan hydrogen.

heerarka sare ee ururka protein

Qaab dhismeedka Tertiary waa sabab u ah baakooyinka muquuninta foomka of kubada a - globules, tus, dhar muruqa myoglobin protein ayaa sida qaab-dhismeedka kaliya da'ayeen. Waxaa ay taageerayaan sidii dhowaan la sameeyey by bonds hydrogen, oo dhaaraheedii ay disulfide (haddii harta cysteine ka mid ah dhowr Britain protein). foomka Quaternary - tani waa natiijada isku gasho dhisme hal dhowr globules protein by noocyo cusub oo isdhexgalka, sida hydrophobic ama electrostatic. Ay la socdaan peptides iyo qaab-dhismeedka quaternary ka mid ah qayb nonproteinaceous. Waxaa laga yaabaa in udhigo magnesium, birta, copper ama harta orthophosphate ama acids nucleic, iyo subaga.

Maqaallo biosynthesis protein

Waxaanu mar hore soo baxay helay waxa uu ka kooban yahay borotiin. Waxaa la dhisay ee isku xigxiga amino acid. Ururkoodana galay silsilad polypeptide ah meel ribosomes ah - organelles, dhirta iyo xayawaanka unugyada non-xuub. In biosynthesis ee Britain ayaa sidoo kale macluumaad ku lug iyo RNA kala iibsiga. Ka hore waa template ah maxaa yeelay, ururkii protein iyo labaad gudbinayeen acids amino kala duwan. waxaa dhibaato ah in geeddi-socodka lagu biosynthesis gacanta, kuwaas oo, protein ka kooban yahay nucleotides ama acids amino? Jawaabtu waa mid fudud - ka polypeptides labada fudud oo adag oo ka kooban xeryahooda organic amphoteric - acids amino. In wareegga nolosha ee unugyada , waxaa jira waqtiyo ay waxqabad marka Avv borotiinka qaadataa meel gaar ah oo firfircoon. Tani waxa loogu yeero J1-yada iyo interphase J2. Wakhtigan, gacanta si firfircoon kordhaya oo u baahan yahay wax badan oo ka mid ah waxyaabaha dhismaha, taas oo ah protein. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, iyadoo ay sabab u foomka dhammaaneysa laba unugyada gabadhii mitotic, kuwaasoo mid walba uu u baahan yahay xaddi weyn oo walxaha organic, si kastaba ha ahaatee in channels ka reticulum endoplasmic siman yahay ereygu firfircoon ee subaga iyo carbohydrates, iyo in EPM granular ku dhacdaa biosynthesis borotiinada.

Shaqooyinka borotiinada

Ogaanshaha waxa kor u dhigaysa protein ah, waxaa lagu macnayn karaa sida kala duwan weyn ee noocyada, iyo sifooyin u gaar asalka ah ee walxaha kuwan. Borotiin qabtaan in qafis kala duwan ee hawlaha, sida dhismaha, sida qeyb ka mid ah xuubka dhammaan unugyada iyo organelles: mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, adag Golgi, iyo wixii la mid ah. peptides sida gamoglobuliny ama antibody - waxaa ku qoran tusaalooyinka borotiinada fudud in qabtaan shaqo ka ilaaliya. In si kale loo dhigo, difaac gacanta - tani waa natiijada tallaabo maadooyinkaas. protein A adag - furaha, oo ay la socdaan hemoglobin, fuliya function gaadiidka xoolaha, taas oo ah, oksijiinka dhiiga ku jira. Digayaan borotiinada uu ka samaysan xuub gacanta, macluumaad gacanta si ay u bixiyaan on walxaha, isku dayayaan si aad u hesho iyada oo cytoplasm. peptide Albumin ayaa mas'uul ka ah xuduudaha aasaasiga ah ee dhiiga, tusaale ahaan, ay awooda in uu ku xinjiroobo. Protein ovalbumin stock ukunta ee qafis ah, oo ah isha ugu muhiimsan ee nafaqooyinka.

Borotiin - saleysan cytoskeleton gacanta

Mid ka mid ah hawlaha muhiimka ah ee peptides - taageero. Waa arrin aad u muhiim ah si ay u ilaaliyaan qaabka iyo mugga unugyada nool. The wax-u-dhismeedka submembrane - microtubules iyo microfilaments isku maran si ay u sameeyaan lafaha gudaha unugyada. Borotiin ka mid ahaa in ay ka kooban, tus, tubulin, diyaar la Tifaftirayaasha karaa iyo taagay. Tani waxay ka caawisaa gacanta si ay u ilaaliyaan ay qaab in deformations farsamo.

In unugyada dhirta, oo ay la socdaan borotiinada hyaloplasm, function taageeraya sidoo kale ku shaqeeyaan qaybood cytoplasm - plasmodesmata. Isagoo maraya daloolada ee derbiga unug, waxay keeni xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya qaar ka mid ah qaababka dahsoon gacanta in ay sameeyaan unugyada geedka.

Falgalka - walax dabiiciga ah protein

Mid ka mid ah guryaha ugu muhiimsan ee borotiinada - ay saamayn on heerka of falgalka kiimikada. borotiinada aasaasiga ah ay awoodaan in ay qayb ahaan denature - macromolecule habka unwinding in qaab-dhismeedka jaamacadeed ama quaternary. The silsilad polypeptide isla aan la jebiyey. denaturation Qayb caddeynayaa labada signal iyo shaqada horseed of protein ah. hantida dambe waa awooda ensaymes in ay saameyn ku heerka of reactions lagmamaarmaanna u ah ee xuduntii iyo cytoplasm unugyada. Peptides in, taas bedelkeeda, yaraynaysaa heerka of hababka kiimikada aan loo yeedhin falgalka iyo inhibitors. Tusaale ahaan, a protein fudud Catalase waa enzyme ah oo dedejisaa qaybsama oo hydrogenperoxid ah ee walxaha sunta ah. Waxaa la soo saaray sida wax soo saarka dhamaadka reactions badan oo kiimikada. Catalase dedejisaa ay qubo in walxaha dhexdhexaad ah, biyaha iyo hawada.

sifooyinka borotiinada

peptides waxaa lagu tilmaamay in siyaabo badan. Tusaale ahaan, marka la eego biyaha loo qaybin karaa hydrophilic iyo hydrophobic. Heerkulka ayaa sidoo kale ka duwan saamayn ku dhismeedka iyo sifooyinka taagoo protein ah. Tusaale ahaan, protein keratin - timaha iyo cidiyaha qayb adkeysan karaan heerkulka hoose iyo kuwiinna sare, i.e. thermolabile waa. Laakiin ovalbumin protein ah, hore u soo sheegnay, marka kululaynta ilaa 80-100 ° C waxaa gabi ahaanba la burburiyay. Taas macnaheedu waxa weeye in la kala qaybiyey qaab dhismeedka aasaasiga ah ee ku harta amino acid. Nidaamkan waxaa loo yaqaan baabba '. Wax kasta oo shuruudaha, waxaan uma abuurin, qaab hooyo ka mid ah celinta protein ma karo. protein Motor - actin iyo milozin joogo in fiiloyin muruqa. Ay foosha beddelka iyo nasashada waxaa aasaas u ah shaqada murqaha.